Pub Date : 2020-07-14DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20200804.12
Mukul Md. Mia, N. Akter, M. Mostofa, S. Ahmed, I. Nur, M. Al-Mamun, M. Rashid
Background and aims: Investigation was carried out to estimate the variability, heritability, genetic advance for fiber yield based on yield attributing morpho-anatomical traits of tossa jute in field and laboratory. Materials & Methods: The experiments were carried out using 12 tossa jute genotypes followed by randomized complete block design in five jute research regions (Rangpur, Faridpur, Jessore, Manikganj districts and Bangladesh Jute Research Institute head office, Dhaka) of Bangladesh during 2019-20. Hypothesis: The tested genotypes were expected to perform better for fiber yield than control varieties. Results: The jute genotypes i.e. Acc. 1318, Acc. 1306, (JRO S1), O-412-9-4, O-0512-6-2 providing good results for plant height, base diameter, green weight and dry fiber yield in morphological study; and total trapezoidal area per transverse section, number of trapezoid per T. section, bark diameter, bark thickness in anatomical study depicting the more variability as well as possibility of tossa jute development. These morphological and anatomical traits showing significant association with one another, and coupled with high genetic and phenotypic variance-covariance components; high heritability; high & moderate genetic advance and genetic advance in percent of mean would be used for selection of jute genotypes regarding the jute crop improvement for fiber yield. Conclusions: The high variation for morphological and anatomical characters may be considered as effective method for screening of jute genotypes for higher fiber yield comparing with control varieties. The genotypes i.e. Acc. 1318, Acc. 1306, (JRO S1), O-412-9-4, O-0512-6-2 with good morphological and anatomical traits related to yield could be used as parents in breeding program as well as jute variety development.
{"title":"Analyses of Genetic Variability, Character Association, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Tossa Jute (Corchorus olitorius) Genotypes for Morphology & Stem Anatomy","authors":"Mukul Md. Mia, N. Akter, M. Mostofa, S. Ahmed, I. Nur, M. Al-Mamun, M. Rashid","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20200804.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20200804.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Investigation was carried out to estimate the variability, heritability, genetic advance for fiber yield based on yield attributing morpho-anatomical traits of tossa jute in field and laboratory. Materials & Methods: The experiments were carried out using 12 tossa jute genotypes followed by randomized complete block design in five jute research regions (Rangpur, Faridpur, Jessore, Manikganj districts and Bangladesh Jute Research Institute head office, Dhaka) of Bangladesh during 2019-20. Hypothesis: The tested genotypes were expected to perform better for fiber yield than control varieties. Results: The jute genotypes i.e. Acc. 1318, Acc. 1306, (JRO S1), O-412-9-4, O-0512-6-2 providing good results for plant height, base diameter, green weight and dry fiber yield in morphological study; and total trapezoidal area per transverse section, number of trapezoid per T. section, bark diameter, bark thickness in anatomical study depicting the more variability as well as possibility of tossa jute development. These morphological and anatomical traits showing significant association with one another, and coupled with high genetic and phenotypic variance-covariance components; high heritability; high & moderate genetic advance and genetic advance in percent of mean would be used for selection of jute genotypes regarding the jute crop improvement for fiber yield. Conclusions: The high variation for morphological and anatomical characters may be considered as effective method for screening of jute genotypes for higher fiber yield comparing with control varieties. The genotypes i.e. Acc. 1318, Acc. 1306, (JRO S1), O-412-9-4, O-0512-6-2 with good morphological and anatomical traits related to yield could be used as parents in breeding program as well as jute variety development.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"31 1","pages":"99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80639198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-07DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20200804.11
Akinrotoye Kehinde Peter, A. Paul, Lanlokun Olabisi, A. Clement
Methicillin–Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known to show resistance to beta-lactam class of antibiotics. MRSA is among the highest superbugs posing dangerous threats to humans. This study aimed at determining the in-vitro synergistic evaluation of Moringa oleifera, Hunteria umbellate and Azadirachta indica extracts with existing antibiotics (Azithromycin, Clindamycin and Vancomycin) on isolated MRSA from fomites. MRSA was isolated using the BBL™ Oxacillin agar screen test (Muller Hinton Agar with 6 μg/mL Oxacillin and 4% NaCl). The Minimum Bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the MRSA were determined by Agar well diffusion using antibiotics in solitary, plant extracts in solitary, combination of these antibiotics with plant extracts at different concentrations. The agar diffusion assay showed that H. umbellate extract-Azithromycin combination had the least zones of inhibition ≥21.00±1.92 mm in 75% of all isolates testedwhile M. oleifera extract-Azithromycin combination had the highest zones of inhibition ≥22.20 ±2.27 mm. Comparison of bactericidal activities of all plant extracts and antibiotics synergy shows Azithromycin to have a significant value of P>0.05. The agar well diffusion method showed synergistic effects between combination of antibiotics and all extracts with significant increase in the zones of inhibition of the test antibiotics against environmental strains of MRSA. The synergistic interactions indicated that the inhibitory potentials of the plant extracts increased hence, combining natural products derived from phytochemicals and antibiotics could be another way to mitigate and fight against resistant infectious bacteria.
