Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abee66
Ali Reza Torabi, A. Nazari, Everly Conrad-Baldwin, Kourosh Zareinia, M. Tavakoli
A haptic interface recreates haptic feedback from virtual environments or haptic teleoperation systems that engages the user’s sense of touch. High-fidelity haptic feedback is critical to the safety and success of any interaction with human beings. Such interactions can be seen in haptic systems utilized in medical fields, such as for surgical training, robotic tele-surgery, and tele-rehabilitation, which require appropriate haptic interface design and control. In order to recreate high-fidelity soft and stiff contact experiences for the user in the intended application, different designs strike different trade-offs between the desirable characteristics of an interface, such as back-drivability, low apparent inertia and low friction for the best perception of small reflected forces, large intrinsic stiffness and force feedback capability for the best perception of large reflected forces, a large-enough workspace for exploring the remote or virtual environment, and the uniformity of haptic feedback and its adequate sensitivity over the workspace. Meeting all of the requirements simultaneously is impossible, and different application-driven compromises need to be made. This paper reviews how various kinematic designs have helped address these trade-offs in desired specifications. First, we investigate the required characteristics of linkage-based haptic interfaces and inevitable trade-offs between them. Then, we study the state of the art in the kinematic design of haptic interfaces and their advantages and limitations. In all sections, we consider the applications of the intended haptic interfaces in medical scenarios. Non-linkage-based haptic interfaces are also shortly discussed to show the broad range of haptic technologies in the area. The potentials of kinematic redundancy to address the design trade-offs are introduced. Current challenges and future directions of haptic interface designs for medical applications are shortly discussed, which is finally followed by the conclusion.
{"title":"Kinematic design of linkage-based haptic interfaces for medical applications: a review","authors":"Ali Reza Torabi, A. Nazari, Everly Conrad-Baldwin, Kourosh Zareinia, M. Tavakoli","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abee66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abee66","url":null,"abstract":"A haptic interface recreates haptic feedback from virtual environments or haptic teleoperation systems that engages the user’s sense of touch. High-fidelity haptic feedback is critical to the safety and success of any interaction with human beings. Such interactions can be seen in haptic systems utilized in medical fields, such as for surgical training, robotic tele-surgery, and tele-rehabilitation, which require appropriate haptic interface design and control. In order to recreate high-fidelity soft and stiff contact experiences for the user in the intended application, different designs strike different trade-offs between the desirable characteristics of an interface, such as back-drivability, low apparent inertia and low friction for the best perception of small reflected forces, large intrinsic stiffness and force feedback capability for the best perception of large reflected forces, a large-enough workspace for exploring the remote or virtual environment, and the uniformity of haptic feedback and its adequate sensitivity over the workspace. Meeting all of the requirements simultaneously is impossible, and different application-driven compromises need to be made. This paper reviews how various kinematic designs have helped address these trade-offs in desired specifications. First, we investigate the required characteristics of linkage-based haptic interfaces and inevitable trade-offs between them. Then, we study the state of the art in the kinematic design of haptic interfaces and their advantages and limitations. In all sections, we consider the applications of the intended haptic interfaces in medical scenarios. Non-linkage-based haptic interfaces are also shortly discussed to show the broad range of haptic technologies in the area. The potentials of kinematic redundancy to address the design trade-offs are introduced. Current challenges and future directions of haptic interface designs for medical applications are shortly discussed, which is finally followed by the conclusion.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41334194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abe55b
Kelli R Williams, Nicole N. Hashemi, Mia Riddley, Gabriel A. Clarke, Nkechinyere Igwe, Dena Elnagib, R. Montazami
Traumatic brain injury and other neurological disorders continue to affect many worldwide and demand further research. It has been shown that electrical signaling and ion channel flow and dynamics are disrupted over the course of a traumatic brain injury as well as over the course of other neurological disorders. However, typical devices used to measure ion flow and electrical signaling from the brain suffer from complexity, high expense, poor spacial and temporal resolution, and low signal to noise ratios. Graphene has emerged as an economical and simple alternative to sensing electrical and ionic signals in a variety of biological situations. This material has emerged as a power material due to its excellent strength, electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility. This review paper focuses on the advantages of the different graphene-based electronic devices and how these devices are being developed into biosensors capable of sensing neuronal ionic and electrical activity and activity from other electrically excitable cells.
