Ips cembrae, an important pest of European larch (Larix decidua), has caused local outbreaks in the last two decades and is becoming increasingly important as the proportion of European larch in forests increases. In 2021–2023, larch logs and piles of branches were placed into shaded forest and sunlit areas every month to study bark beetle species on logging residues. After adult emergence, the logs and branches were debarked, and the infestation density of bark beetles was analysed. The results indicate that shading, log diameter and top/bottom parts of log had a significant effect on infestation density of I. cembrae on logs. The infestation density of I. cembrae was higher on logs felled between December and June than on logs felled between July and November. Shading of branches was the most significant variable affecting the bark beetle species composition on branches. All four of the bark beetle species recorded were affected by diameter of the branches. Ips cembrae primarily infested sunlit branches while Cryphalus intermedius preferred shaded branches. In contrast, the infestation densities of Pityogenes chalcographus and Pityophthorus pityographus seemed to be affected primarily by moisture content of the branches.
Ips cembrae是欧洲落叶松（Larix decidua）的一种重要害虫，在过去二十年中造成了局部爆发，随着欧洲落叶松在森林中所占比例的增加，其重要性也日益增加。2021-2023年期间，每个月都将落叶松原木和成堆的树枝放置在森林阴暗处和阳光充足处，以研究伐木残留物上的树皮甲虫种类。成虫出现后，对原木和树枝进行剥皮，分析树皮甲虫的侵扰密度。结果表明，遮光、原木直径和原木上下部分对 I. cembrae 在原木上的侵染密度有显著影响。12 月至 6 月间砍伐的原木上的 I. cembrae 侵染密度高于 7 月至 11 月间砍伐的原木上的 I. cembrae 侵染密度。记录到的所有四种树皮甲虫都受到树枝直径的影响。Ips cembrae主要侵扰阳光照射的树枝，而Cryphalus intermedius则喜欢阴暗的树枝。相比之下，Pityogenes chalcographus 和 Pityophthorus pityographus 的侵扰密度似乎主要受树枝含水量的影响。
{"title":"Bark beetles on logging residues of European larch: Effects of shading and diameter of logging residues on infestation density","authors":"Jakub Špoula, Emanuel Kula","doi":"10.1111/afe.12636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12636","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Ips cembrae, an important pest of European larch (Larix decidua), has caused local outbreaks in the last two decades and is becoming increasingly important as the proportion of European larch in forests increases.\u0000In 2021–2023, larch logs and piles of branches were placed into shaded forest and sunlit areas every month to study bark beetle species on logging residues. After adult emergence, the logs and branches were debarked, and the infestation density of bark beetles was analysed. The results indicate that shading, log diameter and top/bottom parts of log had a significant effect on infestation density of I. cembrae on logs. The infestation density of I. cembrae was higher on logs felled between December and June than on logs felled between July and November.\u0000Shading of branches was the most significant variable affecting the bark beetle species composition on branches. All four of the bark beetle species recorded were affected by diameter of the branches. Ips cembrae primarily infested sunlit branches while Cryphalus intermedius preferred shaded branches. In contrast, the infestation densities of Pityogenes chalcographus and Pityophthorus pityographus seemed to be affected primarily by moisture content of the branches.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141354468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Cuff, D. Gajski, Radek Michalko, O. Košulič, Stano Pekár
Conservation biocontrol, the regulation of crop pests by naturally occurring biocontrol agents (e.g., predators and parasitoids), is predominantly monitored throughout periods of primary crop growth when pests exert the most observable impact on yields. Pest‐focused agricultural biomonitoring often overlooks post‐harvest, winter and even early‐season biocontrol, despite the significant predator–pest interactions during these periods that profoundly affect pest abundance and, consequently, crop yields. Rapid advances in biomonitoring, particularly in the detection of predator–pest interactions that underpin biocontrol, provide an opportunity to reconsider how and when we monitor these interactions. Advances in agricultural biomonitoring must transcend methodological innovation and encompass conceptual changes in the monitoring of agricultural systems. Here, we assess existing evidence supporting the importance of periods beyond primary crop growth for biocontrol and how predator–pest interactions are likely to evolve during these periods, subsequently influencing pest population dynamics during the primary crop growth period. We advocate for a greater concerted effort to establish continuous monitoring of biocontrol interactions, particularly beyond primary crop growth periods in temperate climates. To facilitate this, we also summarise the methodological approaches that can make it possible and explore how extending sampling across the full annual cycle might impact the practicalities and outcomes of these approaches. Year‐round monitoring of biocontrol interactions, both in crops and adjacent semi‐natural habitats, will provide a previously intractable understanding of predator–pest dynamics, offering significant potential to enhance our ability to optimise and manipulate these systems. This would manifest in reduced crop yield losses, pest infestation rates and disease transmission, with concomitant long‐term financial, environmental and land‐use benefits.