{"title":"Synergistic Evaluation of Moringa oleifera, Hunteria umbellate and Azadirachta indica with Antibiotics Against Environmental MRSA Isolates: An In-vitro Study","authors":"Akinrotoye Kehinde Peter, A. Paul, Lanlokun Olabisi, A. Clement","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20200804.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20200804.11","url":null,"abstract":"Methicillin–Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known to show resistance to beta-lactam class of antibiotics. MRSA is among the highest superbugs posing dangerous threats to humans. This study aimed at determining the in-vitro synergistic evaluation of Moringa oleifera, Hunteria umbellate and Azadirachta indica extracts with existing antibiotics (Azithromycin, Clindamycin and Vancomycin) on isolated MRSA from fomites. MRSA was isolated using the BBL™ Oxacillin agar screen test (Muller Hinton Agar with 6 μg/mL Oxacillin and 4% NaCl). The Minimum Bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the MRSA were determined by Agar well diffusion using antibiotics in solitary, plant extracts in solitary, combination of these antibiotics with plant extracts at different concentrations. The agar diffusion assay showed that H. umbellate extract-Azithromycin combination had the least zones of inhibition ≥21.00±1.92 mm in 75% of all isolates testedwhile M. oleifera extract-Azithromycin combination had the highest zones of inhibition ≥22.20 ±2.27 mm. Comparison of bactericidal activities of all plant extracts and antibiotics synergy shows Azithromycin to have a significant value of P>0.05. The agar well diffusion method showed synergistic effects between combination of antibiotics and all extracts with significant increase in the zones of inhibition of the test antibiotics against environmental strains of MRSA. The synergistic interactions indicated that the inhibitory potentials of the plant extracts increased hence, combining natural products derived from phytochemicals and antibiotics could be another way to mitigate and fight against resistant infectious bacteria.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"8 1","pages":"91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90523555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-04DOI: 10.11648/j.bio.20200803.13
De-ju Chen, Haifeng Zhang, Yanli Li, Yanping Chen, Xuefang Zheng, Jieping Wang, Jiamei Che, Bo Liu
An avirulent R. solanacearum strain named FJAT-1458 was isolated from living tomato vessel and it showed no toxicity to tomato, pepper and eggplant. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on eight genes (egl, hrpB, mutS, pehA, recA, rpoA, rpoB and rpoC) and whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis suggested that strain FJAT-1458 belong to phylotype I. Genome sequence of the strain FJAT-1458 revealed a circular chromosome and a circular megaplasmid with whole genome size of 6,059,899 bp and GC content of 66.78%. Functional annotation of FJAT-1458 showed a total of 5,442 genes, with 5,166 protein-encoding genes, 202 pseudogenes and 74 noncoding RNA genes. Among which, 3,938 protein-coding genes can be assigned to 23 COG families, and 1,521 of them had KEGG orthologs. Prophage prediction using PHASTER revealed 12 prophages, including 7 intact, 1 questionable and 4 incomplete prophages. Comparative genome analyses between GMI1000 and FJAT-1458 showed that most of the virulence factors were well conserved and only small portion of them were distinct between them. Two genes, including a methyltransferase and an ISL3 family transposase genes, were identified to be inserted immediately upstream (141 bp) of phcA gene, which assumed to be responsible for avirulence of strain FJAT-1458. It is suggested that strain FJAT-1458 was originated from a wild-type pathogenic strain through an accident phenotype conversion, which is like those when cultured under experimental conditions. Our study provides new insight into the evolution of virulence in R. solanacearum strain under natural environment.
