Pub Date : 2020-10-21DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abc34f
Hawley C. Pruitt, S. Gerecht
Tumor progression and metastasis requires a complex interplay between tumor cells and their surrounding environment. Conventional 2D and 3D tissue culture models lack the precision and spatiotemporal control required to accurately model the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and metastatic cascade. Advances in biomedical engineering have allowed us to generate precise and versatile model systems to elucidate mechanisms vital to tumor progression and metastasis. The incorporation of novel biomaterials creates a specific mechanical environment that has facilitated controlled studies of cancer cell mechano-transduction. In addition, microfluidic devices have not only allowed for the incorporation of flow and shear forces into vascularized tumor models, but also elucidated vital mechanisms of cancer cell migration that have shifted paradigms about the mode in which cancer cells initiate metastasis. Here, we review the latest developments in biomedical engineering approaches to model the tumor microenvironment and metastatic cascade. We discuss how these approaches have advanced the field of cancer biology and enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms driving metastasis. We initially focus on physical and mechanical aspects of the primary microenvironment that impact tumor cell invasion. We then transition to tumor cell migration using models of tumor extracellular matrix including confined migration. Finally, we review models of intravasation/extravasation and colonization of secondary sites.
{"title":"Modeling metastasis: engineering approaches to study the metastatic cascade","authors":"Hawley C. Pruitt, S. Gerecht","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abc34f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abc34f","url":null,"abstract":"Tumor progression and metastasis requires a complex interplay between tumor cells and their surrounding environment. Conventional 2D and 3D tissue culture models lack the precision and spatiotemporal control required to accurately model the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and metastatic cascade. Advances in biomedical engineering have allowed us to generate precise and versatile model systems to elucidate mechanisms vital to tumor progression and metastasis. The incorporation of novel biomaterials creates a specific mechanical environment that has facilitated controlled studies of cancer cell mechano-transduction. In addition, microfluidic devices have not only allowed for the incorporation of flow and shear forces into vascularized tumor models, but also elucidated vital mechanisms of cancer cell migration that have shifted paradigms about the mode in which cancer cells initiate metastasis. Here, we review the latest developments in biomedical engineering approaches to model the tumor microenvironment and metastatic cascade. We discuss how these approaches have advanced the field of cancer biology and enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms driving metastasis. We initially focus on physical and mechanical aspects of the primary microenvironment that impact tumor cell invasion. We then transition to tumor cell migration using models of tumor extracellular matrix including confined migration. Finally, we review models of intravasation/extravasation and colonization of secondary sites.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41848418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-08DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abbf5e
A. Lau, C. Ren, Luke P Lee
Simple yet powerful clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology has led to the advent of numerous developments in life sciences, biotechnology, therapeutics, and molecular diagnostics, enabled by gene editing capability. By exploiting the CRISPR-Cas system’s nucleic acid sequence detection abilities, CRISPR-based molecular diagnostics have been developed. Here, we review the development of rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive CRISPR-based molecular diagnostics. We introduce the transition of CRISPR technology to precision molecular diagnostic devices from tube to device. Next, we discuss the various nucleic acid (NA) detection methods by CRISPR. We address the importance of significant sample preparation steps for a future sample-to-answer solution, which is lacking in current CRISPR-based molecular diagnostic technology. Lastly, we discuss the extension of CRISPR-based molecular diagnostics to various critical applications. We envision CRISPR technology holds great promise for widespread use in precision NA detection applications after particular technical challenges are overcome.
{"title":"Critical review on where CRISPR meets molecular diagnostics","authors":"A. Lau, C. Ren, Luke P Lee","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abbf5e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abbf5e","url":null,"abstract":"Simple yet powerful clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology has led to the advent of numerous developments in life sciences, biotechnology, therapeutics, and molecular diagnostics, enabled by gene editing capability. By exploiting the CRISPR-Cas system’s nucleic acid sequence detection abilities, CRISPR-based molecular diagnostics have been developed. Here, we review the development of rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive CRISPR-based molecular diagnostics. We introduce the transition of CRISPR technology to precision molecular diagnostic devices from tube to device. Next, we discuss the various nucleic acid (NA) detection methods by CRISPR. We address the importance of significant sample preparation steps for a future sample-to-answer solution, which is lacking in current CRISPR-based molecular diagnostic technology. Lastly, we discuss the extension of CRISPR-based molecular diagnostics to various critical applications. We envision CRISPR technology holds great promise for widespread use in precision NA detection applications after particular technical challenges are overcome.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41547641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-25DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abab4c
L. Barducci, J. Norton, Sunandita Sarker, Sayeed Mohammed, Ryan Jones, P. Valdastri, B. Terry
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex environment comprised of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus, which all cooperate to form the complete working GI system. Access to the GI using endoscopy has been augmented over the past several decades by swallowable diagnostic electromechanical devices, such as pill cameras. Research continues today and into the foreseeable future on new and more capable miniature devices for the purposes of systemic drug delivery, therapy, tissue biopsy, microbiome sampling, and a host of other novel ground-breaking applications. The purpose of this review is to provide engineers in this field a comprehensive reference manual of the GI environment and its complex physical, biological, and chemical characteristics so they can more quickly understand the constraints and challenges associated with developing devices for the GI space. To accomplish this, the work reviews and summarizes a broad spectrum of literature covering the main anatomical and physiological properties of the GI tract that are pertinent to successful development and operation of an electromechanical device. Each organ in the GI is discussed in this context, including the main mechanisms of digestion, chemical and mechanical processes that could impact devices, and GI motor behavior and resultant forces that may be experienced by objects as they move through the environment of the gut.