{"title":"Progress of graphene devices for electrochemical biosensing in electrically excitable cells","authors":"Kelli R Williams, Nicole N. Hashemi, Mia Riddley, Gabriel A. Clarke, Nkechinyere Igwe, Dena Elnagib, R. Montazami","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abe55b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abe55b","url":null,"abstract":"Traumatic brain injury and other neurological disorders continue to affect many worldwide and demand further research. It has been shown that electrical signaling and ion channel flow and dynamics are disrupted over the course of a traumatic brain injury as well as over the course of other neurological disorders. However, typical devices used to measure ion flow and electrical signaling from the brain suffer from complexity, high expense, poor spacial and temporal resolution, and low signal to noise ratios. Graphene has emerged as an economical and simple alternative to sensing electrical and ionic signals in a variety of biological situations. This material has emerged as a power material due to its excellent strength, electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility. This review paper focuses on the advantages of the different graphene-based electronic devices and how these devices are being developed into biosensors capable of sensing neuronal ionic and electrical activity and activity from other electrically excitable cells.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49329262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-08DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abe41e
I. Vasić, T. McDevitt
Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids provide in vitro models of development and disease that can be used for a wide range of biomedical applications, including high-throughput screens or regenerative medicine. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and self-organize in three dimensions is the basis for creating highly structured multicellular organoid models. However, progress in clinical translation of organoid technologies has been stymied by the stochastic nature of stem cell differentiation within organoids, which leads to inconsistent cell type maturity, tissue function, reproducibility, and control over macroscale structure and phenotype(s). Advances in our understanding of developmental biology and the mechanisms which regulate symmetry breaking and pattern formation in the embryo have led to new approaches for engineering cooperative emergence (co-emergence) in organoid models to address these challenges.
{"title":"Engineering co-emergence in organoid models","authors":"I. Vasić, T. McDevitt","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abe41e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abe41e","url":null,"abstract":"Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids provide in vitro models of development and disease that can be used for a wide range of biomedical applications, including high-throughput screens or regenerative medicine. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and self-organize in three dimensions is the basis for creating highly structured multicellular organoid models. However, progress in clinical translation of organoid technologies has been stymied by the stochastic nature of stem cell differentiation within organoids, which leads to inconsistent cell type maturity, tissue function, reproducibility, and control over macroscale structure and phenotype(s). Advances in our understanding of developmental biology and the mechanisms which regulate symmetry breaking and pattern formation in the embryo have led to new approaches for engineering cooperative emergence (co-emergence) in organoid models to address these challenges.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46412783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-05DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abe3e0
Massimo Sartori, G. Sawicki
Wearable technologies such as bionic limbs, robotic exoskeletons and neuromodulation devices have long been designed with the goal of enhancing human movement. However, current technologies have shown only modest results in healthy individuals and limited clinical impact. A central element hampering progress is that wearable technologies do not interact directly with tissues in the composite neuromuscular system. That is, current wearable systems do not take into account how biological targets (e.g. joints, tendons, muscles, nerves) react to mechanical or electrical stimuli, especially at extreme ends of the spatiotemporal scale (e.g. cell growth over months or years). Here, we outline a framework for ‘closing-the-loop’ between wearable technology and human biology. We envision a new class of wearable systems that will be classified as ‘steering devices’ rather than ‘assistive devices’ and outline the suggested research roadmap for the next 10–15 years. Wearable systems that steer, rather than assist, should be capable of delivering coordinated electro-mechanical stimuli to alter, in a controlled way, neuromuscular tissue form and function over time scales ranging from seconds (e.g. a movement cycle) to months (e.g. recovery stage following neuromuscular injuries) and beyond (e.g. across ageing stages). With an emphasis on spinal cord electrical stimulation and exosuits for the lower extremity, we explore developments in three key directions: (a) recording neuromuscular cellular activity from the intact moving human in vivo, (b) predicting tissue function and adaptation in response to electro-mechanical stimuli over time and (c) controlling tissue form and function with enough certainty to induce targeted, positive changes in the future. We discuss how this framework could restore, maintain or augment human movement and set the course for a new era in the development of bioprotective wearable devices. That is, devices designed to directly respond to biological cues to maintain integrity of underlying physiological systems over the lifespan.