{"title":"An Avirulent Ralstonia Solanacearum Strain Undergoes Phenotype Conversion from a Pathogenic Strain Under Natural Environment","authors":"De-ju Chen, Haifeng Zhang, Yanli Li, Yanping Chen, Xuefang Zheng, Jieping Wang, Jiamei Che, Bo Liu","doi":"10.11648/j.bio.20200803.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20200803.13","url":null,"abstract":"An avirulent R. solanacearum strain named FJAT-1458 was isolated from living tomato vessel and it showed no toxicity to tomato, pepper and eggplant. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on eight genes (egl, hrpB, mutS, pehA, recA, rpoA, rpoB and rpoC) and whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis suggested that strain FJAT-1458 belong to phylotype I. Genome sequence of the strain FJAT-1458 revealed a circular chromosome and a circular megaplasmid with whole genome size of 6,059,899 bp and GC content of 66.78%. Functional annotation of FJAT-1458 showed a total of 5,442 genes, with 5,166 protein-encoding genes, 202 pseudogenes and 74 noncoding RNA genes. Among which, 3,938 protein-coding genes can be assigned to 23 COG families, and 1,521 of them had KEGG orthologs. Prophage prediction using PHASTER revealed 12 prophages, including 7 intact, 1 questionable and 4 incomplete prophages. Comparative genome analyses between GMI1000 and FJAT-1458 showed that most of the virulence factors were well conserved and only small portion of them were distinct between them. Two genes, including a methyltransferase and an ISL3 family transposase genes, were identified to be inserted immediately upstream (141 bp) of phcA gene, which assumed to be responsible for avirulence of strain FJAT-1458. It is suggested that strain FJAT-1458 was originated from a wild-type pathogenic strain through an accident phenotype conversion, which is like those when cultured under experimental conditions. Our study provides new insight into the evolution of virulence in R. solanacearum strain under natural environment.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"111 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79203235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-20DOI: 10.11648/j.bio.20200803.12
Ekong Mercy Okon, T. Ebob, I. Ukwuoma
Cohabitating nature of cockroach with humans is on the increase in most rural and underdeveloped areas of Cross River State including Calabar South. It is therefore important to screen the bacterial carriage of this pest because of shared ecological niche. Sticky trap method was used to capture the pest and properly identify by an Entomologist Dr Ogban, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar. They were killed using chloroform. Pour plating culturing technique was used for bacterial isolation, isolates were characterized and identified using standard bacteriological methods. The research result reveals eleven (11) bacterial species (Bacillus, Klebsiella, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Proteus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella and Enterococcus). E. coli Klebsiella and Bacillus were the most frequently isolated organisms from the external surface of latrines and living house cockroaches. Klebsiella, E. coli and Enterococcus species were predominant in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of cockroaches from same ecological niche except that in living houses, the presence of Enterococcus species were insignificance compare to other isolates. There was a significant difference at P = .05 in isolates from cockroaches captured from latrines area to those from living houses. The degree of contamination based on sum total of each isolate from External and GIT parts of cockroaches from both experimental niche was; E. coli > Klebsiella > S. aureus > Bacillus > Shigella > P. aeruginosa = Samonella = Enterococcus > Streptococcus > S. epidermidis > Proteus. This study encourages the use of some natural and home friendly cockroach eradication techniques that pose no harm to home dwellers and it environ. This include timely removal of bushes around the living environ, frequent sealing of cracks around the kitchens, and bathrooms to reduce potential hidings areas. Getting rids of all foods remains on kitchen tables, floor etc. Application of boil mint leaves at different corners of the house. These will naturally scare the presence of this pest from human habitation and serve as a better strategy to minimize cockroach-associated infections.