{"title":"Biomonitoring of biocontrol across the full annual cycle in temperate climates: Post‐harvest, winter and early‐season interaction data and methodological considerations for its collection","authors":"J. Cuff, D. Gajski, Radek Michalko, O. Košulič, Stano Pekár","doi":"10.1111/afe.12635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12635","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Conservation biocontrol, the regulation of crop pests by naturally occurring biocontrol agents (e.g., predators and parasitoids), is predominantly monitored throughout periods of primary crop growth when pests exert the most observable impact on yields. Pest‐focused agricultural biomonitoring often overlooks post‐harvest, winter and even early‐season biocontrol, despite the significant predator–pest interactions during these periods that profoundly affect pest abundance and, consequently, crop yields. Rapid advances in biomonitoring, particularly in the detection of predator–pest interactions that underpin biocontrol, provide an opportunity to reconsider how and when we monitor these interactions.\u0000Advances in agricultural biomonitoring must transcend methodological innovation and encompass conceptual changes in the monitoring of agricultural systems. Here, we assess existing evidence supporting the importance of periods beyond primary crop growth for biocontrol and how predator–pest interactions are likely to evolve during these periods, subsequently influencing pest population dynamics during the primary crop growth period.\u0000We advocate for a greater concerted effort to establish continuous monitoring of biocontrol interactions, particularly beyond primary crop growth periods in temperate climates. To facilitate this, we also summarise the methodological approaches that can make it possible and explore how extending sampling across the full annual cycle might impact the practicalities and outcomes of these approaches.\u0000Year‐round monitoring of biocontrol interactions, both in crops and adjacent semi‐natural habitats, will provide a previously intractable understanding of predator–pest dynamics, offering significant potential to enhance our ability to optimise and manipulate these systems. This would manifest in reduced crop yield losses, pest infestation rates and disease transmission, with concomitant long‐term financial, environmental and land‐use benefits.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141386060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent years have seen significant advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technology. This advancement has enabled the development of decision support systems that support farmers with herbivorous pest identification and pest monitoring. In these systems, the AI supports farmers through the detection, classification and quantification of herbivorous pests. However, many of the systems under development fall short of meeting the demands of the end user, with these shortfalls acting as obstacles that impede the integration of these systems into integrated pest management (IPM) practices. There are four common obstacles that restrict the uptake of these AI‐driven decision support systems. Namely: AI technology effectiveness, functionality under field conditions, the level of computational expertise and power required to use and run the system and system mobility. We propose four criteria that AI‐driven systems need to meet in order to overcome these challenges: (i) The system should be based on effective and efficient AI; (ii) The system should be adaptable and capable of handling ‘real‐world’ image data collected from the field; (iii) Systems should be user‐friendly, device‐driven and low‐cost; (iv) Systems should be mobile and deployable under multiple weather and climate conditions. Systems that meet these criteria are likely to represent innovative and transformative systems that successfully integrate AI technology with IPM principles into tools that can support farmers.