{"title":"Fundamentals of the gut for capsule engineers","authors":"L. Barducci, J. Norton, Sunandita Sarker, Sayeed Mohammed, Ryan Jones, P. Valdastri, B. Terry","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abab4c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abab4c","url":null,"abstract":"The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex environment comprised of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus, which all cooperate to form the complete working GI system. Access to the GI using endoscopy has been augmented over the past several decades by swallowable diagnostic electromechanical devices, such as pill cameras. Research continues today and into the foreseeable future on new and more capable miniature devices for the purposes of systemic drug delivery, therapy, tissue biopsy, microbiome sampling, and a host of other novel ground-breaking applications. The purpose of this review is to provide engineers in this field a comprehensive reference manual of the GI environment and its complex physical, biological, and chemical characteristics so they can more quickly understand the constraints and challenges associated with developing devices for the GI space. To accomplish this, the work reviews and summarizes a broad spectrum of literature covering the main anatomical and physiological properties of the GI tract that are pertinent to successful development and operation of an electromechanical device. Each organ in the GI is discussed in this context, including the main mechanisms of digestion, chemical and mechanical processes that could impact devices, and GI motor behavior and resultant forces that may be experienced by objects as they move through the environment of the gut.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41488972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abb008
G. Xiong, K. Venkatraman, S. Venkatraman
Ever since the term ‘Magic Bullet’ was coined by Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich to denote selective activity of a therapeutic medicine against a particular target tissue or organism, researchers have been attempting to develop the concept, with the major part of the work directed towards cancer targets. In this review, we define four major technologies that embody the Magic Bullet concept, and discuss the status of the therapeutic in each case. The reasons for relative success and failure of the four technologies are assessed based on the clinical outcomes. There have been failures of ancillary concepts (to enable selectivity) such as the enhanced permeation and retention effect, which will be discussed in context. The outlook is hopeful, with the advent of immunotherapies, that the idealized Magic Bullet will see the light of day in the near future.
{"title":"The magic bullet as cancer therapeutic—has nanotechnology failed to find its mark?","authors":"G. Xiong, K. Venkatraman, S. Venkatraman","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abb008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abb008","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since the term ‘Magic Bullet’ was coined by Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich to denote selective activity of a therapeutic medicine against a particular target tissue or organism, researchers have been attempting to develop the concept, with the major part of the work directed towards cancer targets. In this review, we define four major technologies that embody the Magic Bullet concept, and discuss the status of the therapeutic in each case. The reasons for relative success and failure of the four technologies are assessed based on the clinical outcomes. There have been failures of ancillary concepts (to enable selectivity) such as the enhanced permeation and retention effect, which will be discussed in context. The outlook is hopeful, with the advent of immunotherapies, that the idealized Magic Bullet will see the light of day in the near future.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45171781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abb211
U. Yong, Sooyeon Lee, Seungman Jung, Jinah Jang
As a class of representative intractable diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of global mortality, accounting for approximately 17.9 million deaths each year. At the end of the disease stage, surgery for replacement of cardiovascular (CV) tissue is inevitably required due to the limited regeneration capacity of CV tissue. However, the currently available methods (e.g. autografts, allografts, xenografts, prostheses) have limited therapeutic efficacy because of donor shortage, immunological transplant rejection, anticoagulant therapy, and less durability. To overcome these limitations, CV tissue engineering technology has been extensively explored to develop replaceable tissue and organs for in vivo transplantation. In addition, 3D tissue models are also studied for in vitro mechanistic study and therapeutic screening. To accomplish this, there has been tremendous progress in studying various CV tissue-specific biomaterials and advanced 3D bioprinting techniques to enhance the physiological and anatomical relevance of engineered CV tissues. Moreover, a variety of evaluation methods have been investigated to validate the unique structural properties and electrical activity of the engineered CV tissues towards non- or less-invasive and real-time assessments in 3D volumetric structures. In this review, we systemically present and discuss the advantages and applications of CV tissue-specific biomaterials, 3D bioprinting techniques, and assessment methods that can facilitate real-time monitoring. A thorough understanding of advanced strategies in CV tissue engineering can be utilized to guide work on next-generation therapeutics for CVD.