{"title":"Evaluation of German Cockroach, Blattella germanica from Different Niches for Bacterial Contamination","authors":"Ekong Mercy Okon, T. Ebob, I. Ukwuoma","doi":"10.11648/j.bio.20200803.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20200803.12","url":null,"abstract":"Cohabitating nature of cockroach with humans is on the increase in most rural and underdeveloped areas of Cross River State including Calabar South. It is therefore important to screen the bacterial carriage of this pest because of shared ecological niche. Sticky trap method was used to capture the pest and properly identify by an Entomologist Dr Ogban, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar. They were killed using chloroform. Pour plating culturing technique was used for bacterial isolation, isolates were characterized and identified using standard bacteriological methods. The research result reveals eleven (11) bacterial species (Bacillus, Klebsiella, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Proteus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella and Enterococcus). E. coli Klebsiella and Bacillus were the most frequently isolated organisms from the external surface of latrines and living house cockroaches. Klebsiella, E. coli and Enterococcus species were predominant in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of cockroaches from same ecological niche except that in living houses, the presence of Enterococcus species were insignificance compare to other isolates. There was a significant difference at P = .05 in isolates from cockroaches captured from latrines area to those from living houses. The degree of contamination based on sum total of each isolate from External and GIT parts of cockroaches from both experimental niche was; E. coli > Klebsiella > S. aureus > Bacillus > Shigella > P. aeruginosa = Samonella = Enterococcus > Streptococcus > S. epidermidis > Proteus. This study encourages the use of some natural and home friendly cockroach eradication techniques that pose no harm to home dwellers and it environ. This include timely removal of bushes around the living environ, frequent sealing of cracks around the kitchens, and bathrooms to reduce potential hidings areas. Getting rids of all foods remains on kitchen tables, floor etc. Application of boil mint leaves at different corners of the house. These will naturally scare the presence of this pest from human habitation and serve as a better strategy to minimize cockroach-associated infections.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"275 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83514093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-20DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20200803.14
S. V. Fedorova
In the article presents a new Concept “Polycentric Model of Plant” in addition to the generally accepted in botany Concept “Morphologic Model of Plant”. The basis of the development is laid by my many years of experience in conducting a population study of plants from different categories of the life form in different regions. Concept “Polycentric Model of Plant” allows a new structure of the body of the plant. Elements of the model are not organs, but functional centers: Shoot-formation center, Mineral-nutrition center, Organic-nutrition center, Generation center. Metric characteristics of each of these centers are indicators by which the researcher can simulate the direction of development of the plant population system in each of surveyed habitats. Presented new methodological approaches to solving pressing environmental problems within Population Botany and Plant Ecology, developed on the basis of Concept “Polycentric Model of Plant”. These are: 1) Universal Scale of Vegetation Elements and Diagnostic Key for determining Vegetation Elements by a set of metric indicators of the most developed hypothetical individual of species in the composition of the plant community was developed; 2) Formula for calculate Coefficient Digression of Steppe Vegetation; 3) Scale of Digression Steppe Vegetation and Diagnostic Key to determining 5 stages on this scale; 4) Hypothetical Lifecycle of Plant from the category of life forms “Shrub” and Diagnostic Key to determining 7 stages in this cycle; 5) Diagnostic Key for structuring Plant Population System from the category of life forms “Stoloniferous” by Morph-function groups. Presented also: 1) Elements in “Polycentric Model of Plant”, the functional role and the likely participation of one or another element in the formation of the product of vegetative and generative reproductions; 2) Hypothetical Lifecycle of Plant from categories of life forms “Terrestrial-stoloniferous” and “Soboliferous shrub” by example Potentilla anserina L. and Amygdalus nana L. (Rosaceae); 3) the complete set of Morph-functional groups of individuals as part of a plant population system, the functional role of each group and the likelihood of an individual falling into each group in Hypothetical Lifecycle of Plant from the category of life forms “Stoloniferous”; 4) results of a 3-year experiment with P. anserina, which reflecting population response to the climatic factor and the different of individual disposition presented in Concept “Polycentric Model of Plant”; 5) basic principles of plants population research and points of research on which it is expedient to involve gifted children.
{"title":"Methodological Approaches in Population Botany and Plant Ecology","authors":"S. V. Fedorova","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20200803.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20200803.14","url":null,"abstract":"In the article presents a new Concept “Polycentric Model of Plant” in addition to the generally accepted in botany Concept “Morphologic Model of Plant”. The basis of the development is laid by my many years of experience in conducting a population study of plants from different categories of the life form in different regions. Concept “Polycentric Model of Plant” allows a new structure of the body of the plant. Elements of the model are not organs, but functional centers: Shoot-formation center, Mineral-nutrition center, Organic-nutrition center, Generation center. Metric characteristics of each of these centers are indicators by which the researcher can simulate the direction of development of the plant population system in each of surveyed habitats. Presented new methodological approaches to solving pressing environmental problems within Population Botany and Plant Ecology, developed on the basis of Concept “Polycentric Model of Plant”. These are: 1) Universal Scale of Vegetation Elements and Diagnostic Key for determining Vegetation Elements by a set of metric indicators of the most developed hypothetical individual of species in the composition of the plant community was developed; 2) Formula for calculate Coefficient Digression of Steppe Vegetation; 3) Scale of Digression Steppe Vegetation and Diagnostic Key to determining 5 stages on this scale; 4) Hypothetical Lifecycle of Plant from the category of life forms “Shrub” and Diagnostic Key to determining 7 stages in this cycle; 5) Diagnostic Key for structuring Plant Population System from the category of life forms “Stoloniferous” by Morph-function groups. Presented also: 1) Elements in “Polycentric Model of Plant”, the functional role and the likely participation of one or another element in the formation of the product of vegetative and generative reproductions; 2) Hypothetical Lifecycle of Plant from categories of life forms “Terrestrial-stoloniferous” and “Soboliferous shrub” by example Potentilla anserina L. and Amygdalus nana L. (Rosaceae); 3) the complete set of Morph-functional groups of individuals as part of a plant population system, the functional role of each group and the likelihood of an individual falling into each group in Hypothetical Lifecycle of Plant from the category of life forms “Stoloniferous”; 4) results of a 3-year experiment with P. anserina, which reflecting population response to the climatic factor and the different of individual disposition presented in Concept “Polycentric Model of Plant”; 5) basic principles of plants population research and points of research on which it is expedient to involve gifted children.