{"title":"Can artificial intelligence be integrated into pest monitoring schemes to help achieve sustainable agriculture? An entomological, management and computational perspective","authors":"Daniel J. Leybourne, Nasamu Musa, Po Yang","doi":"10.1111/afe.12630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12630","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Recent years have seen significant advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technology. This advancement has enabled the development of decision support systems that support farmers with herbivorous pest identification and pest monitoring.\u0000In these systems, the AI supports farmers through the detection, classification and quantification of herbivorous pests. However, many of the systems under development fall short of meeting the demands of the end user, with these shortfalls acting as obstacles that impede the integration of these systems into integrated pest management (IPM) practices.\u0000There are four common obstacles that restrict the uptake of these AI‐driven decision support systems. Namely: AI technology effectiveness, functionality under field conditions, the level of computational expertise and power required to use and run the system and system mobility.\u0000We propose four criteria that AI‐driven systems need to meet in order to overcome these challenges: (i) The system should be based on effective and efficient AI; (ii) The system should be adaptable and capable of handling ‘real‐world’ image data collected from the field; (iii) Systems should be user‐friendly, device‐driven and low‐cost; (iv) Systems should be mobile and deployable under multiple weather and climate conditions.\u0000Systems that meet these criteria are likely to represent innovative and transformative systems that successfully integrate AI technology with IPM principles into tools that can support farmers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140966750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marjaana Toivonen, Erja Huusela, Terho Hyvönen, Ari Järvinen, Mikko Kuussaari
To understand the potential consequences of arable land use changes for insect conservation and ecosystem functioning, it is fundamental to know how insect species with different functional traits respond to crop choice and production method.This study examined the effects of crop type and production method on functional traits of butterfly, bumblebee and carabid beetle communities using species abundance data from 78 fields in Southern Finland. Surrounding landscape composition was also accounted for. The studied traits were associated with dispersal capacity, habitat or diet specialization and phenology—the key determinants modifying species responses to agricultural disturbances and land use changes.Butterfly habitat breadth was narrowest and wingspan shortest in long‐term fallows. Fallows also supported the highest share of butterflies overwintering in early development stages and bumblebees with late‐emerging queens. The tongue length of bumblebees was longest in organic oat fields, probably due to flowering weeds with long corolla.For carabid beetles, the proportion of poor flyers and carnivores was highest in perennial crops and fallows. Carabid beetles overwintering as adults were relatively more abundant in organic than in conventional production, probably due to more intensive tillage in organic fields.In all insect groups, poor dispersers and/or specialists decreased with increasing arable land cover in the surrounding landscape.Increasing the area of long‐term fallows and perennial crops and enhancing within‐field plant diversity while maintaining landscape heterogeneity would promote insect species sensitive to agricultural disturbances and land use changes and their associated ecosystem services in boreal farmland.
{"title":"Crop type rather than production method determines functional trait composition of insect communities on arable land in boreal agricultural landscapes","authors":"Marjaana Toivonen, Erja Huusela, Terho Hyvönen, Ari Järvinen, Mikko Kuussaari","doi":"10.1111/afe.12629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12629","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>To understand the potential consequences of arable land use changes for insect conservation and ecosystem functioning, it is fundamental to know how insect species with different functional traits respond to crop choice and production method.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>This study examined the effects of crop type and production method on functional traits of butterfly, bumblebee and carabid beetle communities using species abundance data from 78 fields in Southern Finland. Surrounding landscape composition was also accounted for. The studied traits were associated with dispersal capacity, habitat or diet specialization and phenology—the key determinants modifying species responses to agricultural disturbances and land use changes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Butterfly habitat breadth was narrowest and wingspan shortest in long‐term fallows. Fallows also supported the highest share of butterflies overwintering in early development stages and bumblebees with late‐emerging queens. The tongue length of bumblebees was longest in organic oat fields, probably due to flowering weeds with long corolla.