Pub Date : 2020-05-20DOI: 10.11648/J.BIO.20200801.12
Endale Alemayehu, Reta Habtamu, Akalu Banbeta
Introduction: Tuberculosis is the long-lasting infectious disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Globally, in 2016 alone, approximately 10.4 million new cases have occurred. Africa has shared around 25% of the incidence and specifically in Ethiopia around 82 thousand was caught by Tuberculosis. Methods: The study has been conducted in, south west Ethiopia, Jimma zone of entire districts and the data is basically secondary which is obtained from Jimma zone health office. The counts of Tuberculosis case counts have been analyzed with factors like gender, HIV co-infection, Population density and age of patients. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) method of Bayesian approach which is fast, deterministic and promising alternative to MCMC method was used to determine posterior marginal of the parameters of interest. Results: The Latent Gaussian Model (LGM) of Poisson distributional assumption of Tuberculosis cases that includes both fixed and random effects with penalized complexity priors appeared to be the best model to fit the data based on the Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria and other supportive criteria. Using Kullback-Leibler Divergence criteria, the under-used simplified Laplace approximation indicated that posterior marginal was well approximated by normal distribution. The predictive value of the best model is not far deviated from the actual data based on the Conditional Predictive Ordinate and the probability integral transform. Conclusions: All the variables were significant under this model and the posterior marginal was well approximated by standard Gaussian. The PIT indicated that predictive distribution was less affected by outliers and the model was reasonably well.
{"title":"Analysis of TB Case Counts in Southwest Ethiopia Using Bayesian Hierarchical Approach of the Latent Gaussian Model","authors":"Endale Alemayehu, Reta Habtamu, Akalu Banbeta","doi":"10.11648/J.BIO.20200801.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BIO.20200801.12","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Tuberculosis is the long-lasting infectious disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Globally, in 2016 alone, approximately 10.4 million new cases have occurred. Africa has shared around 25% of the incidence and specifically in Ethiopia around 82 thousand was caught by Tuberculosis. Methods: The study has been conducted in, south west Ethiopia, Jimma zone of entire districts and the data is basically secondary which is obtained from Jimma zone health office. The counts of Tuberculosis case counts have been analyzed with factors like gender, HIV co-infection, Population density and age of patients. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) method of Bayesian approach which is fast, deterministic and promising alternative to MCMC method was used to determine posterior marginal of the parameters of interest. Results: The Latent Gaussian Model (LGM) of Poisson distributional assumption of Tuberculosis cases that includes both fixed and random effects with penalized complexity priors appeared to be the best model to fit the data based on the Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria and other supportive criteria. Using Kullback-Leibler Divergence criteria, the under-used simplified Laplace approximation indicated that posterior marginal was well approximated by normal distribution. The predictive value of the best model is not far deviated from the actual data based on the Conditional Predictive Ordinate and the probability integral transform. Conclusions: All the variables were significant under this model and the posterior marginal was well approximated by standard Gaussian. The PIT indicated that predictive distribution was less affected by outliers and the model was reasonably well.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"92 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82147841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-20DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200802.12
Theophilus Ohiomorhen Iriabije, S. Uwadiae
The consumption of fruits and vegetables is on the increase as these produce have nutritive values associated to the presence of essential metals that helps boost humans’ immune system, thus, avoiding health problems. However, there is also the presence of some non-essential metals in fruits and vegetables that are detrimental to humans. This study was carried out in order to determine the concentrations of some potentially toxic heavy metals namely; Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) in some leafy vegetables namely; cucumber (Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Cucurbita lanatus), tomatoe (Solantum lycopersium) and pepper (Capsicum annuum), brought from Kano state as well as those cultivated in Edo state. 25 samples consisting of 4 different vegetables were each purchased from two major markets known to be a major depot for vegetables in Benin City as well as those produced in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Edible portions of the samples were used for analysis while bruised or rotten samples were removed. Samples for analysis were dried using the oven-dry method at 105°C for 24 hours to obtain the moisture content and then grounded. About 1.0g of the samples were each weighed and digested in a mixture of 10mls Nitric – Perchloric acid in a 250 ml Kjeldahl flask under a fume hood. The content was mixed and heated gently at 120 - 200°C for about 45 minutes on a hot plate. Heavy metals were present in all the vegetables analyse at various levels. Cadmium (Cd) concentration ranges between 0.02 – 0.47 mgkg-1, Lead (Pb) was within the range of 0.03 – 11.12 mgkg-1, Zinc (Zn) concentration ranges between 0.15 – 73.69 mgkg-1, and Nickel (Ni) concentration ranges between 0.07 – 35.54 mgkg-1 respectively in all the vegetables from the two states. Cd and Pb were observed to be higher than that of the Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO).