{"title":"Interdisciplinary approaches to advanced cardiovascular tissue engineering: ECM-based biomaterials, 3D bioprinting, and its assessment","authors":"U. Yong, Sooyeon Lee, Seungman Jung, Jinah Jang","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abb211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abb211","url":null,"abstract":"As a class of representative intractable diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of global mortality, accounting for approximately 17.9 million deaths each year. At the end of the disease stage, surgery for replacement of cardiovascular (CV) tissue is inevitably required due to the limited regeneration capacity of CV tissue. However, the currently available methods (e.g. autografts, allografts, xenografts, prostheses) have limited therapeutic efficacy because of donor shortage, immunological transplant rejection, anticoagulant therapy, and less durability. To overcome these limitations, CV tissue engineering technology has been extensively explored to develop replaceable tissue and organs for in vivo transplantation. In addition, 3D tissue models are also studied for in vitro mechanistic study and therapeutic screening. To accomplish this, there has been tremendous progress in studying various CV tissue-specific biomaterials and advanced 3D bioprinting techniques to enhance the physiological and anatomical relevance of engineered CV tissues. Moreover, a variety of evaluation methods have been investigated to validate the unique structural properties and electrical activity of the engineered CV tissues towards non- or less-invasive and real-time assessments in 3D volumetric structures. In this review, we systemically present and discuss the advantages and applications of CV tissue-specific biomaterials, 3D bioprinting techniques, and assessment methods that can facilitate real-time monitoring. A thorough understanding of advanced strategies in CV tissue engineering can be utilized to guide work on next-generation therapeutics for CVD.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45620326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-26DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abaaa3
J. Kim, D. Wales, Guang‐Zhong Yang
When light is incident to a biological tissue surface, combinations of optical processes occur, such as reflection, absorption, elastic and non-elastic scattering, and fluorescence. Analysis of these light interactions with the tissue provides insight into the metabolic and pathological state of the tissue. Furthermore, in vivo diagnosis of diseases using optical spectroscopy enables in situ rapid clinical decisions without invasive biopsies. For in vivo scenarios, incident light can be delivered in a highly localized manner to tissue via optical fibers, which are placed within the working channels of minimally invasive clinical tools, such as endoscopes. There has been extensive development in the accuracy and specificity of these optical spectroscopy techniques since the earliest in vivo examples were published in the academic literature in the early ‘90s, and there are now commercially available systems that have undergone medical and clinical trials. In this review, several types of optical spectroscopy techniques (elastic optical scattering spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and multimodal spectroscopy) for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases states of tissue in an in vivo setting are introduced and explored. Examples of the latest and most impactful works for each technique are then critically reviewed. Finally, current challenges and unmet clinical needs are discussed, followed by future opportunities, such as point-based spectroscopies for robot-guided surgical interventions.
{"title":"Optical spectroscopy for in vivo medical diagnosis—a review of the state of the art and future perspectives","authors":"J. Kim, D. Wales, Guang‐Zhong Yang","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abaaa3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abaaa3","url":null,"abstract":"When light is incident to a biological tissue surface, combinations of optical processes occur, such as reflection, absorption, elastic and non-elastic scattering, and fluorescence. Analysis of these light interactions with the tissue provides insight into the metabolic and pathological state of the tissue. Furthermore, in vivo diagnosis of diseases using optical spectroscopy enables in situ rapid clinical decisions without invasive biopsies. For in vivo scenarios, incident light can be delivered in a highly localized manner to tissue via optical fibers, which are placed within the working channels of minimally invasive clinical tools, such as endoscopes. There has been extensive development in the accuracy and specificity of these optical spectroscopy techniques since the earliest in vivo examples were published in the academic literature in the early ‘90s, and there are now commercially available systems that have undergone medical and clinical trials. In this review, several types of optical spectroscopy techniques (elastic optical scattering spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and multimodal spectroscopy) for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases states of tissue in an in vivo setting are introduced and explored. Examples of the latest and most impactful works for each technique are then critically reviewed. Finally, current challenges and unmet clinical needs are discussed, followed by future opportunities, such as point-based spectroscopies for robot-guided surgical interventions.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48274257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-03DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab9f41
Tomás da Veiga, J. Chandler, P. Lloyd, G. Pittiglio, N. J. Wilkinson, A. K. Hoshiar, R. Harris, P. Valdastri
With the maturity of surgical robotic systems based on traditional rigid-link principles, the rate of progress slowed as limits of size and controllable degrees of freedom were reached. Continuum robots came with the potential to deliver a step change in the next generation of medical devices, by providing better access, safer interactions and making new procedures possible. Over the last few years, several continuum robotic systems have been launched commercially and have been increasingly adopted in hospitals. Despite the clear progress achieved, continuum robots still suffer from design complexity hindering their dexterity and scalability. Recent advances in actuation methods have looked to address this issue, offering alternatives to commonly employed approaches. Additionally, continuum structures introduce significant complexity in modelling, sensing, control and fabrication; topics which are of particular focus in the robotics community. It is, therefore, the aim of the presented work to highlight the pertinent areas of active research and to discuss the challenges to be addressed before the potential of continuum robots as medical devices may be fully realised.