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>For carabid beetles, the proportion of poor flyers and carnivores was highest in perennial crops and fallows. Carabid beetles overwintering as adults were relatively more abundant in organic than in conventional production, probably due to more intensive tillage in organic fields.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In all insect groups, poor dispersers and/or specialists decreased with increasing arable land cover in the surrounding landscape.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Increasing the area of long‐term fallows and perennial crops and enhancing within‐field plant diversity while maintaining landscape heterogeneity would promote insect species sensitive to agricultural disturbances and land use changes and their associated ecosystem services in boreal farmland.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140937532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ben S. J. Hawthorne, Jordan P. Cuff, Larissa E. Collins, Darren M. Evans
Biomonitoring of agriculturally important insects is increasingly vital given our need to understand: (a) the severity of impacts by pests and pathogens on crop yield and health and (b) the impact of environmental change and land management on insects, in line with sustainable development and global conservation targets.Traditional entomological traps remain an important part of the biomonitoring toolbox, but sample processing is laborious and introduces latency, and accuracy can be variable. The integration of molecular techniques such as environmental DNA and DNA metabarcoding into insect biomonitoring has gained increasing attention, but the advantages of doing so, the kind of data this can generate, and how easily and effectively molecular analyses can be integrated with the diverse types of entomological traps currently used remains relatively unclear.In this review, we examine how combining DNA metabarcoding with a range of conventional and unconventional entomological sampling techniques can advance biomonitoring in a way that is useful to researchers and practitioners. We highlight some of the key challenges and how to mitigate them, using examples of its integration with different sampling methods from the literature (e.g., interception, pitfall and sticky traps) to demonstrate efficacy and suitability.We discuss how metabarcoding data can be used to infer ecological networks, emphasizing the importance of this as a framework for understanding species interactions and ecosystem functioning for more effective and descriptive biomonitoring.Finally, future advances in biomonitoring are highlighted, alongside recommendations of best practice for researchers both new to and experienced in invertebrate biomonitoring with metabarcoding.
由于我们需要了解：(a) 害虫和病原体对作物产量和健康的严重影响；(b) 环境变化和土地管理对昆虫的影响，以实现可持续发展和全球保护目标，因此对具有重要农业意义的昆虫进行生物监测变得越来越重要。传统的昆虫诱捕器仍然是生物监测工具箱的重要组成部分，但样本处理费时费力，而且准确性可能会有差异。将环境 DNA 和 DNA 元条码等分子技术整合到昆虫生物监测中的做法日益受到关注，但这样做的优势、可生成的数据种类以及如何将分子分析与目前使用的各种昆虫诱捕器轻松有效地整合在一起等问题仍相对不清楚。在这篇综述中，我们将探讨如何将 DNA 元条码与一系列常规和非常规的昆虫学取样技术相结合，以对研究人员和从业人员有用的方式推进生物监测工作。我们强调了一些关键挑战以及如何缓解这些挑战，并使用文献中不同取样方法（如拦截、坑阱和粘性诱捕器）的整合实例来证明其有效性和适用性。我们讨论了如何利用代谢条码数据来推断生态网络，强调了将其作为了解物种相互作用和生态系统功能框架的重要性，以便进行更有效的描述性生物监测。最后，我们还强调了生物监测的未来发展，并为使用元标码进行无脊椎动物生物监测的新手和经验丰富的研究人员提出了最佳实践建议。
{"title":"Metabarcoding advances agricultural invertebrate biomonitoring by enhancing resolution, increasing throughput and facilitating network inference","authors":"Ben S. J. Hawthorne, Jordan P. Cuff, Larissa E. Collins, Darren M. Evans","doi":"10.1111/afe.12628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12628","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Biomonitoring of agriculturally important insects is increasingly vital given our need to understand: (a) the severity of impacts by pests and pathogens on crop yield and health and (b) the impact of environmental change and land management on insects, in line with sustainable development and global conservation targets.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Traditional entomological traps remain an important part of the biomonitoring toolbox, but sample processing is laborious and introduces latency, and accuracy can be variable. The integration of molecular techniques such as environmental DNA and DNA metabarcoding into insect biomonitoring has gained increasing attention, but the advantages of doing so, the kind of data this can generate, and how easily and effectively molecular analyses can be integrated with the diverse types of entomological traps currently used remains relatively unclear.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In this review, we examine how combining DNA metabarcoding with a range of conventional and unconventional entomological sampling techniques can advance biomonitoring in a way that is useful to researchers and practitioners. We highlight some of the key challenges and how to mitigate them, using examples of its integration with different sampling methods from the literature (e.g., interception, pitfall and sticky traps) to demonstrate efficacy and suitability.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We discuss how metabarcoding data can be used to infer ecological networks, emphasizing the importance of this as a framework for understanding species interactions and ecosystem functioning for more effective and descriptive biomonitoring.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Finally, future advances in biomonitoring are highlighted, alongside recommendations of best practice for researchers both new to and experienced in invertebrate biomonitoring with metabarcoding.