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"107 1","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77814132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brackish water fishes usually harbour human pathogenic bacteria particularly the enterics and coliform groups in their mucosal surfaces. Thus, this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of skin and gills microbiota of Tilapia guineensis as to understand their microbial assemblages and as well provide useful insights into the broad dynamics of the fish host-microbial relationship and health status. Thirty samples of Tilapia guineensis were collected from Buguma brackish water environment, River State, Nigeria. The skin and the gills of the tilapia were analyzed microbiologically. Specimen were collected by swabbing aseptically over the skin and gills segment of the fish and then processed for total bacterial count, followed by isolation and identification of isolated bacteria. Microbial load analysis revealed that the total viable count of bacteria ranged from 2.4 to 7.6 x 105 cfu/ml for skin and 2.1 to 5.7 x 106 cfu/ml for gills, and it was observed to fall within the recommended microbiological standard safety limit. A total of thirty-seven (37) bacteria, belonging to fifteen different genera in the family of Vibrionaceae, enterobacteriaceae and Morganellaceae were isolated from the fish. The prevalent rate of the bacterial shows that Proteus vulgaris recorded the highest frequency of occurrence of 16.22%, followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus with 10.81% occurrence and Provindencia rettgeri, Serratia mercescens and Salmonella sp. trailed them with 8.11%. Kluyyera ascorbate, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, plasiomonas shigelloides and Pseudomonas sp. have the least frequency of occurrence with 2.7% respectively for each. Though the bacterial count of Tilapia guineensis harvested from the water and fish sample did not exceed the standard recommended safety limit. There were several potential pathogenic and spoilage bacteria isolated as part of the fish flora. The presence of these bacteria could poses or constitute a public health risk.
{"title":"Prevalence of Bacterial Microbiota in Tilapia Guineensis Harvested from Buguma Brackish Water Environment River State, Nigeria","authors":"Ogbonne Fabian Chinedu, Ayaobu–Cookey Ibifubara Kalada, Abdullahi Mohammed Mansur, Matanmi Morufu Adewale","doi":"10.11648/j.bio.20200803.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20200803.11","url":null,"abstract":"Brackish water fishes usually harbour human pathogenic bacteria particularly the enterics and coliform groups in their mucosal surfaces. Thus, this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of skin and gills microbiota of Tilapia guineensis as to understand their microbial assemblages and as well provide useful insights into the broad dynamics of the fish host-microbial relationship and health status. Thirty samples of Tilapia guineensis were collected from Buguma brackish water environment, River State, Nigeria. The skin and the gills of the tilapia were analyzed microbiologically. Specimen were collected by swabbing aseptically over the skin and gills segment of the fish and then processed for total bacterial count, followed by isolation and identification of isolated bacteria. Microbial load analysis revealed that the total viable count of bacteria ranged from 2.4 to 7.6 x 105 cfu/ml for skin and 2.1 to 5.7 x 106 cfu/ml for gills, and it was observed to fall within the recommended microbiological standard safety limit. A total of thirty-seven (37) bacteria, belonging to fifteen different genera in the family of Vibrionaceae, enterobacteriaceae and Morganellaceae were isolated from the fish. The prevalent rate of the bacterial shows that Proteus vulgaris recorded the highest frequency of occurrence of 16.22%, followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus with 10.81% occurrence and Provindencia rettgeri, Serratia mercescens and Salmonella sp. trailed them with 8.11%. Kluyyera ascorbate, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, plasiomonas shigelloides and Pseudomonas sp. have the least frequency of occurrence with 2.7% respectively for each. Though the bacterial count of Tilapia guineensis harvested from the water and fish sample did not exceed the standard recommended safety limit. There were several potential pathogenic and spoilage bacteria isolated as part of the fish flora. The presence of these bacteria could poses or constitute a public health risk.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"142 4 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80984200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-09DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20200803.13
M. Faruk, Md. Monirul Islam, F. Khatun
The experiments were conducted in the fields of Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur during 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 cropping years to observe the effect of formulated Trichoderma harzianum (Soil amendment with Tricho-compost and seed treatment with T. harzianum spore suspension) and organic soil amendment poultry refuse either singly or in combination with seed treatment with fungicide Provax 200 WP against soil-borne pathogens, Sclerotium rolfsii of lentil causing seedling disease. The partially decomposed poultry refuse was incorporated in the 2 weeks before seed sowing of lentil where Tricho-composts were incorporated in the soil 7 days before seed sowing. Seeds were treated with Trichoderma spore suspension and Provax 200 WP at the time of seed sowing. From this study it was revealed that soil amendment with Tricho-compost or integration poultry refuse with seed treatment by Provax 200 WP performed as the best treatments in reducing seedling mortality and increasing plant growth and yield of lentil which was significantly differed from the other treatments including control. Seed treatment with chemical fungicide provax showed better performance against the disease also seed treatments with Trichoderma spores suspension and soil amendment with poultry refuse which effect at per. Both of them reduced seedling mortality and increased plant growth and yield of lentil.