{"title":"Analysis of Some Heavy Metal Contents in Selected Vegetables and Fruits from States in Nigeria","authors":"Theophilus Ohiomorhen Iriabije, S. Uwadiae","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200802.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200802.12","url":null,"abstract":"The consumption of fruits and vegetables is on the increase as these produce have nutritive values associated to the presence of essential metals that helps boost humans’ immune system, thus, avoiding health problems. However, there is also the presence of some non-essential metals in fruits and vegetables that are detrimental to humans. This study was carried out in order to determine the concentrations of some potentially toxic heavy metals namely; Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) in some leafy vegetables namely; cucumber (Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Cucurbita lanatus), tomatoe (Solantum lycopersium) and pepper (Capsicum annuum), brought from Kano state as well as those cultivated in Edo state. 25 samples consisting of 4 different vegetables were each purchased from two major markets known to be a major depot for vegetables in Benin City as well as those produced in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Edible portions of the samples were used for analysis while bruised or rotten samples were removed. Samples for analysis were dried using the oven-dry method at 105°C for 24 hours to obtain the moisture content and then grounded. About 1.0g of the samples were each weighed and digested in a mixture of 10mls Nitric – Perchloric acid in a 250 ml Kjeldahl flask under a fume hood. The content was mixed and heated gently at 120 - 200°C for about 45 minutes on a hot plate. Heavy metals were present in all the vegetables analyse at various levels. Cadmium (Cd) concentration ranges between 0.02 – 0.47 mgkg-1, Lead (Pb) was within the range of 0.03 – 11.12 mgkg-1, Zinc (Zn) concentration ranges between 0.15 – 73.69 mgkg-1, and Nickel (Ni) concentration ranges between 0.07 – 35.54 mgkg-1 respectively in all the vegetables from the two states. Cd and Pb were observed to be higher than that of the Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO).","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"12 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90661471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-20DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200802.13
O. S. Bankole, E. N. Bako, M. Bala, Manga S. Sahabi
Bacteria isolated from tannery effluent collected from Erena local tannery in Niger State were examined for amylase production. Two of the isolates, Bacillus subtilis and Psuedomonas aeruginosa demonstrated ability of amylase production, where Bacillus subtilis has it highest amylase activity of 2.1mg/ml at 18hr, while Psuedomonas aerugionsa has highest activity of 1.7mg/ml at the same period. The optimum temperature and pH were also determined, Bacillus subtilis has highest amylase activity of 2.5mg/ml at 60°C, while Psuedomonas aeruginosa has highest activity of 2.3mg/ml at 80°C. The optimum pH for amylase produced by Bacillus subtilis and Psuedomonas aeruginosa at pH 7 were found to be 2.8mg/ml and 2.7mg/ml respectively. Streptococcus faecalis was not able to produce amylase. The research recommended that, production of the enzymes (amylase) from the two bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis) will pave way for industrialization and reduced cost of production and procurement of this enzymes. The production of amylase by Psuedomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis will also go a long way to conserve our hard earn foreign exchange thereby enhancing the economy, if these orgasms are fully exploited for the production of the enzyme, as well as utilizing the waste effluent that can pollute the environment to a beneficial aspect.