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140937237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An introduction to high‐speed photography and its entomological impact is provided, emphasizing the importance of high frame rates and high resolution.The take‐off and free flight of Drepanosiphum platanoidis and Myzus persicae were studied in still air using high‐speed photography in HD.The wing tip and body posture were tracked to show how they are displaced during each wingbeat cycle. The important structural elements of the wing are described.The wingbeat is driven by a reinforced leading edge, the pterostigma and costa. The remainder of the coupled fore‐ and hindwing acts as a single aerofoil that deforms during flight, due to sparse venation and a lack of cross veins.During flight, aphids use a ‘near clap and fling’ mechanism with a body pitch close to 90°. Rapid acceleration about the thoracic lateral axis into wing reversal generates enough lift for take‐off, typically within the first or second wingbeat.Unique footage shows that aphids demonstrate a high degree of flight control and manoeuvrability in the lab, occasionally using forward and inverted flight, two flight modes that are otherwise poorly known.While research into the impact of turbulent convection is needed, we posit that the strength of atmospheric forces presents a formidable challenge to aphid migrants. Above the flight boundary layer, migrating aphids may not easily oppose upwardly moving air, although if used, ‘frozen flight’ may cause them to descend on average.We evaluate five devices for insect flight research.
{"title":"How aphids fly: Take‐off, free flight and implications for short and long distance migration","authors":"James R. Bell, Graham Shephard","doi":"10.1111/afe.12623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12623","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>An introduction to high‐speed photography and its entomological impact is provided, emphasizing the importance of high frame rates and high resolution.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The take‐off and free flight of <jats:italic>Drepanosiphum platanoidis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Myzus persicae</jats:italic> were studied in still air using high‐speed photography in HD.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The wing tip and body posture were tracked to show how they are displaced during each wingbeat cycle. The important structural elements of the wing are described.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The wingbeat is driven by a reinforced leading edge, the pterostigma and costa. The remainder of the coupled fore‐ and hindwing acts as a single aerofoil that deforms during flight, due to sparse venation and a lack of cross veins.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>During flight, aphids use a ‘near clap and fling’ mechanism with a body pitch close to 90°. Rapid acceleration about the thoracic lateral axis into wing reversal generates enough lift for take‐off, typically within the first or second wingbeat.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Unique footage shows that aphids demonstrate a high degree of flight control and manoeuvrability in the lab, occasionally using forward and inverted flight, two flight modes that are otherwise poorly known.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>While research into the impact of turbulent convection is needed, we posit that the strength of atmospheric forces presents a formidable challenge to aphid migrants. Above the flight boundary layer, migrating aphids may not easily oppose upwardly moving air, although if used, ‘frozen flight’ may cause them to descend on average.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We evaluate five devices for insect flight research.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140630015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krzysztof J. Rudziński, Lidia Sukovata, Monika Asztemborska, Aleksandra Wróblewska, Klara Nestorowicz, Rafał Szmigielski
The pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus galloprovincialis) is a European vector of the invasive pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), one of the most dangerous threats to pine forests worldwide. One recommended method for detecting the nematode is catching and inspecting the M. galloprovincialis beetles. Effective commercial lures are available for that insect but attract non‐target species, particularly beneficial Thanasimus species. Our study aimed to develop an equally effective M. galloprovincialis lure less attractive to beneficial predatory insects.We used electroantennography to test several compounds occurring in the pheromones, hindgut extracts or headspace emissions of non‐Ips bark beetles. The compounds that caused the strongest antennal responses were used along with α‐pinene (host‐tree volatile) and monochamol (2‐undecyloxy‐1‐ethanol, a male‐produced aggregation pheromone of M. galloprovincialis) to prepare the lures for olfactometric and field testing.In the field experiments, the lure containing (+)‐α‐pinene, monochamol, (1R)‐(−)‐myrtenal and (S)‐(−)‐trans‐verbenol was equally effective as the commercial lure Galloprotect Pack. It attracted significantly less Thanasimus formicarius and T. femoralis beetles.Thus, the new lure can serve as a basis for developing an operational lure for monitoring M. galloprovincialis with reduced bycatch of predatory beetles.