{"title":"Formulation of Eco-friendly Management Package Against Seedling Disease Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii of Lentil","authors":"M. Faruk, Md. Monirul Islam, F. Khatun","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20200803.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20200803.13","url":null,"abstract":"The experiments were conducted in the fields of Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur during 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 cropping years to observe the effect of formulated Trichoderma harzianum (Soil amendment with Tricho-compost and seed treatment with T. harzianum spore suspension) and organic soil amendment poultry refuse either singly or in combination with seed treatment with fungicide Provax 200 WP against soil-borne pathogens, Sclerotium rolfsii of lentil causing seedling disease. The partially decomposed poultry refuse was incorporated in the 2 weeks before seed sowing of lentil where Tricho-composts were incorporated in the soil 7 days before seed sowing. Seeds were treated with Trichoderma spore suspension and Provax 200 WP at the time of seed sowing. From this study it was revealed that soil amendment with Tricho-compost or integration poultry refuse with seed treatment by Provax 200 WP performed as the best treatments in reducing seedling mortality and increasing plant growth and yield of lentil which was significantly differed from the other treatments including control. Seed treatment with chemical fungicide provax showed better performance against the disease also seed treatments with Trichoderma spores suspension and soil amendment with poultry refuse which effect at per. Both of them reduced seedling mortality and increased plant growth and yield of lentil.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"77 1","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83862793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-09DOI: 10.11648/j.bio.20200802.12
Amare Tsehaye, A. Fikre
The present study was conducted in 100 promising chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes using Mahalanobis D2 Statistics. The divergence (D2) analysis revealed that the 100 chickpea genotypes were grouped into nine significant clusters. The intra-cluster distance values were ranged from 5.3 (cluster IV) to 77.8 (cluster VIII). The highest inter cluster distance were observed between genotypes of cluster I and cluster VIII (874.5) followed by cluster I and cluster II (837.4), cluster I and cluster V (759.3), cluster I and cluster III (480.4), cluster I and cluster VII (413.7), cluster IV and cluster VIII (390.9), cluster II and cluster IV (377.5) and Cluster II and cluster VI (309.4), cluster I and cluster IX (300.4), cluster I and cluster IV (295.2), cluster IV and cluster V (287.2). The lowest inter cluster distance (81.6) were found between cluster VI and cluster IX followed by cluster II and cluster VII (81.8), cluster III and cluster VII (87.4), cluster IV and cluster VI (90.6), cluster II and cluster III (93.6), indicating existence of closer proximity between these clusters. Based on inter cluster distances and Per se performance, hybridization among the genotypes from these clusters which showed maximum distance might produce high yielding varieties having broad genetic base. In general the genotypes JV-11, IE-16-059/1, iccx-090013-f2-p215-BP, DZ-2012-CX-0028, iccx-060045-f3-p5-BP, iccx-060039-f3-p182-BP may serve as potential parents for grain yield. IE-16-109/2, iccx-0900013-f2-p107-BP, icc-6279, JG-62, icc-15614, IE-16-059/2 can be also a parental line for earliness, while iccx-090013-f2-p265-BP, iccx-090013-f2-p107-BP, iccx-090013-f2-p103-BP, iccx-090013-f2-p215-BP for hundred seed weight. IE-16-109/2, icc-14778, icc-510, DZ-2012-CK-0253, icc-5135 also be a potential parental line for quality character of crude protein. Generally genotypes listed above may serve as a parental lines for hybridization program in the improvement of chickpea grain yield and its contributing trait.