{"title":"Production of Amylase from Bacteria Isolated from Tannery Effluent","authors":"O. S. Bankole, E. N. Bako, M. Bala, Manga S. Sahabi","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200802.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200802.13","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteria isolated from tannery effluent collected from Erena local tannery in Niger State were examined for amylase production. Two of the isolates, Bacillus subtilis and Psuedomonas aeruginosa demonstrated ability of amylase production, where Bacillus subtilis has it highest amylase activity of 2.1mg/ml at 18hr, while Psuedomonas aerugionsa has highest activity of 1.7mg/ml at the same period. The optimum temperature and pH were also determined, Bacillus subtilis has highest amylase activity of 2.5mg/ml at 60°C, while Psuedomonas aeruginosa has highest activity of 2.3mg/ml at 80°C. The optimum pH for amylase produced by Bacillus subtilis and Psuedomonas aeruginosa at pH 7 were found to be 2.8mg/ml and 2.7mg/ml respectively. Streptococcus faecalis was not able to produce amylase. The research recommended that, production of the enzymes (amylase) from the two bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis) will pave way for industrialization and reduced cost of production and procurement of this enzymes. The production of amylase by Psuedomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis will also go a long way to conserve our hard earn foreign exchange thereby enhancing the economy, if these orgasms are fully exploited for the production of the enzyme, as well as utilizing the waste effluent that can pollute the environment to a beneficial aspect.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"7 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78327333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20200802.11
C. Ogunka-Nnoka, Ja Agwu, F. Igwe
This study evaluated the nutrient and essential oil compositions of Heterotis rotundifolia leaves. The leaves were carefully sorted and air-dried for 14 days at room temperature (20-25°C). The dried leaves were ground into powder using a grinding mill. Proximate composition, vitamins and physicochemical properties were analyzed using AOAC method while fatty acid and essential oil compositions were characterized using GC-MS. The proximate composition of the leaves showed higher carbohydrate content (80.97±0.03%) and moderate protein content (9.9±0.06%); while lipid (3.13±0.01%), fibre (1.30±0.01%), moisture (2.90±0.03%) and ash (1.89±0.02%) contents were low. Physicochemical properties of the oil revealed a high saponification value (238.43±0.84mg/KOH) and peroxide value (47.20±0.38mEq/kg). Fatty acid composition shows 83.69% saturated fatty acid with stearic acid (22.69±0.02%), myristic acid (18.54±0.01%) and palmitic acid (15.48±0.02%) as predominant fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acid composition was 9.72% with oleic acid (9.49±0.04%) and linolenic acid (0.23±0.01%) as predominant fatty acids. Vitamin composition also revealed higher concentrations of vitamins C (695.57±0.20mg/kg), B6 (70.33±0.88mg/kg), A (61.67±0.02mg/kg) and D (26.08±0.06mg/kg). Essential oil composition revealed a total of 24 compounds which include; long chain fatty acid, fatty acid methyl esters, hydrocarbons and alcoholic compound amongst which Neophytadiene (14.427%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.148%) and squalene (11.258%) were present in substantial amount. The proximate and essential oil compositions, vitamin content and physicochemical characteristics suggest that H. rotundifolia leaves have potential nutritional and medicinal value to man and animals.