{"title":"Developing an improved lure for attracting the pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus galloprovincialis) with reduced bycatch of predatory beetles","authors":"Krzysztof J. Rudziński, Lidia Sukovata, Monika Asztemborska, Aleksandra Wróblewska, Klara Nestorowicz, Rafał Szmigielski","doi":"10.1111/afe.12627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12627","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>The pine sawyer beetle (<jats:italic>Monochamus galloprovincialis</jats:italic>) is a European vector of the invasive pinewood nematode (<jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</jats:italic>), one of the most dangerous threats to pine forests worldwide. One recommended method for detecting the nematode is catching and inspecting the <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>galloprovincialis</jats:italic> beetles. Effective commercial lures are available for that insect but attract non‐target species, particularly beneficial <jats:italic>Thanasimus</jats:italic> species. Our study aimed to develop an equally effective <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>galloprovincialis</jats:italic> lure less attractive to beneficial predatory insects.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We used electroantennography to test several compounds occurring in the pheromones, hindgut extracts or headspace emissions of non‐<jats:italic>Ips</jats:italic> bark beetles. The compounds that caused the strongest antennal responses were used along with <jats:italic>α</jats:italic>‐pinene (host‐tree volatile) and monochamol (2‐undecyloxy‐1‐ethanol, a male‐produced aggregation pheromone of <jats:italic>M. galloprovincialis</jats:italic>) to prepare the lures for olfactometric and field testing.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In the field experiments, the lure containing (+)‐<jats:italic>α</jats:italic>‐pinene, monochamol, (1<jats:italic>R</jats:italic>)‐(−)‐myrtenal and (<jats:italic>S</jats:italic>)‐(−)‐<jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>‐verbenol was equally effective as the commercial lure Galloprotect Pack. It attracted significantly less <jats:italic>Thanasimus formicarius</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. femoralis</jats:italic> beetles.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Thus, the new lure can serve as a basis for developing an operational lure for monitoring <jats:italic>M. galloprovincialis</jats:italic> with reduced bycatch of predatory beetles.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140626463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non‐crop vegetation areas in agricultural landscapes are vital for maintaining biodiversity. However, they potentially host pest insects, which can cause economic loss in crop fields.Some insect species have been found to spill into crops from these areas, but this varies depending on species, landscape composition and the time of the season.To determine if five common pest insects of canola crops were spilling into fields during the late growing season, we collected samples at various distances from non‐crop areas, in a part of the Canadian Prairies (Alberta, Canada) where this crop is widely grown.Sampling occurred at 15 sites in each of 10 fields (N = 150 sites). We modelled changes in pest abundance over distance from the non‐crop areas and contrasted the abundance of each taxon in the crop and non‐crop areas.Only leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) demonstrated a declining gradient in abundance that is consistent with spillover from non‐crop vegetation areas into the canola fields. Weevils were found to have significantly higher abundance in the non‐crop areas, indicating a relationship between this taxon and the non‐crop area in the late season, but there was no decline in abundance, which might indicate spillover occurring. All taxa demonstrated spatial differences in abundance among fields.This study found limited evidence that the pests are spilling over from non‐crop vegetation into canola crops during the late season. Therefore, movement of pests from non‐crop vegetation areas at this time is unlikely to be a driver of pest pressure for this economically important crop.
