Pub Date : 2020-07-07DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab9a29
Selda Sherifova and, G. Holzapfel
Aneurysms and dissections of the thoracic aorta are life threatening events with poorly understood pathophysiologies which may have genetic origins. By starting with an introduction to these pathologies, we focus on the biochemomechanics of the healthy thoracic aorta. Specifically, we describe the microstructure and the mechanics of the aortic tissue since it is known that the microstructure strongly influences the biomechanical behavior. This relationship is then complemented by providing more detailed information on the selected extracellular matrix components (collagen, elastic fibers and proteoglycans) and smooth muscle cells. More specifically, we introduce the roles smooth muscle cells play in the function of the aortic wall: actively (mechanically) with their contractile abilities and passively by regulating the composition of the extracellular matrix they are embedded in, in particular via the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway. Subsequently, we summarize the microstructural changes in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections in connection with selected risk factors and genetic mutations, and couple these changes with the findings on the biomechanical behavior of the pathological tissues. Finally, we provide a summary and concluding remarks.
{"title":"Biochemomechanics of the thoracic aorta in health and disease","authors":"Selda Sherifova and, G. Holzapfel","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab9a29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab9a29","url":null,"abstract":"Aneurysms and dissections of the thoracic aorta are life threatening events with poorly understood pathophysiologies which may have genetic origins. By starting with an introduction to these pathologies, we focus on the biochemomechanics of the healthy thoracic aorta. Specifically, we describe the microstructure and the mechanics of the aortic tissue since it is known that the microstructure strongly influences the biomechanical behavior. This relationship is then complemented by providing more detailed information on the selected extracellular matrix components (collagen, elastic fibers and proteoglycans) and smooth muscle cells. More specifically, we introduce the roles smooth muscle cells play in the function of the aortic wall: actively (mechanically) with their contractile abilities and passively by regulating the composition of the extracellular matrix they are embedded in, in particular via the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway. Subsequently, we summarize the microstructural changes in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections in connection with selected risk factors and genetic mutations, and couple these changes with the findings on the biomechanical behavior of the pathological tissues. Finally, we provide a summary and concluding remarks.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab9a29","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44075097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-12DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab8af8
Chao Huang, Nathan J. Knighton, L. Timmins, F. Sachse
Catheterization of the heart is crucial for many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in cardiovascular medicine. In this review, we discussed developments of catheter-based optical tools and approaches for cardiovascular medicine. We provided a background in gross and microscopic anatomy of the normal and diseased heart. We overviewed optical properties of cardiac tissues, such as scattering, absorption and fluorescence, and related optical properties to tissues constituents. Furthermore, we introduced optical modalities for tissue characterization, in particular, spectroscopy, confocal, multi-photon and light sheet fluorescence microcopy, and optical coherence tomography. We then surveyed example applications in cardiovascular medicine and contrasted established clinical tools and approaches with catheter-based optical approaches and tools. First, we explored assessment of heart transplant rejection and reviewed alternative catheterized optical approaches. Rejection is commonly assessed using endomyocardial biopsy, i.e. the excision and histological assessment of tissue samples. A further application is atrial fibrosis mapping. Atrial fibrosis is an important predictor for prognosis of atrial fibrillation patients, yet clinical tools for fibrosis mapping in patients are lacking. We surveyed clinical tools for assessing catheter ablation of the heart, which is an indispensable therapy for arrhythmia. Last, we discussed methods and protocols for guiding coronary angioplasty and stent placement. For all applications, we explored the current and potential role of catheterized optical tools. We concluded with a discussion of technical challenges and open questions related to clinical translation of the catheter-based optical approaches. Our review stressed the potential of catheterized optical tools to improve diagnosis and treatment of patients with heart disease.
