Laura Ponce-Herrero, Ana Ponce Díaz, Valentín Pando Fernández, Fernando Manuel Alves-Santos, Juan Alberto Pajares Alonso
简介Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae)，又称西部针叶树种子虫 (WCSB)，是一种原产于北美西部的针叶树球果害虫（Heidemann, 1910）。自 20 世纪下半叶以来，这种害虫一直与种子果园生产优良基因树木种子的经济损失有关（Bates, Strong, & Borden, 2002; Blatt & Borden, 1996b; Connelly & Schowalter, 1991; Koerber, 1963; Schowalter, 1994; Strong 等人, 2001）。WCSB 若虫和成虫以发育中和成熟的球果为食，它们将探针插入球果鳞片之间，从唾液腺分泌消化物质（如脂肪酶和蛋白酶），溶解球果组织并吸食球果、2013；Campbell & Shea, 1990；Farinha, Silva, et al.，2018；Pasek & Dix, 1988；Pimpão et al.，2017）。在昆虫袋装实验中发现，在 Pinus contorta var. latifolia、Pinus monticola、Pinus ponderosa 和 Pseudotsuga menziesii 针叶树种的不同圆锥体发育阶段，都出现了 WCSB 摄食的症状。当 WCSB 摄食发生在生长季早期时，这些症状包括圆锥体流产、结实率降低、种子与圆锥体鳞片融合和种子流产，而部分饱满的种子则与生长季后期的摄食有关（Bates 等人，2001 年；Bates、Borden、Kermode 及amp；Bennett，2000 年；Bates、Lait 等人，2002 年；Bates、Strong 及amp；Bennett，2000 年；Bates、Lait 等人，2002 年）、WSCB 被发现以 40 多种针叶树种的球果和硬木树种（如Pistacia vera、Pistacia lentiscus 和 Amygdalus communis）的种子为食（Fent & Kment, 2011; Lesieur et al、2014；Uyemoto 等人，1986）。它的多食性、成虫的高飞行能力以及人类活动（如货物和人员的洲际流动），使世界南美白桦林害虫成为成功的全球入侵者。这种害虫首先在北美原产地以外迅速蔓延，然后横跨欧洲、亚洲、非洲和南美洲（Fent & Kment, 2011; Gall, 1992; Kim et al.）在欧洲，自 1999 年首次在意大利北部记录到 WCSB（Taylor 等人，2001 年）以来，短短十年间 WCSB 已迅速蔓延到欧洲大陆的大部分地区（Lesieur 等人，2019 年）。最近的记录表明，该害虫继续在亚洲（Kalashian 等人，2021 年）、南非（Giliomee & Rayner，2021 年）、欧洲（Golub 等人，2020 年；Van der Heyden，2020 年）以及中美洲和南美洲蔓延（Faúndez & Silvera，2019 年；Kun & Masciocchi，2019 年）。这种蔓延引起了人们对其可能对新入侵生态系统造成的破坏类型的疑问，例如对欧洲针叶林自然再生的破坏（Lesieur 等人，2014 年；Tamburini 等人，2012 年）或对地中海盆地石松果行业造成的经济损失（Bracalini 等人，2013 年）。自中石器时代起，松子就因其营养价值而成为人类饮食的一部分（Evaristo 等人，2010 年；Salas-Salvadó 等人，2011 年）。如今，石松果因其风味和营养价值而被视为美食产品（Mutke 等人，2013 年）。石松坚果的供应有限，这是因为该物种有很强的结实习性，导致种子丰收的间隔时间过长（Calama & Montero, 2007），采集球果的方法仍然是在野外采收（Mutke 等人，2012），以及自 2012 年以来记录到的每球果仁产量的下降。这种产量损失被定义为 "干锥体综合症"（DCS），已被多个地中海国家的锥体采摘者和加工商报告，它指的是未成熟锥体、空种子和含有枯萎残核的种子的增加（Calama 等人，2020 年；Mutke 等人，2017 年）。这导致价格从 2012 年的 2.5 欧元/公斤上涨到 2020 年的 6 欧元/公斤（MITECO，2012 年，2020 年），最终果仁价格超过 60-70 欧元/公斤（Calama 等人，2020 年）。石松坚果的高需求量已被出口量更大、价格更低的其他松树品种的食用核仁所满足（Evaristo 等人，2010 年；INC，2020 年），但其风味、营养价值和加工质量却各不相同（Mutke 等人，2013 年）。因此，DCS 是对地中海盆地石松行业生存能力的重要威胁，并与世界松树联盟有关（Bracalini 等人，2013 年；Calama 等人，2020 年；Farinha、Silva 等人，2018 年；Roversi 等人，2011 年）。 根据DCS的分布模式，它可能与WCSB在地中海盆地主要石松坚果生产国的分布有关（Bracalini等人，2013年；Calama等人，2020年；Mutke等人，2017年）：意大利（1999 年）、西班牙（2003 年）、土耳其（2009 年）、葡萄牙（2010 年）、黎巴嫩（2015 年）和摩洛哥（2015 年）（Fent & Kment, 2011; Gapon, 2015; Grosso-Silva, 2010; Nemer 等人, 2019; Ribes & Escolà, 2005; Taylor 等人, 2001）。在 WCSB 出现之前，任何国家或地区的松果生产研究中都未曾记录过被称为 DCS 的损害（Afonso 等人，2020 年；Loewe-Muñoz 等人，2019 年）。然而，在西班牙石松坚果产量最高的地区--中央高原（80%；MITECO，2020 年），在 WCSB 入侵后（2012-2016 年），历史上的每果产量从 3.5% （1992-1999 年）降至 1.8%。此外，在 WCSB 入侵后，西班牙和意大利的石松林中也记录到了与 DCS 相关的球果和种子损害（Bracalini 等人，2013 年；Calama 等人，2020 年；Roversi 等人，2011 年），以及用装有昆虫的松果进行的对照实验（Farinha、Silva 等人，2018 年）。然而，这些作者无法证明石松球果成熟期较长（Abellanas，1990 年）。石松球果成熟期较长（Abellanas, 1990 年），这有利于因极端天气事件（降雨、冬季霜冻或球果发育关键阶段的异常低温或高温；Mutke et al、2005a）、资源枯竭以及球果和花蕾害虫，即 Pissodes validiros