{"title":"Contrasting late season pest insect abundance in non‐crop vegetation areas and nearby canola fields in the Canadian Prairies","authors":"Rebecca Innes, Tobyn Neame, Paul Galpern","doi":"10.1111/afe.12626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12626","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Non‐crop vegetation areas in agricultural landscapes are vital for maintaining biodiversity. However, they potentially host pest insects, which can cause economic loss in crop fields.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Some insect species have been found to spill into crops from these areas, but this varies depending on species, landscape composition and the time of the season.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>To determine if five common pest insects of canola crops were spilling into fields during the late growing season, we collected samples at various distances from non‐crop areas, in a part of the Canadian Prairies (Alberta, Canada) where this crop is widely grown.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Sampling occurred at 15 sites in each of 10 fields (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 150 sites). We modelled changes in pest abundance over distance from the non‐crop areas and contrasted the abundance of each taxon in the crop and non‐crop areas.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Only leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) demonstrated a declining gradient in abundance that is consistent with spillover from non‐crop vegetation areas into the canola fields. Weevils were found to have significantly higher abundance in the non‐crop areas, indicating a relationship between this taxon and the non‐crop area in the late season, but there was no decline in abundance, which might indicate spillover occurring. All taxa demonstrated spatial differences in abundance among fields.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>This study found limited evidence that the pests are spilling over from non‐crop vegetation into canola crops during the late season. Therefore, movement of pests from non‐crop vegetation areas at this time is unlikely to be a driver of pest pressure for this economically important crop.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lulama G. Madire, Terence Olckers, Guy Sutton, David O. Simelane
Biological control practitioners are required to demonstrate that candidate agents are not only safe for release, but will establish widely in their new range with a significant impact on the target weed.We conducted this study in quarantine to provide insight into the impact and distribution of the root‐feeding flea beetle Heikertingerella sp. (Chrysomelidae), released in early 2023 against the invasive tree Tecoma stans (L.) (Bignoniaceae) in South Africa. We studied the effects of low and high beetle densities on plant growth and biomass, and F1 progeny production by the beetle.There were significant reductions in plant growth and biomass accumulation in the beetle‐exposed plants, relative to the controls. P1 adults damaged significantly more leaflets, with significantly higher F1 progeny production, at high beetle densities.The MaxEnt model predictions suggested that most of South Africa is climatically highly suitable for Heikertingerella sp., particularly along the southern and eastern coasts where the weed is most prevalent. Only the inland regions of the Northern Cape Province, depicting the driest and hottest part of the country where the weed does not occur, were predicted to be unsuitable for Heikertingerella sp. The beetle's thermal physiology, as determined by its critical thermal minimum and maximum temperatures and lower and upper lethal temperatures (LT50), suggests tolerance to temperature extremes in at least four of the eight provinces that fall within the range of T. stans in South Africa.Our results further justify the release of Heikertingerella sp. in areas predicted as suitable in South Africa.
生物防治工作者需要证明，候选制剂不仅可以安全释放，而且会在其新的分布区广泛建立，对目标杂草产生重大影响。我们在隔离区进行了这项研究，以深入了解 2023 年初释放的食根跳甲虫 Heikertingerella sp.（Chrysomelidae）对南非入侵树木 Tecoma stans (L.)（Bignoniaceae）的影响和分布情况。我们研究了低密度和高密度甲虫对植物生长和生物量以及甲虫 F1 代后代产量的影响。与对照组相比，受到甲虫影响的植物的生长和生物量积累明显减少。在甲虫密度较高的情况下，P1 成虫破坏的小叶明显较多，F1 后代的产量也明显较高。MaxEnt 模型的预测结果表明，南非大部分地区的气候非常适合 Heikertingerella sp.甲虫的热生理学由其临界最低和最高热温度以及致死温度（LT50）的下限和上限决定，这表明在南非属于 T. stans 范围的八个省份中，至少有四个省份对极端温度具有耐受性。我们的研究结果进一步证明了在南非适宜地区释放 Heikertingerella sp.