{"title":"Catheter-based optical approaches for cardiovascular medicine: progress, challenges and new directions","authors":"Chao Huang, Nathan J. Knighton, L. Timmins, F. Sachse","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab8af8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab8af8","url":null,"abstract":"Catheterization of the heart is crucial for many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in cardiovascular medicine. In this review, we discussed developments of catheter-based optical tools and approaches for cardiovascular medicine. We provided a background in gross and microscopic anatomy of the normal and diseased heart. We overviewed optical properties of cardiac tissues, such as scattering, absorption and fluorescence, and related optical properties to tissues constituents. Furthermore, we introduced optical modalities for tissue characterization, in particular, spectroscopy, confocal, multi-photon and light sheet fluorescence microcopy, and optical coherence tomography. We then surveyed example applications in cardiovascular medicine and contrasted established clinical tools and approaches with catheter-based optical approaches and tools. First, we explored assessment of heart transplant rejection and reviewed alternative catheterized optical approaches. Rejection is commonly assessed using endomyocardial biopsy, i.e. the excision and histological assessment of tissue samples. A further application is atrial fibrosis mapping. Atrial fibrosis is an important predictor for prognosis of atrial fibrillation patients, yet clinical tools for fibrosis mapping in patients are lacking. We surveyed clinical tools for assessing catheter ablation of the heart, which is an indispensable therapy for arrhythmia. Last, we discussed methods and protocols for guiding coronary angioplasty and stent placement. For all applications, we explored the current and potential role of catheterized optical tools. We concluded with a discussion of technical challenges and open questions related to clinical translation of the catheter-based optical approaches. Our review stressed the potential of catheterized optical tools to improve diagnosis and treatment of patients with heart disease.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab8af8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48416984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab871a
M. Sitti
Progress in Biomedical Engineering is a new interdisciplinary journal publishing high-quality authoritative reviews and opinion pieces in the most significant and exciting areas of biomedical engineering research. Invited content by leading experts on the current state of the science and emerging trends aims to fuel discussion on the future direction of research. In our first and second issues this year, we have four topical review articles. In the first review article related to medical devices, Xia et al present and discuss intravascular sensors to assess unstable plaques and their compositions. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques can rapture, which can create acute cardiovascular events and sudden cardiac deaths as a major health issue all around the world. Existing methods such as coronary angiography lacks the capacity to provide detailed information about exact lipid-rich, fibrotic or calcified type of properties of the lesion. Therefore, novel catheter technologies have been proposed for the assessment of atherosclerotic plaques, which integrates intravascular ultrasound with photoacoustic microscopy or optical coherence tomography and utilizes stretchable electrodes for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. While these technologies are promising for the identification of the complexity and composition of potentially unstable plaques in animal and human trials, real-time detection of such plaques in clinics is still a significant challenge. This article highlights existing and emerging intravascular sensors to assess unstable plaques and their compositions. The authors report the advantages, limitations, future directions, and potential clinical applications of such sensors. the fundamentals and state-of-the-art the future of vascularization of engineered tissues, which is a grand challenge in engineering regenerative A new recent tissue engineering sub-field, called vascular tissue engineering, to a
{"title":"Introducing Progress in Biomedical Engineering; Issue 2 Vol 2","authors":"M. Sitti","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab871a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab871a","url":null,"abstract":"Progress in Biomedical Engineering is a new interdisciplinary journal publishing high-quality authoritative reviews and opinion pieces in the most significant and exciting areas of biomedical engineering research. Invited content by leading experts on the current state of the science and emerging trends aims to fuel discussion on the future direction of research. In our first and second issues this year, we have four topical review articles. In the first review article related to medical devices, Xia et al present and discuss intravascular sensors to assess unstable plaques and their compositions. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques can rapture, which can create acute cardiovascular events and sudden cardiac deaths as a major health issue all around the world. Existing methods such as coronary angiography lacks the capacity to provide detailed information about exact lipid-rich, fibrotic or calcified type of properties of the lesion. Therefore, novel catheter technologies have been proposed for the assessment of atherosclerotic plaques, which integrates intravascular ultrasound with photoacoustic microscopy or optical coherence tomography and utilizes stretchable electrodes for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. While these technologies are promising for the identification of the complexity and composition of potentially unstable plaques in animal and human trials, real-time detection of such plaques in clinics is still a significant challenge. This article highlights existing and emerging intravascular sensors to assess unstable plaques and their compositions. The authors report the advantages, limitations, future directions, and potential clinical applications of such sensors. the fundamentals and state-of-the-art the future of vascularization of engineered tissues, which is a grand challenge in engineering regenerative A new recent tissue engineering sub-field, called vascular tissue engineering, to a","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab871a","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46570735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-22DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab7cc4
Huagui Zhang, R. Whalley, A. Ferreira, K. Dalgarno
To address the low success rate of new drug discovery, there has been significant growth of in vitro physiological micro-models based on human cells. These may be in the form of cell spheroids, organs-on-a-chip, or multi-cellular tissue cultures, and it is expected that the more biomimetic environment they create will be more accurate than standard cell culture in drug screening prior to clinical testing. However, commercial use of complex co-cultures is still limited. This is due to a lack of validation, low throughput rates, and a lack of compatibility with standard assessment techniques. This review paper focusses specifically on the different engineering approaches used to create, mature and analyse these micro-models, with the aim of exploring which approaches have the potential for high throughput. Active and passive pumping and nozzle based dispensing techniques are considered for fluid handling, with transwells, cell patterning, spheroid cultures and microfluidics considered for establishing and maintaining co-cultures, together with conventional analysis techniques (proteomic and genomic approaches, and immunohistochemistry) and novel sensor systems for downstream analysis are considered. It is concluded that (i) throughput is essential for validation as well as exploitation of the models, and (ii) an integrated approach to model re-design for high throughput is key, with the limitations on throughput at each stage considered in order to develop a system which can deliver and analyse at high throughput rates at all stages of the process.