{"title":"Damage caused by Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae) on Pinus pinea L. cones varies with feeding season","authors":"Laura Ponce-Herrero, Ana Ponce Díaz, Valentín Pando Fernández, Fernando Manuel Alves-Santos, Juan Alberto Pajares Alonso","doi":"10.1111/afe.12621","DOIUrl":"10.1111/afe.12621","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/afe.12621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139980507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bryony K. Willcox, Michael P. D. Garratt, Tom D. Breeze, Natarajan Mathimaran, Simon G. Potts, Girija Prasad, Rengalakshmi Raj, Deepa Senapathi
生态集约化（EI）为实现更可持续的农业系统提供了一条重要的途径，并被越来越多地采用。然而，农场生态集约实践的实施和成功与否可能因景观环境和当地管理实践的不同而有所差异。我们评估了 EI 干预措施（包括两种不同的农业投入制度（大量或少量使用合成杀虫剂和化肥）以及花卉边境作物）如何影响当地天敌生物多样性、害虫丰度和作物产量，以及这些因素如何受到印度普杜切里小农农场 12 块稻田周围景观环境的影响。减少农业投入对整体天敌组合产生了积极影响；然而，对景观因素的反应却各不相同。例如，茧甲虫与较高密度的田边（景观配置）呈负相关。相比之下，蜘蛛是调查中数量最多的一类害虫，但并没有受到任何景观指标的显著影响。此外，害虫丰度在投入减少的田块中最高，但仅存在于没有花卉边际作物的地点。与高投入地相比，低投入地的平均稻谷产量较低，花卉边际作物对高投入地和低投入地的影响相反。在低投入地，有花境作物的地方平均产量要高出 33%。而在高投入地区，花境作物的存在与较低的平均产量（16%）相关。这些研究结果表明，生态集约化实践可为小农作物系统带来益处，但同时也强调，在制定有效的可持续管理实践时，需要考虑地貌环境和当地管理实践的差异。
{"title":"The benefits of floral border crops in smallholder rice production depends on agronomic inputs and landscape context","authors":"Bryony K. Willcox, Michael P. D. Garratt, Tom D. Breeze, Natarajan Mathimaran, Simon G. Potts, Girija Prasad, Rengalakshmi Raj, Deepa Senapathi","doi":"10.1111/afe.12615","DOIUrl":"10.1111/afe.12615","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/afe.12615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139950965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of temperature on the survival of spotted lanternfly active life stages when held without food","authors":"Melody A. Keena","doi":"10.1111/afe.12619","DOIUrl":"10.1111/afe.12619","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139774911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive Southeast Asian planthopper that was recently introduced into the eastern United States and spreads along human transportation corridors by ‘hitch‐hiking’ on vehicles and cargo. To better understand the risk of establishment when mobile life stages are moved, it is critical to know how long spotted lanternfly mobile life stages will survive without food and water under different temperatures. This work reports on spotted lanternfly first, second, and third instar nymphal and adult survival without food over the 10–30°C temperature range. Survival time without food declined exponentially as temperature increased for all life stages of spotted lanternfly that were evaluated. At temperatures <30°C, first instar nymphs survived longer than second or third instar individuals. Female adults survived about 1 day longer than male adults at all but 10 and 25°C. Without food, 99% of all adults of both sexes are predicted to be dead in less than a week over the temperature range evaluated. First instars, which were the smallest, survived the longest and their survival exponentially decreased as temperature increased. This suggests that more attention to first instar movement may be warranted. The data presented here will provide a basis for assessing the risk of survival of transported spotted lanternfly active life stages along various pathways.