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity Analysis for Some Desi Type Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Advanced Lines Under Potential Environment of North Gondar, Ethiopia","authors":"Amare Tsehaye, A. Fikre","doi":"10.11648/j.bio.20200802.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20200802.12","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted in 100 promising chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes using Mahalanobis D2 Statistics. The divergence (D2) analysis revealed that the 100 chickpea genotypes were grouped into nine significant clusters. The intra-cluster distance values were ranged from 5.3 (cluster IV) to 77.8 (cluster VIII). The highest inter cluster distance were observed between genotypes of cluster I and cluster VIII (874.5) followed by cluster I and cluster II (837.4), cluster I and cluster V (759.3), cluster I and cluster III (480.4), cluster I and cluster VII (413.7), cluster IV and cluster VIII (390.9), cluster II and cluster IV (377.5) and Cluster II and cluster VI (309.4), cluster I and cluster IX (300.4), cluster I and cluster IV (295.2), cluster IV and cluster V (287.2). The lowest inter cluster distance (81.6) were found between cluster VI and cluster IX followed by cluster II and cluster VII (81.8), cluster III and cluster VII (87.4), cluster IV and cluster VI (90.6), cluster II and cluster III (93.6), indicating existence of closer proximity between these clusters. Based on inter cluster distances and Per se performance, hybridization among the genotypes from these clusters which showed maximum distance might produce high yielding varieties having broad genetic base. In general the genotypes JV-11, IE-16-059/1, iccx-090013-f2-p215-BP, DZ-2012-CX-0028, iccx-060045-f3-p5-BP, iccx-060039-f3-p182-BP may serve as potential parents for grain yield. IE-16-109/2, iccx-0900013-f2-p107-BP, icc-6279, JG-62, icc-15614, IE-16-059/2 can be also a parental line for earliness, while iccx-090013-f2-p265-BP, iccx-090013-f2-p107-BP, iccx-090013-f2-p103-BP, iccx-090013-f2-p215-BP for hundred seed weight. IE-16-109/2, icc-14778, icc-510, DZ-2012-CK-0253, icc-5135 also be a potential parental line for quality character of crude protein. Generally genotypes listed above may serve as a parental lines for hybridization program in the improvement of chickpea grain yield and its contributing trait.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"32 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80623496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-29DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200803.12
S. Aroumougame, Thirumangai Mannan Geetha, M. Thangaraju
Although many bacterial species have been isolated from the rhizosphere of various crop plants, the recent discovery is Burkholderia sp., an endophytic bacterium. In this study, the Burkholderia isolates viz., RB1 (Rice Burkholderia 1), MB2 (Maize Burkholderia 2), SB3 (Sugarcane Burkholderia 3) and BB4 (Black gram Burkholderia 4) were enumerated from the root, stem and leaf samples of four different crops viz., rice, maize, sugarcane and black gram using N-free BAz (Burkholderia Azelaic acid) medium, in which black gram roots were observed higher population. Further, growth promoting activities of the Burkholderia isolates were examined, the maximum production of IAA and GA was noticed on the BB4 as compared to other isolates and the cytokinin production was recorded more in isolates SB3 followed by BB4. Among the four isolates, maximum amount of salicylate type was noticed in RB1 and catechol type was recorded higher in BB4 which showed that these isolates were capable to produce Siderophore. The ACC deaminase activity of the isolates were exhibited, the BB4 was recorded more followed by SB3. Therefore, the endophytic Burkholderia isolates also the important contributor to the crop growth through secretion of growth promoting substances, production of siderophore and ACC deaminase activities may improve the Agriculture production.