{"title":"Nutrient and Essential Oil Compositions of Heterotis rotundifolia Leaves","authors":"C. Ogunka-Nnoka, Ja Agwu, F. Igwe","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20200802.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20200802.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the nutrient and essential oil compositions of Heterotis rotundifolia leaves. The leaves were carefully sorted and air-dried for 14 days at room temperature (20-25°C). The dried leaves were ground into powder using a grinding mill. Proximate composition, vitamins and physicochemical properties were analyzed using AOAC method while fatty acid and essential oil compositions were characterized using GC-MS. The proximate composition of the leaves showed higher carbohydrate content (80.97±0.03%) and moderate protein content (9.9±0.06%); while lipid (3.13±0.01%), fibre (1.30±0.01%), moisture (2.90±0.03%) and ash (1.89±0.02%) contents were low. Physicochemical properties of the oil revealed a high saponification value (238.43±0.84mg/KOH) and peroxide value (47.20±0.38mEq/kg). Fatty acid composition shows 83.69% saturated fatty acid with stearic acid (22.69±0.02%), myristic acid (18.54±0.01%) and palmitic acid (15.48±0.02%) as predominant fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acid composition was 9.72% with oleic acid (9.49±0.04%) and linolenic acid (0.23±0.01%) as predominant fatty acids. Vitamin composition also revealed higher concentrations of vitamins C (695.57±0.20mg/kg), B6 (70.33±0.88mg/kg), A (61.67±0.02mg/kg) and D (26.08±0.06mg/kg). Essential oil composition revealed a total of 24 compounds which include; long chain fatty acid, fatty acid methyl esters, hydrocarbons and alcoholic compound amongst which Neophytadiene (14.427%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.148%) and squalene (11.258%) were present in substantial amount. The proximate and essential oil compositions, vitamin content and physicochemical characteristics suggest that H. rotundifolia leaves have potential nutritional and medicinal value to man and animals.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"26 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84414360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-14DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.13
Genco Francesca, Meroni Valeria, De Silvestri Annalisa, B. Elise
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are typically asymptomatic infections, but they can have serious consequences mainly in newborns and immunocompromised patients. In many parts of the world, these infections are routinely screened during pregnancy (toxoplasmosis) and, in others, high-risk individuals are tested using fully automated screening assays. In this study, we investigated the performance of the three fully automated immunoassays, LIAISON® XL DiaSorin, Abbott Architect and Roche Cobas®, for the determination of specific IgG antibodies to Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii in human serum or plasma samples in terms of prevalence of CMV and Toxo IgG detected, and both sensitivity and specificity. Performance of the LIAISON® assays was investigated compared to two other assays, ARCHITECT (CMV IgG and Toxo IgG assays) and Cobas® (CMV IgG and Toxo IgG assays). Discrepant anti CMV IgG and anti Toxoplasma IgG samples were tested for IgM to CMV and Toxoplasma to exclude early acute infection where IgG could be detected differently by the methods. Overall, for both CMV IgG and Toxo IgG, the LIAISON® assay was better than both the Cobas® and ARCHITECT assays in terms of CMV and Toxo IgG detected, and both diagnostic sensitivity and specificity performance although the difference is statistically significant only compared to Cobas®.
{"title":"Comparison of Three Diagnostic Methods for the Detection of Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii IgG Antibodies at Prenatal Screening","authors":"Genco Francesca, Meroni Valeria, De Silvestri Annalisa, B. Elise","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.13","url":null,"abstract":"Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are typically asymptomatic infections, but they can have serious consequences mainly in newborns and immunocompromised patients. In many parts of the world, these infections are routinely screened during pregnancy (toxoplasmosis) and, in others, high-risk individuals are tested using fully automated screening assays. In this study, we investigated the performance of the three fully automated immunoassays, LIAISON® XL DiaSorin, Abbott Architect and Roche Cobas®, for the determination of specific IgG antibodies to Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii in human serum or plasma samples in terms of prevalence of CMV and Toxo IgG detected, and both sensitivity and specificity. Performance of the LIAISON® assays was investigated compared to two other assays, ARCHITECT (CMV IgG and Toxo IgG assays) and Cobas® (CMV IgG and Toxo IgG assays). Discrepant anti CMV IgG and anti Toxoplasma IgG samples were tested for IgM to CMV and Toxoplasma to exclude early acute infection where IgG could be detected differently by the methods. Overall, for both CMV IgG and Toxo IgG, the LIAISON® assay was better than both the Cobas® and ARCHITECT assays in terms of CMV and Toxo IgG detected, and both diagnostic sensitivity and specificity performance although the difference is statistically significant only compared to Cobas®.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"4 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88872445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-14DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.14
I. Svendsen
This study is a literature review aiming to give a summary of the effects that the current anthropogenic caused climate crisis has on the biogeography and environment, and further give examples of likely future adaptations and needed conservation work. This study is based on scientific articles, primary from Web of Science and Google Scholar. The biodiversity is under pressure due to climate changes, the average species extinction is currently two to three orders of magnitude higher than the normal background extinction, and faster than the rate of origination. This development follows the predictions of The Red Queen Hypothesis that every species must constantly evolve due to environmental changes in order to avoid extinction. The natural environments are changing due to e.g. increased extreme weather events and ocean acidification. The increased heating is causing drought, and adaptations of the biota is needed, like more drought resistant flora and fauna with the ability to undergo estivation. The increased oceanic acidity can cause the shells of calcifying organisms to dissolve. These organisms will need to either spend energy on increased calcification or develop in a way so they can carry out live with lesser calcification. If organisms cannot develop, they are likely to migrate to colder regions. In the ocean this means towards polar areas and to greater depths, and in the terrestrial environment it is pole wards and to greater altitudes. Conservation is needed, and there are multiple options. Ex situ might be the only option for species whose natural habitat will be forever gone if the development of the climate change continues as present. To carry out conservation to infinity is unrealistic, and we are at a point where climate change is threatening our food security. It is possible to both slow down the current climate crisis and counteract its consequences.