{"title":"Effects of temperature on the survival of spotted lanternfly active life stages when held without food","authors":"M. Keena","doi":"10.1111/afe.12619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12619","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive Southeast Asian planthopper that was recently introduced into the eastern United States and spreads along human transportation corridors by ‘hitch‐hiking’ on vehicles and cargo.\u0000To better understand the risk of establishment when mobile life stages are moved, it is critical to know how long spotted lanternfly mobile life stages will survive without food and water under different temperatures.\u0000This work reports on spotted lanternfly first, second, and third instar nymphal and adult survival without food over the 10–30°C temperature range. Survival time without food declined exponentially as temperature increased for all life stages of spotted lanternfly that were evaluated.\u0000At temperatures <30°C, first instar nymphs survived longer than second or third instar individuals. Female adults survived about 1 day longer than male adults at all but 10 and 25°C.\u0000Without food, 99% of all adults of both sexes are predicted to be dead in less than a week over the temperature range evaluated. First instars, which were the smallest, survived the longest and their survival exponentially decreased as temperature increased.\u0000This suggests that more attention to first instar movement may be warranted. The data presented here will provide a basis for assessing the risk of survival of transported spotted lanternfly active life stages along various pathways.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139834718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Venus Saksongmuang, Radek Michalko, B. Petcharad, S. Bumrungsri
Temporal change in vegetation complexity and field management may interactively affect the structure of predator–prey networks in agroecosystems and consequently alter the biocontrol potential of predators. There is a limited number of studies that have addressed these questions for generalist predator–prey networks. We investigated how vegetation complexity during crop development and management type (conventional vs. organic) affect the trophic networks of orb‐weaving spiders and their prey in rainfed lowland rice ecosystems in southern Thailand. Specifically, we investigated orb‐weaving spiders and prey composition, prey selectivity and network structure. Overall, orb‐weaving spiders captured mostly detritus‐associated Diptera, aquatic‐associated Ephemeroptera and Hemiptera pests. The increasing vegetation complexity during rice development significantly restructured the network of orb‐weaving spiders and prey, while field management had only a marginal effect. The increased vegetation complexity during rice development led to an increased number of weak trophic interactions in comparison to few but strong interactions in simple vegetation. Our results indicate that increasing the number of spider species per prey taxon (prey vulnerability) in late rice season may enhance their top‐down control of prey including rice pests. This study also highlights that the network complexity and the stability of rice ecosystems increased during the rice growing season as the vegetation became more complex. Future practices could look for a way to support the densities of detritus and aquatic insects and to artificially increase habitat complexity during the early stage of rice development to improve the biocontrol services provided by the orb‐weaving spiders.
{"title":"Changes in vegetation complexity during the development of rice ecosystems affect orb‐weaving spider‐prey trophic networks","authors":"Venus Saksongmuang, Radek Michalko, B. Petcharad, S. Bumrungsri","doi":"10.1111/afe.12618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12618","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Temporal change in vegetation complexity and field management may interactively affect the structure of predator–prey networks in agroecosystems and consequently alter the biocontrol potential of predators. There is a limited number of studies that have addressed these questions for generalist predator–prey networks.\u0000We investigated how vegetation complexity during crop development and management type (conventional vs. organic) affect the trophic networks of orb‐weaving spiders and their prey in rainfed lowland rice ecosystems in southern Thailand. Specifically, we investigated orb‐weaving spiders and prey composition, prey selectivity and network structure.\u0000Overall, orb‐weaving spiders captured mostly detritus‐associated Diptera, aquatic‐associated Ephemeroptera and Hemiptera pests. The increasing vegetation complexity during rice development significantly restructured the network of orb‐weaving spiders and prey, while field management had only a marginal effect. The increased vegetation complexity during rice development led to an increased number of weak trophic interactions in comparison to few but strong interactions in simple vegetation.\u0000Our results indicate that increasing the number of spider species per prey taxon (prey vulnerability) in late rice season may enhance their top‐down control of prey including rice pests. This study also highlights that the network complexity and the stability of rice ecosystems increased during the rice growing season as the vegetation became more complex.\u0000Future practices could look for a way to support the densities of detritus and aquatic insects and to artificially increase habitat complexity during the early stage of rice development to improve the biocontrol services provided by the orb‐weaving spiders.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139780874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The case for open research in entomology: Reducing harm, refining reproducibility and advancing insect science","authors":"Jordan P. Cuff, Meghan Barrett, Helen Gray, Charles Fox, Allan Watt, Emilie Aimé","doi":"10.1111/afe.12617","DOIUrl":"10.1111/afe.12617","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/afe.12617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139782148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Changes in vegetation complexity during the development of rice ecosystems affect orb-weaving spider-prey trophic networks","authors":"Venus Saksongmuang, Radek Michalko, Booppa Petcharad, Sara Bumrungsri","doi":"10.1111/afe.12618","DOIUrl":"10.1111/afe.12618","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139840552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Cuff, Meghan Barrett, Helen Gray, Charles Fox, Allan Watt, Emilie Aimé