{"title":"Predicted impact, establishment and distribution of Heikertingerella sp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), recently released for the biological control of Tecoma stans in South Africa","authors":"Lulama G. Madire, Terence Olckers, Guy Sutton, David O. Simelane","doi":"10.1111/afe.12625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12625","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Biological control practitioners are required to demonstrate that candidate agents are not only safe for release, but will establish widely in their new range with a significant impact on the target weed.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We conducted this study in quarantine to provide insight into the impact and distribution of the root‐feeding flea beetle <jats:italic>Heikertingerella</jats:italic> sp. (Chrysomelidae), released in early 2023 against the invasive tree <jats:italic>Tecoma stans</jats:italic> (L.) (Bignoniaceae) in South Africa. We studied the effects of low and high beetle densities on plant growth and biomass, and F<jats:sub>1</jats:sub> progeny production by the beetle.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>There were significant reductions in plant growth and biomass accumulation in the beetle‐exposed plants, relative to the controls. P<jats:sub>1</jats:sub> adults damaged significantly more leaflets, with significantly higher F<jats:sub>1</jats:sub> progeny production, at high beetle densities.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The MaxEnt model predictions suggested that most of South Africa is climatically highly suitable for <jats:italic>Heikertingerella</jats:italic> sp., particularly along the southern and eastern coasts where the weed is most prevalent. Only the inland regions of the Northern Cape Province, depicting the driest and hottest part of the country where the weed does not occur, were predicted to be unsuitable for <jats:italic>Heikertingerella</jats:italic> sp. The beetle's thermal physiology, as determined by its critical thermal minimum and maximum temperatures and lower and upper lethal temperatures (LT<jats:sub>50</jats:sub>), suggests tolerance to temperature extremes in at least four of the eight provinces that fall within the range of <jats:italic>T. stans</jats:italic> in South Africa.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results further justify the release of <jats:italic>Heikertingerella</jats:italic> sp. in areas predicted as suitable in South Africa.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco Valera, Jesús Veiga, Eulalia Moreno, Luis Bolonio, Teresa Martínez
Invasive alien species are one main driver of biodiversity loss and can cause severe economic costs. Effective management of such species requires early detection of colonising individuals, but this is often hampered by biological or economic constraints.Trachymela sloanei (Blackburn, 1896), an Australian Eucalyptus defoliator beetle, is an invasive alien species that has spread to the Americas, Asia and most recently Europe.We analyse the expansion of T. sloanei in the Iberian Peninsula both at regional and local scales, study its phenology and relative abundance, and explore the use of nest boxes for early detection.The species is spreading steadily, and the area potentially affected has increased dramatically in a few years. Both adults and larvae were observed between June and November, suggesting the occurrence of several overlapping generations. More than 300 individuals were found aggregated behind single nest boxes.We conclude that the installation and monitoring of nest boxes or similar structures (e.g., cork boards) can facilitate early detection of this species.
{"title":"The expansion of the Australian tortoise beetle Trachymela sloanei (Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae, Chrysomelini, Paropsina) in Spain: Using human‐made shelters for an early detection strategy","authors":"Francisco Valera, Jesús Veiga, Eulalia Moreno, Luis Bolonio, Teresa Martínez","doi":"10.1111/afe.12624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12624","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:list> <jats:list-item>Invasive alien species are one main driver of biodiversity loss and can cause severe economic costs. Effective management of such species requires early detection of colonising individuals, but this is often hampered by biological or economic constraints.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Trachymela sloanei</jats:italic> (Blackburn, 1896), an Australian <jats:italic>Eucalyptus</jats:italic> defoliator beetle, is an invasive alien species that has spread to the Americas, Asia and most recently Europe.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We analyse the expansion of <jats:italic>T. sloanei</jats:italic> in the Iberian Peninsula both at regional and local scales, study its phenology and relative abundance, and explore the use of nest boxes for early detection.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The species is spreading steadily, and the area potentially affected has increased dramatically in a few years. Both adults and larvae were observed between June and November, suggesting the occurrence of several overlapping generations. More than 300 individuals were found aggregated behind single nest boxes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We conclude that the installation and monitoring of nest boxes or similar structures (e.g., cork boards) can facilitate early detection of this species.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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