本研究是一项文献综述，旨在总结当前人为气候危机对生物地理和环境的影响，并进一步举例说明未来可能的适应和需要的保护工作。本研究基于科学文章，主要来自Web of Science和Google Scholar。由于气候变化，生物多样性受到压力，目前平均物种灭绝比正常背景灭绝高2 ~ 3个数量级，并且快于起源的速度。这一发展遵循了“红皇后假说”的预测，即每个物种都必须不断进化，因为环境变化，以避免灭绝。由于极端天气事件增加和海洋酸化等原因，自然环境正在发生变化。升温正在导致干旱，需要对生物群进行适应，比如更多具有抗旱能力的动植物。海洋酸度的增加会导致钙化生物的外壳溶解。这些生物要么需要消耗能量来增加钙化，要么需要以一种能在较少钙化的情况下生存的方式发育。如果生物体不能发育，它们可能会迁移到更冷的地区。在海洋中，这意味着向极地地区和更深的地方移动，而在陆地环境中，这意味着向极地和更高的高度移动。保护是必要的，而且有多种选择。如果气候变化继续发展下去，对那些自然栖息地将永远消失的物种来说，迁地可能是唯一的选择。无限地进行保护是不现实的，而我们正处于气候变化威胁我们粮食安全的地步。减缓当前的气候危机并抵消其后果是有可能的。
{"title":"The Effects that the Current Climate Crisis have on the Biogeography and Environment, Needed Adaptations and Conservation","authors":"I. Svendsen","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.14","url":null,"abstract":"This study is a literature review aiming to give a summary of the effects that the current anthropogenic caused climate crisis has on the biogeography and environment, and further give examples of likely future adaptations and needed conservation work. This study is based on scientific articles, primary from Web of Science and Google Scholar. The biodiversity is under pressure due to climate changes, the average species extinction is currently two to three orders of magnitude higher than the normal background extinction, and faster than the rate of origination. This development follows the predictions of The Red Queen Hypothesis that every species must constantly evolve due to environmental changes in order to avoid extinction. The natural environments are changing due to e.g. increased extreme weather events and ocean acidification. The increased heating is causing drought, and adaptations of the biota is needed, like more drought resistant flora and fauna with the ability to undergo estivation. The increased oceanic acidity can cause the shells of calcifying organisms to dissolve. These organisms will need to either spend energy on increased calcification or develop in a way so they can carry out live with lesser calcification. If organisms cannot develop, they are likely to migrate to colder regions. In the ocean this means towards polar areas and to greater depths, and in the terrestrial environment it is pole wards and to greater altitudes. Conservation is needed, and there are multiple options. Ex situ might be the only option for species whose natural habitat will be forever gone if the development of the climate change continues as present. To carry out conservation to infinity is unrealistic, and we are at a point where climate change is threatening our food security. It is possible to both slow down the current climate crisis and counteract its consequences.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"184 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78198060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-18DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.12
Chiamaka Evan Achu, O. Nwaorgu, C. Egbuche, D. Ezeagwuna, O. Ajibaye, D. N. Aribodor
Malaria in pregnancy is a public health problem and requires prophylactic treatment with Sulphadoxine–Pyrimethamine (SP) drug. However, the emergence and spread of SP-resistance P. falciparum parasite across Nigeria poses serious threat to the efficacy and effectiveness of this preventive intervention. This study aimed to determine the frequency of MSP2 allelic families and SP resistance molecular markers of P. falciparum among asymptomatic pregnant women in Asaba, Delta State. Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Microscopy were used to detect malaria parasite infection among the study participants. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to confirm parasitaemia using P. falciparum MSP2 as a marker while Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify P. falciparum SP-resistance molecular markers at codons 51, 59, 108, 164 of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), and codons 437, 540, 581 and 431 of dihydropteorate synthetase (dhps) genes. The prevalence of malaria from the 410 pregnant women examined at first antenatal registration were 8.29% and 17.07% using RDT and microscopy, respectively (P 0.05). Single mutation of C59R in 10 (21.28%) cases was the most prevalent haplotype in the Pfdhfr/Pfdhps genes (P < 0.05). Mutation variations of Pfdhfr/Pfdhps identified were 15 (31.91%) single, 14 (29.79%) double, 13 (27.66%) triple and 5 (10.64%) quadruple with 5, 8, 6 and 3 unique haplotypes, respectively. The study recorded the presence of malaria parasites among the study participants. P. falciparum SP resistant genes were also detected and this may present a challenge in the usefulness of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp-SP) in pregnancy.