Open research is an increasingly developed and crucial framework for the advancement of science and has seen successful adoption across a broad range of disciplines. Entomology has, however, been slow to adopt these practices compared to many adjacent fields despite ethical and practical imperatives to do so. The grand challenges facing entomology in the 21st century require the synthesis of evidence at global scales, necessitating open sharing of data and research at a pace and scale incompatible with the slow adoption of open research practices. Open science also plays a vital role in fostering trust in research and maximizing use of research outputs, which is ethically crucial for reducing harms to insects. We outline these imperatives and how open research practices can enhance entomological research across a range of contexts. We also highlight the holistic nature of open science across the full research lifecycle through several specific examples of open research practices, which can be adopted easily by individual entomologists. We do, however, argue that the responsibility of promoting, integrating and encouraging open research is most crucially held by publishers, including scholarly societies, which have leveraged widespread adoption in adjacent fields. Entomology must advance quickly to become a leading discipline in the open research transition.
{"title":"The case for open research in entomology: Reducing harm, refining reproducibility and advancing insect science","authors":"J. Cuff, Meghan Barrett, Helen Gray, Charles Fox, Allan Watt, Emilie Aimé","doi":"10.1111/afe.12617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12617","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Open research is an increasingly developed and crucial framework for the advancement of science and has seen successful adoption across a broad range of disciplines. Entomology has, however, been slow to adopt these practices compared to many adjacent fields despite ethical and practical imperatives to do so.\u0000The grand challenges facing entomology in the 21st century require the synthesis of evidence at global scales, necessitating open sharing of data and research at a pace and scale incompatible with the slow adoption of open research practices. Open science also plays a vital role in fostering trust in research and maximizing use of research outputs, which is ethically crucial for reducing harms to insects.\u0000We outline these imperatives and how open research practices can enhance entomological research across a range of contexts. We also highlight the holistic nature of open science across the full research lifecycle through several specific examples of open research practices, which can be adopted easily by individual entomologists.\u0000We do, however, argue that the responsibility of promoting, integrating and encouraging open research is most crucially held by publishers, including scholarly societies, which have leveraged widespread adoption in adjacent fields. Entomology must advance quickly to become a leading discipline in the open research transition.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7454,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139841826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leah Flaherty, Flavio Preti, G. Ishangulyyeva, Nadir Erbilgin, Taylar Whidden, Maya Evenden
Insect herbivore diet mediates interactions with entomopathogens, yet this is relatively unexplored for microsporidia. Here, we examine a diet‐mediated tri‐trophic interaction between an outbreaking forest defoliator, forest tent caterpillar (FTC) Malacosoma disstria Hübner and Nosema sp. microsporidia. We conducted two experiments where diet quality was manipulated by incorporating lyophilized aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) foliage into an artificial diet, which was compared to a standard artificial diet. Diet quantity varied between fully fed and partially starved conditions, simulating an outbreak scenario. Microsporidia infection occurred naturally or was induced via experimental inoculation. We assessed FTC survival, microsporidia infection and load, and sublethal effects of treatments on FTC traits. Plant secondary metabolite concentrations in aspen‐augmented diets varied between experiments. In Experiment 1, the aspen‐augmented diet contained lyophilized aspen foliage with low concentrations of secondary metabolites, which increased FTC survival and reduced microsporidia infection. Diet quality and infection load also interactively influenced adult wing traits in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, the aspen‐augmented diet contained lyophilized aspen foliage with higher concentrations of secondary metabolites, which negatively affected FTC. No diet‐mediated interactions with microsporidia were observed in Experiment 2. Diet quality (Experiments 1 and 2), diet quantity (Experiment 2) and microsporidia infection (Experiments 1 and 2) directly influenced FTC survival and/or had sublethal effects on FTC that may have cascading effects on population dynamics and dispersal. We demonstrated that diet quality can mediate interactions between FTC and microsporidia, but these interactions depend on the defensive chemistry of the FTC diet. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report diet‐mediated interactions between an outbreaking forest pest and microsporidia and one of only a few studies to examine this tri‐trophic interaction among Lepidoptera.
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