{"title":"Challenges of continuum robots in clinical context: a review","authors":"Tomás da Veiga, J. Chandler, P. Lloyd, G. Pittiglio, N. J. Wilkinson, A. K. Hoshiar, R. Harris, P. Valdastri","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab9f41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab9f41","url":null,"abstract":"With the maturity of surgical robotic systems based on traditional rigid-link principles, the rate of progress slowed as limits of size and controllable degrees of freedom were reached. Continuum robots came with the potential to deliver a step change in the next generation of medical devices, by providing better access, safer interactions and making new procedures possible. Over the last few years, several continuum robotic systems have been launched commercially and have been increasingly adopted in hospitals. Despite the clear progress achieved, continuum robots still suffer from design complexity hindering their dexterity and scalability. Recent advances in actuation methods have looked to address this issue, offering alternatives to commonly employed approaches. Additionally, continuum structures introduce significant complexity in modelling, sensing, control and fabrication; topics which are of particular focus in the robotics community. It is, therefore, the aim of the presented work to highlight the pertinent areas of active research and to discuss the challenges to be addressed before the potential of continuum robots as medical devices may be fully realised.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab9f41","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43917656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-07DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab9a29
Selda Sherifova and, G. Holzapfel
Aneurysms and dissections of the thoracic aorta are life threatening events with poorly understood pathophysiologies which may have genetic origins. By starting with an introduction to these pathologies, we focus on the biochemomechanics of the healthy thoracic aorta. Specifically, we describe the microstructure and the mechanics of the aortic tissue since it is known that the microstructure strongly influences the biomechanical behavior. This relationship is then complemented by providing more detailed information on the selected extracellular matrix components (collagen, elastic fibers and proteoglycans) and smooth muscle cells. More specifically, we introduce the roles smooth muscle cells play in the function of the aortic wall: actively (mechanically) with their contractile abilities and passively by regulating the composition of the extracellular matrix they are embedded in, in particular via the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway. Subsequently, we summarize the microstructural changes in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections in connection with selected risk factors and genetic mutations, and couple these changes with the findings on the biomechanical behavior of the pathological tissues. Finally, we provide a summary and concluding remarks.