{"title":"Frequency of Merozoite Surface Protein 2 (MSP2) Allelic Families and Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) Resistance Markers Among Pregnant Women in Delta State, Nigeria)","authors":"Chiamaka Evan Achu, O. Nwaorgu, C. Egbuche, D. Ezeagwuna, O. Ajibaye, D. N. Aribodor","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.12","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria in pregnancy is a public health problem and requires prophylactic treatment with Sulphadoxine–Pyrimethamine (SP) drug. However, the emergence and spread of SP-resistance P. falciparum parasite across Nigeria poses serious threat to the efficacy and effectiveness of this preventive intervention. This study aimed to determine the frequency of MSP2 allelic families and SP resistance molecular markers of P. falciparum among asymptomatic pregnant women in Asaba, Delta State. Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Microscopy were used to detect malaria parasite infection among the study participants. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to confirm parasitaemia using P. falciparum MSP2 as a marker while Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify P. falciparum SP-resistance molecular markers at codons 51, 59, 108, 164 of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), and codons 437, 540, 581 and 431 of dihydropteorate synthetase (dhps) genes. The prevalence of malaria from the 410 pregnant women examined at first antenatal registration were 8.29% and 17.07% using RDT and microscopy, respectively (P 0.05). Single mutation of C59R in 10 (21.28%) cases was the most prevalent haplotype in the Pfdhfr/Pfdhps genes (P < 0.05). Mutation variations of Pfdhfr/Pfdhps identified were 15 (31.91%) single, 14 (29.79%) double, 13 (27.66%) triple and 5 (10.64%) quadruple with 5, 8, 6 and 3 unique haplotypes, respectively. The study recorded the presence of malaria parasites among the study participants. P. falciparum SP resistant genes were also detected and this may present a challenge in the usefulness of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp-SP) in pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"44 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75844248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.11
Issa Karama, M. Compaoré, Abdoulaye Djandé, Orokia Traoré, L. Lagnika, M. Kiendrebeogo
The discovery of new molecules for fighting against malaria is still relevant to overcome Plasmodium sp resistance. Phenolic compounds from medicinal plants have shown antiplasmodial properties. In addition, the targets of flavonoids on P. falciparum are multiple. This work aimed to identify the antiplasmodial compounds from methanol extract of Securidaca longepedunculata leaves. The inhibition of β-hematin formation was used to detect antiplasmodial compounds through a bio-guided chromatographic fractionation procedures. W2 strain was inhibited by flavonoids fractions Fc1 and Fb4 with 6.98 and 10.39 µg/mL as IC50 respectively. Also, fractions of phenol acids have shown good activities on the inhibition of β-hematin formation. The HPLC analyze showed that S. longepedunculata leaves extract contained quercetin, 3-β-quercetin, luteolin, chrysin, isorhamnetin, hyperoside, rutin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, tannic acid and ferulic acid. Among these compounds identified, some had shown antiplasmodial and inhibitory activities on the formation of β-hematin. The antimalarial activity of the leaves of S. longepedunculata would be due in part to phenolic acids and flavonoids. The antiplasmodial activity observed in this work would be due in part to the ability of flavonoids from S. longepedunculata leaves to inhibit the formation of β-hematin. This finding could justify partially the S. longepedunculata uses in malaria treatment in Burkina Faso.