{"title":"Closing the loop between wearable technology and human biology: a new paradigm for steering neuromuscular form and function","authors":"Massimo Sartori, G. Sawicki","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/abe3e0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/abe3e0","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable technologies such as bionic limbs, robotic exoskeletons and neuromodulation devices have long been designed with the goal of enhancing human movement. However, current technologies have shown only modest results in healthy individuals and limited clinical impact. A central element hampering progress is that wearable technologies do not interact directly with tissues in the composite neuromuscular system. That is, current wearable systems do not take into account how biological targets (e.g. joints, tendons, muscles, nerves) react to mechanical or electrical stimuli, especially at extreme ends of the spatiotemporal scale (e.g. cell growth over months or years). Here, we outline a framework for ‘closing-the-loop’ between wearable technology and human biology. We envision a new class of wearable systems that will be classified as ‘steering devices’ rather than ‘assistive devices’ and outline the suggested research roadmap for the next 10–15 years. Wearable systems that steer, rather than assist, should be capable of delivering coordinated electro-mechanical stimuli to alter, in a controlled way, neuromuscular tissue form and function over time scales ranging from seconds (e.g. a movement cycle) to months (e.g. recovery stage following neuromuscular injuries) and beyond (e.g. across ageing stages). With an emphasis on spinal cord electrical stimulation and exosuits for the lower extremity, we explore developments in three key directions: (a) recording neuromuscular cellular activity from the intact moving human in vivo, (b) predicting tissue function and adaptation in response to electro-mechanical stimuli over time and (c) controlling tissue form and function with enough certainty to induce targeted, positive changes in the future. We discuss how this framework could restore, maintain or augment human movement and set the course for a new era in the development of bioprotective wearable devices. That is, devices designed to directly respond to biological cues to maintain integrity of underlying physiological systems over the lifespan.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42500324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac1522
Allison L Horenberg, Alexandra N. Rindone, W. Grayson
Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) have considerable potential to promote bone regeneration due to their ease of isolation, abundance, and osteogenic capacity. However, despite two decades of research, studies of the precise mechanisms underlying their in vivo osteo-regenerative capacity remain contradictory. Specifically, there are multiple reports that suggest either a direct mechanism (i.e. ASCs directly differentiate into osteoblasts and lay done new bone matrix) or an indirect mechanism (i.e. ASCs stimulate endogenous cells via their secretory profiles) of bone regeneration. To address this discrepancy we critically reviewed studies utilizing ASCs for in vivo bone regeneration and employed methods to track cell fate. We evaluated the rigor of individual studies by examining the specific defect and animal models employed, cell sorting or pretreatment methods, and quantitative assessments of cell dosing and cell survival/distribution data to determine the strength of their claims. There is robust evidence to support both a direct differentiation of ASCs and indirect signaling based on secreted factors: osteogenic/angiogenic, immunomodulatory, or extracellular matrix factors, suggesting that a combination of factors underlie the pro-regenerative capacity of ASCs. However, there remains significant knowledge gaps regarding the precise efficiency of ASC engraftment following transplantation, the types of spatiotemporal interactions that occur between ASCs and host cells during the different stages of healing, and the contributions of osteoclasts, nerves, and immune cells to ASC-mediated regeneration. Emerging technologies will enable further elucidation of the specific mechanisms of action of ASCs in bone regeneration.
{"title":"Engineering bone from fat: a review of the in vivo mechanisms of adipose derived stem cell-mediated bone regeneration","authors":"Allison L Horenberg, Alexandra N. Rindone, W. Grayson","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac1522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac1522","url":null,"abstract":"Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) have considerable potential to promote bone regeneration due to their ease of isolation, abundance, and osteogenic capacity. However, despite two decades of research, studies of the precise mechanisms underlying their in vivo osteo-regenerative capacity remain contradictory. Specifically, there are multiple reports that suggest either a direct mechanism (i.e. ASCs directly differentiate into osteoblasts and lay done new bone matrix) or an indirect mechanism (i.e. ASCs stimulate endogenous cells via their secretory profiles) of bone regeneration. To address this discrepancy we critically reviewed studies utilizing ASCs for in vivo bone regeneration and employed methods to track cell fate. We evaluated the rigor of individual studies by examining the specific defect and animal models employed, cell sorting or pretreatment methods, and quantitative assessments of cell dosing and cell survival/distribution data to determine the strength of their claims. There is robust evidence to support both a direct differentiation of ASCs and indirect signaling based on secreted factors: osteogenic/angiogenic, immunomodulatory, or extracellular matrix factors, suggesting that a combination of factors underlie the pro-regenerative capacity of ASCs. However, there remains significant knowledge gaps regarding the precise efficiency of ASC engraftment following transplantation, the types of spatiotemporal interactions that occur between ASCs and host cells during the different stages of healing, and the contributions of osteoclasts, nerves, and immune cells to ASC-mediated regeneration. Emerging technologies will enable further elucidation of the specific mechanisms of action of ASCs in bone regeneration.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61183255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac12c4
Christopher P. Cop, G. Cavallo, R. C. van 't Veld, Bart FJM Koopman, J. Lataire, A. Schouten, Massimo Sartori