{"title":"Exploitation of PGPR Endophytic Burkholderia Isolates to Enhance Organic Agriculture","authors":"S. Aroumougame, Thirumangai Mannan Geetha, M. Thangaraju","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200803.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200803.12","url":null,"abstract":"Although many bacterial species have been isolated from the rhizosphere of various crop plants, the recent discovery is Burkholderia sp., an endophytic bacterium. In this study, the Burkholderia isolates viz., RB1 (Rice Burkholderia 1), MB2 (Maize Burkholderia 2), SB3 (Sugarcane Burkholderia 3) and BB4 (Black gram Burkholderia 4) were enumerated from the root, stem and leaf samples of four different crops viz., rice, maize, sugarcane and black gram using N-free BAz (Burkholderia Azelaic acid) medium, in which black gram roots were observed higher population. Further, growth promoting activities of the Burkholderia isolates were examined, the maximum production of IAA and GA was noticed on the BB4 as compared to other isolates and the cytokinin production was recorded more in isolates SB3 followed by BB4. Among the four isolates, maximum amount of salicylate type was noticed in RB1 and catechol type was recorded higher in BB4 which showed that these isolates were capable to produce Siderophore. The ACC deaminase activity of the isolates were exhibited, the BB4 was recorded more followed by SB3. Therefore, the endophytic Burkholderia isolates also the important contributor to the crop growth through secretion of growth promoting substances, production of siderophore and ACC deaminase activities may improve the Agriculture production.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"18 1","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81731198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-29DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200803.11
Woldu Mogesse, H. Zelleke, M. Nigussie
Combining ability is the genotype's ability to pass the desired character to the offspring. Hence, combining ability information is needed to determine the crossed pairs in the formation of hybrid varieties. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate general and specific combining ability effects of maize inbred lines for yield and yield-related traits. Eight maize inbred lines were mated through a half diallel mating design (Griffing’s Method IV, Model I). The resulting twenty-eight F1 hybrids for twenty one characters were evaluated using Alpha-Lattice Design with three replications during 2018 main cropping season at Haramaya University Research Site (Raare). Genetic analysis of variance due to mean squares revealed significant differences for general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) effects indicated the presence of additive as well as non additive gene effects in governing the inheritance of these traits. These results confirm the possible involvement of both additive and non-additive gene actions in the inheritance of these characters and can be improved either by recurrent selection or even by heterosis breeding methods like production of hybrids, synthetics and composites. However, relative magnitude of these variances indicated that additive gene effects were more prominent for most of the characters studied since the ratio of GCA:SCA were more than unity in most of the traits. Parental line L3 and L8 were good general combiner for grain yield and L1, L2, L6 and L7 are desirable for earliness. The better performing four crosses L3×L6, L3×L8, L2×L5, and L6× L8 were good specific combiners for grain yield, which could be utilized for developing high yielding hybrid varieties as well as for exploiting hybrid vigor.
配合力是指基因型将所需性状传递给后代的能力。因此，需要配合力信息来确定杂交品种形成过程中的杂交对。因此，本研究旨在评估玉米自交系对产量和产量相关性状的一般配合力效应和特定配合力效应。采用半双列杂交设计(Griffing’s Method IV, Model I)对8个玉米自交系进行杂交。2018年主要种植季，在原屋大学研究基地(Raare)使用3个重复的Alpha-Lattice design对28个F1杂交组合进行评价。遗传方差均方差分析显示，一般配合力(gca)效应和特异配合力(sca)效应存在显著差异，说明遗传中存在加性和非加性基因效应。这些结果证实了加性和非加性基因作用可能参与了这些性状的遗传，并且可以通过循环选择甚至杂交、合成和复合等杂种优势育种方法来改进。然而，这些差异的相对大小表明，由于大多数性状的GCA与SCA的比例大于1，加性基因效应在大多数性状中更为突出。亲本L3和L8是较好的产量综合组合，L1、L2、L6和L7是较好的早熟组合。表现较好的4个组合L3×L6、L3×L8、L2×L5和L6× L8是籽粒产量较好的特定组合，可用于高产杂交种的培育和杂种优势的开发。
{"title":"General and Specific Combing Ability of Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Line for Grain Yield and Yield Related Traits Using 8×8 Diallel Crosses","authors":"Woldu Mogesse, H. Zelleke, M. Nigussie","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200803.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200803.11","url":null,"abstract":"Combining ability is the genotype's ability to pass the desired character to the offspring. Hence, combining ability information is needed to determine the crossed pairs in the formation of hybrid varieties. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate general and specific combining ability effects of maize inbred lines for yield and yield-related traits. Eight maize inbred lines were mated through a half diallel mating design (Griffing’s Method IV, Model I). The resulting twenty-eight F1 hybrids for twenty one characters were evaluated using Alpha-Lattice Design with three replications during 2018 main cropping season at Haramaya University Research Site (Raare). Genetic analysis of variance due to mean squares revealed significant differences for general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) effects indicated the presence of additive as well as non additive gene effects in governing the inheritance of these traits. These results confirm the possible involvement of both additive and non-additive gene actions in the inheritance of these characters and can be improved either by recurrent selection or even by heterosis breeding methods like production of hybrids, synthetics and composites. However, relative magnitude of these variances indicated that additive gene effects were more prominent for most of the characters studied since the ratio of GCA:SCA were more than unity in most of the traits. Parental line L3 and L8 were good general combiner for grain yield and L1, L2, L6 and L7 are desirable for earliness. The better performing four crosses L3×L6, L3×L8, L2×L5, and L6× L8 were good specific combiners for grain yield, which could be utilized for developing high yielding hybrid varieties as well as for exploiting hybrid vigor.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"8 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73216117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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