{"title":"High throughput physiological micro-models for in vitro pre-clinical drug testing: a review of engineering systems approaches","authors":"Huagui Zhang, R. Whalley, A. Ferreira, K. Dalgarno","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab7cc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab7cc4","url":null,"abstract":"To address the low success rate of new drug discovery, there has been significant growth of in vitro physiological micro-models based on human cells. These may be in the form of cell spheroids, organs-on-a-chip, or multi-cellular tissue cultures, and it is expected that the more biomimetic environment they create will be more accurate than standard cell culture in drug screening prior to clinical testing. However, commercial use of complex co-cultures is still limited. This is due to a lack of validation, low throughput rates, and a lack of compatibility with standard assessment techniques. This review paper focusses specifically on the different engineering approaches used to create, mature and analyse these micro-models, with the aim of exploring which approaches have the potential for high throughput. Active and passive pumping and nozzle based dispensing techniques are considered for fluid handling, with transwells, cell patterning, spheroid cultures and microfluidics considered for establishing and maintaining co-cultures, together with conventional analysis techniques (proteomic and genomic approaches, and immunohistochemistry) and novel sensor systems for downstream analysis are considered. It is concluded that (i) throughput is essential for validation as well as exploitation of the models, and (ii) an integrated approach to model re-design for high throughput is key, with the limitations on throughput at each stage considered in order to develop a system which can deliver and analyse at high throughput rates at all stages of the process.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab7cc4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41418861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-01-09DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab5637
Guang Yang, Bhushan Mahadik, Ji Young Choi, John P Fisher
Vascularization is among the top challenges that impede the clinical application of engineered tissues. This challenge has spurred tremendous research endeavor, defined as vascular tissue engineering (VTE) in this article, to establish a pre-existing vascular network inside the tissue engineered graft prior to implantation. Ideally, the engineered vasculature can be integrated into the host vasculature via anastomosis to supply nutrient to all cells instantaneously after surgery. Moreover, sufficient vascularization is of great significance in regenerative medicine from many other perspectives. Due to the critical role of vascularization in successful tissue engineering, we aim to provide an up-to-date overview of the fundamentals and VTE strategies in this article, including angiogenic cells, biomaterial/bio-scaffold design and bio-fabrication approaches, along with the reported utility of vascularized tissue complex in regenerative medicine. We will also share our opinion on the future perspective of this field.
{"title":"Vascularization in tissue engineering: fundamentals and state-of-art.","authors":"Guang Yang, Bhushan Mahadik, Ji Young Choi, John P Fisher","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab5637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab5637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascularization is among the top challenges that impede the clinical application of engineered tissues. This challenge has spurred tremendous research endeavor, defined as vascular tissue engineering (VTE) in this article, to establish a pre-existing vascular network inside the tissue engineered graft prior to implantation. Ideally, the engineered vasculature can be integrated into the host vasculature via anastomosis to supply nutrient to all cells instantaneously after surgery. Moreover, sufficient vascularization is of great significance in regenerative medicine from many other perspectives. Due to the critical role of vascularization in successful tissue engineering, we aim to provide an up-to-date overview of the fundamentals and VTE strategies in this article, including angiogenic cells, biomaterial/bio-scaffold design and bio-fabrication approaches, along with the reported utility of vascularized tissue complex in regenerative medicine. We will also share our opinion on the future perspective of this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab5637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39221546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-02-12DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab6c7d
Courtney Y Wang, Jingjie Hu, Rahul A Sheth, Rahmi Oklu
Endovasular embolization treats diseased and malfunctioned vasculature through a minimally invasive approach that significantly benefits patients. Advances in engineering and materials science have contributed to novel generations of embolic materials that addresses challenges existed in clinically used agents. In this review, we discuss the clinically available embolic agents, their formulations and applications. Additionally, we examine materials in development for embolization, and emphasize the challenges during the process of transitioning from basic science to translational applications in this field.