In vivo joint stiffness estimation during time-varying conditions remains an open challenge. Multiple communities, e.g. system identification and biomechanics, have tackled the problem from different perspectives and using different methods, each of which entailing advantages and limitations, often complementary. System identification formulations provide data-driven estimates of stiffness at the joint level, while biomechanics often relies on musculoskeletal models to estimate stiffness at multiple levels, i.e. joint, muscle, and tendon. Collaboration across these two scientific communities seems to be a logical step toward a reliable multi-level understanding of joint stiffness. However, differences at the theoretical, computational, and experimental levels have limited inter-community interaction. In this article we present a roadmap to achieve a unified framework for the estimation of time-varying stiffness in the composite human neuromusculoskeletal system during movement. We present our perspective on future developments to obtain data-driven system identification and musculoskeletal models that are compatible at the theoretical, computational, and experimental levels. Moreover, we propose a novel combined closed-loop paradigm, in which reference estimates of joint stiffness via system identification are decomposed into underlying muscle and tendon contribution via high-density-electromyography-driven musculoskeletal modeling. We highlight the need for aligning experimental requirements to be able to compare both joint stiffness formulations. Unifying both biomechanics’ and system identification’s formulations is a necessary step for truly generalizing stiffness estimation across individuals, movement conditions, training and impairment levels. From an application point of view, this is central for enabling patient-specific neurorehabilitation therapies, as well as biomimetic control of assistive robotic technologies. The roadmap we propose could serve as an inspiration for future collaborations across broadly different scientific communities to truly understand joint stiffness bio- and neuromechanics. Video Abstract: Unifying system identification and biomechanical formulations for the estimation of muscle, tendon and joint stiffness during human movement
{"title":"Unifying system identification and biomechanical formulations for the estimation of muscle, tendon and joint stiffness during human movement","authors":"Christopher P. Cop, G. Cavallo, R. C. van 't Veld, Bart FJM Koopman, J. Lataire, A. Schouten, Massimo Sartori","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac12c4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac12c4","url":null,"abstract":"In vivo joint stiffness estimation during time-varying conditions remains an open challenge. Multiple communities, e.g. system identification and biomechanics, have tackled the problem from different perspectives and using different methods, each of which entailing advantages and limitations, often complementary. System identification formulations provide data-driven estimates of stiffness at the joint level, while biomechanics often relies on musculoskeletal models to estimate stiffness at multiple levels, i.e. joint, muscle, and tendon. Collaboration across these two scientific communities seems to be a logical step toward a reliable multi-level understanding of joint stiffness. However, differences at the theoretical, computational, and experimental levels have limited inter-community interaction. In this article we present a roadmap to achieve a unified framework for the estimation of time-varying stiffness in the composite human neuromusculoskeletal system during movement. We present our perspective on future developments to obtain data-driven system identification and musculoskeletal models that are compatible at the theoretical, computational, and experimental levels. Moreover, we propose a novel combined closed-loop paradigm, in which reference estimates of joint stiffness via system identification are decomposed into underlying muscle and tendon contribution via high-density-electromyography-driven musculoskeletal modeling. We highlight the need for aligning experimental requirements to be able to compare both joint stiffness formulations. Unifying both biomechanics’ and system identification’s formulations is a necessary step for truly generalizing stiffness estimation across individuals, movement conditions, training and impairment levels. From an application point of view, this is central for enabling patient-specific neurorehabilitation therapies, as well as biomimetic control of assistive robotic technologies. The roadmap we propose could serve as an inspiration for future collaborations across broadly different scientific communities to truly understand joint stiffness bio- and neuromechanics. Video Abstract: Unifying system identification and biomechanical formulations for the estimation of muscle, tendon and joint stiffness during human movement","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61182816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac1f6c
S. Bisht, P. Mishra, D. Yadav, R. Rawal, Karla P. Mercado-Shekhar
Oral cancer causes over 350 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although most cases are in Asia, the incidence of oral cancer is rising across the world. Despite recent advances in screening methods, oral cancer remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. The 5-year survival rate (50%–60%) has not improved over the past several decades. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of the disease can improve the survival rate and patients’ quality of life. This article provides a topical review of current and emerging techniques for screening and diagnosing oral cancer. Currently available technologies have only been moderately useful towards identifying oral cancer early, motivating the development of novel approaches to address this goal. In this article, we provide an overview of adjunctive screening aids, including biofluid (saliva and serum) diagnostics, vital staining, brush biopsy, chemiluminescence, and tissue autofluorescence. Furthermore, we discuss diagnostic imaging modalities, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, ultrasound (including traditional B-mode imaging, color Doppler, and elastography), photoacoustics imaging, and optical coherence tomography, and artificial intelligence-based methods, which are either being used clinically or are under development for oral cancer staging. The physical and biological basis underpinning each technique are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations in the technological and clinical context. The review concludes with a discussion of the future perspectives in this rapidly evolving field.