{"title":"Biochemomechanics of the thoracic aorta in health and disease","authors":"Selda Sherifova and, G. Holzapfel","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab9a29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab9a29","url":null,"abstract":"Aneurysms and dissections of the thoracic aorta are life threatening events with poorly understood pathophysiologies which may have genetic origins. By starting with an introduction to these pathologies, we focus on the biochemomechanics of the healthy thoracic aorta. Specifically, we describe the microstructure and the mechanics of the aortic tissue since it is known that the microstructure strongly influences the biomechanical behavior. This relationship is then complemented by providing more detailed information on the selected extracellular matrix components (collagen, elastic fibers and proteoglycans) and smooth muscle cells. More specifically, we introduce the roles smooth muscle cells play in the function of the aortic wall: actively (mechanically) with their contractile abilities and passively by regulating the composition of the extracellular matrix they are embedded in, in particular via the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway. Subsequently, we summarize the microstructural changes in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections in connection with selected risk factors and genetic mutations, and couple these changes with the findings on the biomechanical behavior of the pathological tissues. Finally, we provide a summary and concluding remarks.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab9a29","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44075097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-12DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab8af8
Chao Huang, Nathan J. Knighton, L. Timmins, F. Sachse
Catheterization of the heart is crucial for many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in cardiovascular medicine. In this review, we discussed developments of catheter-based optical tools and approaches for cardiovascular medicine. We provided a background in gross and microscopic anatomy of the normal and diseased heart. We overviewed optical properties of cardiac tissues, such as scattering, absorption and fluorescence, and related optical properties to tissues constituents. Furthermore, we introduced optical modalities for tissue characterization, in particular, spectroscopy, confocal, multi-photon and light sheet fluorescence microcopy, and optical coherence tomography. We then surveyed example applications in cardiovascular medicine and contrasted established clinical tools and approaches with catheter-based optical approaches and tools. First, we explored assessment of heart transplant rejection and reviewed alternative catheterized optical approaches. Rejection is commonly assessed using endomyocardial biopsy, i.e. the excision and histological assessment of tissue samples. A further application is atrial fibrosis mapping. Atrial fibrosis is an important predictor for prognosis of atrial fibrillation patients, yet clinical tools for fibrosis mapping in patients are lacking. We surveyed clinical tools for assessing catheter ablation of the heart, which is an indispensable therapy for arrhythmia. Last, we discussed methods and protocols for guiding coronary angioplasty and stent placement. For all applications, we explored the current and potential role of catheterized optical tools. We concluded with a discussion of technical challenges and open questions related to clinical translation of the catheter-based optical approaches. Our review stressed the potential of catheterized optical tools to improve diagnosis and treatment of patients with heart disease.
{"title":"Catheter-based optical approaches for cardiovascular medicine: progress, challenges and new directions","authors":"Chao Huang, Nathan J. Knighton, L. Timmins, F. Sachse","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab8af8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab8af8","url":null,"abstract":"Catheterization of the heart is crucial for many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in cardiovascular medicine. In this review, we discussed developments of catheter-based optical tools and approaches for cardiovascular medicine. We provided a background in gross and microscopic anatomy of the normal and diseased heart. We overviewed optical properties of cardiac tissues, such as scattering, absorption and fluorescence, and related optical properties to tissues constituents. Furthermore, we introduced optical modalities for tissue characterization, in particular, spectroscopy, confocal, multi-photon and light sheet fluorescence microcopy, and optical coherence tomography. We then surveyed example applications in cardiovascular medicine and contrasted established clinical tools and approaches with catheter-based optical approaches and tools. First, we explored assessment of heart transplant rejection and reviewed alternative catheterized optical approaches. Rejection is commonly assessed using endomyocardial biopsy, i.e. the excision and histological assessment of tissue samples. A further application is atrial fibrosis mapping. Atrial fibrosis is an important predictor for prognosis of atrial fibrillation patients, yet clinical tools for fibrosis mapping in patients are lacking. We surveyed clinical tools for assessing catheter ablation of the heart, which is an indispensable therapy for arrhythmia. Last, we discussed methods and protocols for guiding coronary angioplasty and stent placement. For all applications, we explored the current and potential role of catheterized optical tools. We concluded with a discussion of technical challenges and open questions related to clinical translation of the catheter-based optical approaches. Our review stressed the potential of catheterized optical tools to improve diagnosis and treatment of patients with heart disease.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab8af8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48416984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab871a
M. Sitti
Progress in Biomedical Engineering is a new interdisciplinary journal publishing high-quality authoritative reviews and opinion pieces in the most significant and exciting areas of biomedical engineering research. Invited content by leading experts on the current state of the science and emerging trends aims to fuel discussion on the future direction of research. In our first and second issues this year, we have four topical review articles. In the first review article related to medical devices, Xia et al present and discuss intravascular sensors to assess unstable plaques and their compositions. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques can rapture, which can create acute cardiovascular events and sudden cardiac deaths as a major health issue all around the world. Existing methods such as coronary angiography lacks the capacity to provide detailed information about exact lipid-rich, fibrotic or calcified type of properties of the lesion. Therefore, novel catheter technologies have been proposed for the assessment of atherosclerotic plaques, which integrates intravascular ultrasound with photoacoustic microscopy or optical coherence tomography and utilizes stretchable electrodes for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. While these technologies are promising for the identification of the complexity and composition of potentially unstable plaques in animal and human trials, real-time detection of such plaques in clinics is still a significant challenge. This article highlights existing and emerging intravascular sensors to assess unstable plaques and their compositions. The authors report the advantages, limitations, future directions, and potential clinical applications of such sensors. the fundamentals and state-of-the-art the future of vascularization of engineered tissues, which is a grand challenge in engineering regenerative A new recent tissue engineering sub-field, called vascular tissue engineering, to a
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