{"title":"Emerging Embolic Agents in Endovascular Embolization: An Overview.","authors":"Courtney Y Wang, Jingjie Hu, Rahul A Sheth, Rahmi Oklu","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab6c7d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab6c7d","url":null,"abstract":"Endovasular embolization treats diseased and malfunctioned vasculature through a minimally invasive approach that significantly benefits patients. Advances in engineering and materials science have contributed to novel generations of embolic materials that addresses challenges existed in clinically used agents. In this review, we discuss the clinically available embolic agents, their formulations and applications. Additionally, we examine materials in development for embolization, and emphasize the challenges during the process of transitioning from basic science to translational applications in this field.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab6c7d","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39462441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-04DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab5418
Xing Xia, Jimmy Zhang, Gengxi Lu, Wenjie Lai, Sandeep K. Krishnan, T. Hsiai, Qifa Zhou, Anh H. Nguyen, H. Cao
Atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications plague developed countries. The rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques contributes to acute cardiovascular events and sudden cardiac deaths. Historically, coronary angiography has proved an invaluable tool for the detection and treatment of coronary stenoses that may cause myocardial ischemia; however, the method lacks the capacity to provide thorough information about properties of the lesion (i.e. whether it is lipid-rich, fibrotic, or calcified). Recent advances in electronics, biomaterials and microfabrication techniques have enabled novel multimodality catheters for the assessment of atherosclerotic plaques, such as the integration of intravascular ultrasound with photoacoustic microscopy or optical coherence tomography as well as the utilization of stretchable electrodes for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These technologies enable the identification of the complexity and composition of potentially unstable plaques as well as investigations of stenosis severity, plaque formation, and remodeling in both humans and studied animal models. However, real-time detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions prepared for clinical trials remains an unmet challenge. In this context, this review highlights existing and newly-emerged intravascular sensors to assess unstable plaques and their compositions. Advantages and limitations, as well as further development and potential clinical applications, will be thoroughly discussed.
{"title":"Intravascular sensors to assess unstable plaques and their compositions: a review","authors":"Xing Xia, Jimmy Zhang, Gengxi Lu, Wenjie Lai, Sandeep K. Krishnan, T. Hsiai, Qifa Zhou, Anh H. Nguyen, H. Cao","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab5418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab5418","url":null,"abstract":"Atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications plague developed countries. The rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques contributes to acute cardiovascular events and sudden cardiac deaths. Historically, coronary angiography has proved an invaluable tool for the detection and treatment of coronary stenoses that may cause myocardial ischemia; however, the method lacks the capacity to provide thorough information about properties of the lesion (i.e. whether it is lipid-rich, fibrotic, or calcified). Recent advances in electronics, biomaterials and microfabrication techniques have enabled novel multimodality catheters for the assessment of atherosclerotic plaques, such as the integration of intravascular ultrasound with photoacoustic microscopy or optical coherence tomography as well as the utilization of stretchable electrodes for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These technologies enable the identification of the complexity and composition of potentially unstable plaques as well as investigations of stenosis severity, plaque formation, and remodeling in both humans and studied animal models. However, real-time detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions prepared for clinical trials remains an unmet challenge. In this context, this review highlights existing and newly-emerged intravascular sensors to assess unstable plaques and their compositions. Advantages and limitations, as well as further development and potential clinical applications, will be thoroughly discussed.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab5418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48026164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab22cc
David F. Williams
At the present time, there is a significant public and political debate about the safety of implantable medical devices. The debate has centered on the biocompatibility of materials that are used in such devices. It has become clear that, whether the concerns expressed about adverse events in patients are actually caused by the devices or just coincidentally arise in these patients, we are usually unable to address and explain the phenomena that are described. This is very damaging to the medical device industry and the relevant clinical disciplines; it is, however, not surprising, since current ideas about the mechanisms of biocompatibility and the development of the host response are well out-of-date and do not take into account knowledge about inflammation, immunity and fibrosis. This perspectives paper discusses this new knowledge and presents the outline of new biocompatibility paradigms, involving mechanotransduction and sterile inflammation. Based on these ideas, totally new procedures for the determination of biological safety are proposed which, if implemented, could improve patient safety and confidence in the performance of implanted devices.