{"title":"Current and emerging techniques for oral cancer screening and diagnosis: a review","authors":"S. Bisht, P. Mishra, D. Yadav, R. Rawal, Karla P. Mercado-Shekhar","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac1f6c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac1f6c","url":null,"abstract":"Oral cancer causes over 350 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although most cases are in Asia, the incidence of oral cancer is rising across the world. Despite recent advances in screening methods, oral cancer remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. The 5-year survival rate (50%–60%) has not improved over the past several decades. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of the disease can improve the survival rate and patients’ quality of life. This article provides a topical review of current and emerging techniques for screening and diagnosing oral cancer. Currently available technologies have only been moderately useful towards identifying oral cancer early, motivating the development of novel approaches to address this goal. In this article, we provide an overview of adjunctive screening aids, including biofluid (saliva and serum) diagnostics, vital staining, brush biopsy, chemiluminescence, and tissue autofluorescence. Furthermore, we discuss diagnostic imaging modalities, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, ultrasound (including traditional B-mode imaging, color Doppler, and elastography), photoacoustics imaging, and optical coherence tomography, and artificial intelligence-based methods, which are either being used clinically or are under development for oral cancer staging. The physical and biological basis underpinning each technique are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations in the technological and clinical context. The review concludes with a discussion of the future perspectives in this rapidly evolving field.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61183410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac1ea3
P. D. Sinawang, Fernando Soto, M. Ozen, D. Akin, U. Demirci
Cancer cells generate and secrete diverse molecules into circulation that could be used as signatures for health and disease. A significant obstacle in detecting such molecules derives from their low signal-to-noise ratio in subsequent downstream analyses. Developing reliable tools and methods for cancer early detection is crucial for advancing global strategies to decrease mortality, monitor disease progression and therapy, and improve the quality of life of patients. This perspective critically addresses recent developments in cancer early detection, highlighting current trends in the enrichment of cancer-related biomarkers, dividing them into biochemical and biophysical methods. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and opportunities in biomarker isolation and enrichment protocols. Integrating these methods into clinical decision-making pipelines could lead to a better understanding of cancer progression, treatment efficacy, and hence improving the medical outcomes for cancer patients.
{"title":"Progress and challenges in biomarker enrichment for cancer early detection","authors":"P. D. Sinawang, Fernando Soto, M. Ozen, D. Akin, U. Demirci","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac1ea3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac1ea3","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer cells generate and secrete diverse molecules into circulation that could be used as signatures for health and disease. A significant obstacle in detecting such molecules derives from their low signal-to-noise ratio in subsequent downstream analyses. Developing reliable tools and methods for cancer early detection is crucial for advancing global strategies to decrease mortality, monitor disease progression and therapy, and improve the quality of life of patients. This perspective critically addresses recent developments in cancer early detection, highlighting current trends in the enrichment of cancer-related biomarkers, dividing them into biochemical and biophysical methods. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and opportunities in biomarker isolation and enrichment protocols. Integrating these methods into clinical decision-making pipelines could lead to a better understanding of cancer progression, treatment efficacy, and hence improving the medical outcomes for cancer patients.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61183210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac12d6
Mohamed E. M. K. Abdelaziz, Libaihe Tian, M. Hamady, Guang-Zhong Yang, B. Temelkuran
Interventional radiology and cardiology are rapidly growing areas of minimally invasive surgery, covering multiple diagnostic and interventional procedures. Treatment via endovascular techniques has become the go-to approach, thanks to its minimally invasive nature and its effectiveness in reducing hospitalisation and total time to recovery when compared to open surgery. Although x-ray fluoroscopy is currently the gold standard imaging technique for endovascular interventions, it presents occupational safety hazards to medical personnel and potential risks to patients, especially paediatric patients, because of its inherent ionising radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with its unique ability to provide radiation-free imaging, and acquiring morphologic and functional information, holds great promise in the advancement of image-guided navigation through the vasculature. Moreover, MRI has the potential to combine diagnosis, therapy and early evaluation of therapy in the same intervention. However, MR-guided interventions face a major challenge due to the presence of a large magnetic field (1.5/3 Tesla), which limits the set of materials suitable for the construction of key instrumentation (sheaths, catheters and guidewires). Despite these challenges, in recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of interventional devices, which comprise biocompatible, MR safe and MR visible materials. In an attempt to encourage and accelerate the development of MR-guided endovascular instrumentation, we present a systematic and illustrated overview of the plethora of work targeting to overcome the aforementioned limitations which are underpinned by the interdependent advancements in science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine (STEMM).