{"title":"Antiplasmodial Activities of Flavonoids from Leaves of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae)","authors":"Issa Karama, M. Compaoré, Abdoulaye Djandé, Orokia Traoré, L. Lagnika, M. Kiendrebeogo","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200801.11","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of new molecules for fighting against malaria is still relevant to overcome Plasmodium sp resistance. Phenolic compounds from medicinal plants have shown antiplasmodial properties. In addition, the targets of flavonoids on P. falciparum are multiple. This work aimed to identify the antiplasmodial compounds from methanol extract of Securidaca longepedunculata leaves. The inhibition of β-hematin formation was used to detect antiplasmodial compounds through a bio-guided chromatographic fractionation procedures. W2 strain was inhibited by flavonoids fractions Fc1 and Fb4 with 6.98 and 10.39 µg/mL as IC50 respectively. Also, fractions of phenol acids have shown good activities on the inhibition of β-hematin formation. The HPLC analyze showed that S. longepedunculata leaves extract contained quercetin, 3-β-quercetin, luteolin, chrysin, isorhamnetin, hyperoside, rutin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, tannic acid and ferulic acid. Among these compounds identified, some had shown antiplasmodial and inhibitory activities on the formation of β-hematin. The antimalarial activity of the leaves of S. longepedunculata would be due in part to phenolic acids and flavonoids. The antiplasmodial activity observed in this work would be due in part to the ability of flavonoids from S. longepedunculata leaves to inhibit the formation of β-hematin. This finding could justify partially the S. longepedunculata uses in malaria treatment in Burkina Faso.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"64 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83895084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.11648/J.BIO.20200801.11
T. Demeke, T. Getachew, E. Bayou
This study was aimed to generate comprehensive information on production objectives, reproductive performance and selection criteria of indigenous sheep types under farmer’s management condition in Meket and Gidan districts, North Wollo Zone. Ethiopia. Multistage purposive sampling was employed based on the potential of sheep production. Accordingly 6 rural kebeles (3 from each district) were considered purposively. About 240 households (120 from each district) were used for household survey. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0 2007) was used to analyze data. The main objectives of keeping sheep were for income generation followed by meat consumption across the districts compared. Sexual maturity age of Meket ram was 9.04 months whereas Gidan ram was 8.51 months. The average age at first lambing, lambing interval and lifetime lamb crop of Meket Sheep were 16.04 months, 9.14 months and 8.92 lambs, respectively. The corresponding values for Gidan Sheep were 15.57 months, 8.66 months and 9.77 lambs, respectively. Color, growth character and appearance were the most important traits considered by farmers to select breeding rams in both study districts. Ages at first sexual maturity, color, lamb growth and pedigree were the most important trait in choosing of breeding ewes in Meket district. Whereas Ages at first sexual maturity, color, tail type/length and pedigree were the most important trait in choosing of breeding ewes in Gidan district. Therefore, this finding was put baseline for understanding about production objective, Reproductive performance and selection criteria of Sheep and serve as a base for designing a sustainable breeding programme and selection strategies in the study area.