{"title":"Biocompatibility in clinical practice: predictable and unpredictable outcomes","authors":"David F. Williams","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab22cc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab22cc","url":null,"abstract":"At the present time, there is a significant public and political debate about the safety of implantable medical devices. The debate has centered on the biocompatibility of materials that are used in such devices. It has become clear that, whether the concerns expressed about adverse events in patients are actually caused by the devices or just coincidentally arise in these patients, we are usually unable to address and explain the phenomena that are described. This is very damaging to the medical device industry and the relevant clinical disciplines; it is, however, not surprising, since current ideas about the mechanisms of biocompatibility and the development of the host response are well out-of-date and do not take into account knowledge about inflammation, immunity and fibrosis. This perspectives paper discusses this new knowledge and presents the outline of new biocompatibility paradigms, involving mechanotransduction and sterile inflammation. Based on these ideas, totally new procedures for the determination of biological safety are proposed which, if implemented, could improve patient safety and confidence in the performance of implanted devices.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab22cc","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47755865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab280b
M. Sitti
Biomedical Engineering new interdisciplinary journal publishing high-quality authoritative reviews and opinion in most significant and exciting areas of biomedical engineering research. current state of the and emerging trends on of
{"title":"Welcome to Progress in Biomedical Engineering","authors":"M. Sitti","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab280b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab280b","url":null,"abstract":"Biomedical Engineering new interdisciplinary journal publishing high-quality authoritative reviews and opinion in most significant and exciting areas of biomedical engineering research. current state of the and emerging trends on of","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab280b","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46787166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ab22d5
H. Ceylan, I. Yasa, Ugur Kilic, Wenqi Hu, M. Sitti
Untethered mobile microrobots have the potential to transform medicine radically. Their small size and wireless mobility can enable access to and navigation in confined, small, hard-to-reach, and sensitive inner body sites, where they can provide new ways of minimally invasive interventions and targeted diagnosis and therapy down to the cellular length scales with high precision and repeatability. The exponential recent progress of the field at the preclinical level raises anticipations for their near-future clinical prospects. To pave the way for this transformation to happen, however, the formerly proposed microrobotic system designs need a comprehensive review by including essential aspects that a microrobot needs to function properly and safely in given in vivo conditions of a targeted medical problem. The present review provides a translational perspective on medical microrobotics research with an application-oriented, integrative design approach. The blueprint of a medical microrobot needs to take account of microrobot shape, material composition, manufacturing technique, permeation of biological barriers, deployment strategy, actuation and control methods, medical imaging modality, and the execution of the prescribed medical tasks altogether at the same time. The incorporation of functional information pertaining each such element to the physical design of the microrobot is highly dependent on the specific clinical application scenario. We discuss the complexity of the challenges ahead and the potential directions to overcome them. We also throw light on the potential regulatory aspects of medical microrobots toward their bench-to-bedside translation. Such a multifaceted undertaking entails multidisciplinary involvement of engineers, materials scientists, biologists and medical doctors, and bringing their focus on specific medical problems where microrobots could make a disruptive or radical impact.
{"title":"Translational prospects of untethered medical microrobots","authors":"H. Ceylan, I. Yasa, Ugur Kilic, Wenqi Hu, M. Sitti","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ab22d5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ab22d5","url":null,"abstract":"Untethered mobile microrobots have the potential to transform medicine radically. Their small size and wireless mobility can enable access to and navigation in confined, small, hard-to-reach, and sensitive inner body sites, where they can provide new ways of minimally invasive interventions and targeted diagnosis and therapy down to the cellular length scales with high precision and repeatability. The exponential recent progress of the field at the preclinical level raises anticipations for their near-future clinical prospects. To pave the way for this transformation to happen, however, the formerly proposed microrobotic system designs need a comprehensive review by including essential aspects that a microrobot needs to function properly and safely in given in vivo conditions of a targeted medical problem. The present review provides a translational perspective on medical microrobotics research with an application-oriented, integrative design approach. The blueprint of a medical microrobot needs to take account of microrobot shape, material composition, manufacturing technique, permeation of biological barriers, deployment strategy, actuation and control methods, medical imaging modality, and the execution of the prescribed medical tasks altogether at the same time. The incorporation of functional information pertaining each such element to the physical design of the microrobot is highly dependent on the specific clinical application scenario. We discuss the complexity of the challenges ahead and the potential directions to overcome them. We also throw light on the potential regulatory aspects of medical microrobots toward their bench-to-bedside translation. Such a multifaceted undertaking entails multidisciplinary involvement of engineers, materials scientists, biologists and medical doctors, and bringing their focus on specific medical problems where microrobots could make a disruptive or radical impact.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2516-1091/ab22d5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44515409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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