{"title":"X-ray to MR: the progress of flexible instruments for endovascular navigation","authors":"Mohamed E. M. K. Abdelaziz, Libaihe Tian, M. Hamady, Guang-Zhong Yang, B. Temelkuran","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac12d6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac12d6","url":null,"abstract":"Interventional radiology and cardiology are rapidly growing areas of minimally invasive surgery, covering multiple diagnostic and interventional procedures. Treatment via endovascular techniques has become the go-to approach, thanks to its minimally invasive nature and its effectiveness in reducing hospitalisation and total time to recovery when compared to open surgery. Although x-ray fluoroscopy is currently the gold standard imaging technique for endovascular interventions, it presents occupational safety hazards to medical personnel and potential risks to patients, especially paediatric patients, because of its inherent ionising radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with its unique ability to provide radiation-free imaging, and acquiring morphologic and functional information, holds great promise in the advancement of image-guided navigation through the vasculature. Moreover, MRI has the potential to combine diagnosis, therapy and early evaluation of therapy in the same intervention. However, MR-guided interventions face a major challenge due to the presence of a large magnetic field (1.5/3 Tesla), which limits the set of materials suitable for the construction of key instrumentation (sheaths, catheters and guidewires). Despite these challenges, in recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of interventional devices, which comprise biocompatible, MR safe and MR visible materials. In an attempt to encourage and accelerate the development of MR-guided endovascular instrumentation, we present a systematic and illustrated overview of the plethora of work targeting to overcome the aforementioned limitations which are underpinned by the interdependent advancements in science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine (STEMM).","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61182501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac1731
M. M. Mau, Sunandita Sarker, B. Terry
Ingestible devices have been gaining attention from the medical community due to their noninvasive use in diagnostics and treatment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, their passive locomotion limits their GI residency period. Ingestible sensors residing in the GI tract are capable of providing continuous data, while long-acting ingestible drug delivery systems can reduce medication nonadherence. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art, long-term ingestible devices (LTIDs). Additionally, this review summarizes the current status of ingestible devices that persist in the GI tract for a prolonged period, as well as their inhabitance mechanisms and applications. Also included are relevant information about the GI structure and design considerations for understanding the significance and challenges associated with LTIDs. Finally, we discuss several potential applications of the LTIDs for therapeutic intervention in the GI tract and monitoring the physiology and pathophysiology of the GI tract for an extended period.
{"title":"Ingestible devices for long-term gastrointestinal residency: a review","authors":"M. M. Mau, Sunandita Sarker, B. Terry","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac1731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac1731","url":null,"abstract":"Ingestible devices have been gaining attention from the medical community due to their noninvasive use in diagnostics and treatment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, their passive locomotion limits their GI residency period. Ingestible sensors residing in the GI tract are capable of providing continuous data, while long-acting ingestible drug delivery systems can reduce medication nonadherence. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art, long-term ingestible devices (LTIDs). Additionally, this review summarizes the current status of ingestible devices that persist in the GI tract for a prolonged period, as well as their inhabitance mechanisms and applications. Also included are relevant information about the GI structure and design considerations for understanding the significance and challenges associated with LTIDs. Finally, we discuss several potential applications of the LTIDs for therapeutic intervention in the GI tract and monitoring the physiology and pathophysiology of the GI tract for an extended period.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61182958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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