{"title":"Production Objectives, Reproductive Performance and Selection Criteria of Indigenous Sheep Types in Meket and Gidan Districts, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"T. Demeke, T. Getachew, E. Bayou","doi":"10.11648/J.BIO.20200801.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BIO.20200801.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed to generate comprehensive information on production objectives, reproductive performance and selection criteria of indigenous sheep types under farmer’s management condition in Meket and Gidan districts, North Wollo Zone. Ethiopia. Multistage purposive sampling was employed based on the potential of sheep production. Accordingly 6 rural kebeles (3 from each district) were considered purposively. About 240 households (120 from each district) were used for household survey. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0 2007) was used to analyze data. The main objectives of keeping sheep were for income generation followed by meat consumption across the districts compared. Sexual maturity age of Meket ram was 9.04 months whereas Gidan ram was 8.51 months. The average age at first lambing, lambing interval and lifetime lamb crop of Meket Sheep were 16.04 months, 9.14 months and 8.92 lambs, respectively. The corresponding values for Gidan Sheep were 15.57 months, 8.66 months and 9.77 lambs, respectively. Color, growth character and appearance were the most important traits considered by farmers to select breeding rams in both study districts. Ages at first sexual maturity, color, lamb growth and pedigree were the most important trait in choosing of breeding ewes in Meket district. Whereas Ages at first sexual maturity, color, tail type/length and pedigree were the most important trait in choosing of breeding ewes in Gidan district. Therefore, this finding was put baseline for understanding about production objective, Reproductive performance and selection criteria of Sheep and serve as a base for designing a sustainable breeding programme and selection strategies in the study area.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"49 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76378321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of four silvicultural methods notably Layon, Blanc-Etoc (BE), Martineau and assisted natural regeneration (ANR) have been compared on the dendrometric traits of Pericopsis elata Harms and Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague planted in 1938 in Yangambi for controlling anthropogenic activities (agricultural deforestation and forest degradation) threatening the species to extinction added to difficult natural regeneration. The sustainable pedosilvicultural system will preserve Yangambi biosphere reserve. In case of variance analysis significance; the non-parametric test of Kruskal Wallis and the test of Tukey Honest Significant Differences were applied to separate the traits means. Results have revealed that the three plantation methods were significantly different from ANR. BE, Martineau and Layon have determined the Gaussian shape for P. elata diametric structures while Layon, Martineau and ANR presented the inversed J shape for E. cylindricum. BE method convenes for plantations of the two species whose trait values were higher than those of other methods. The difference was significant between the widest average breast height diameter (DBH) of 44.49±10.63cm with the total height mean of 24.46±4.45m for P. elata and DBH of 29.63±11.59cm with the total height mean of 22.04±5.80m for E. cylindricum. The differences were also identified respectively for the two species regarding the basal areas with 25.54±5.6 against 9.474±1.67 m/ha, the aboveground biomasses with 318.81±77.2 against 94.315±11.59t/ha and the loose volumes with 45069.49±12219.30 against 14 471.348±3 645.692m/ha. The Layon method did not have significant effect on the E. cylindricum, but has influenced the DBH, AGB and basal area of P. elata. The least productive method ANR has expressed a convenient natural regeneration inversed J shape for the two species, as related to Yangambi reserve preservation.
{"title":"Silvicultural Methods Effects on the 82 Year Old Planted Pericopsis elata (Fabaceae) and Entandrophragma cylindricum (Meliaceae) Dendrometry in Yangambi Region, DR Congo","authors":"Likoko Bambele Alexandre, Mbasi Michel, Lonema Chuda Adelar, Alongo Longomba Sylvain, Kombele Bishosha Ferdinand, Boyemba Bosela Faustin","doi":"10.11648/j.bio.20200804.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20200804.12","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of four silvicultural methods notably Layon, Blanc-Etoc (BE), Martineau and assisted natural regeneration (ANR) have been compared on the dendrometric traits of Pericopsis elata Harms and Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague planted in 1938 in Yangambi for controlling anthropogenic activities (agricultural deforestation and forest degradation) threatening the species to extinction added to difficult natural regeneration. The sustainable pedosilvicultural system will preserve Yangambi biosphere reserve. In case of variance analysis significance; the non-parametric test of Kruskal Wallis and the test of Tukey Honest Significant Differences were applied to separate the traits means. Results have revealed that the three plantation methods were significantly different from ANR. BE, Martineau and Layon have determined the Gaussian shape for P. elata diametric structures while Layon, Martineau and ANR presented the inversed J shape for E. cylindricum. BE method convenes for plantations of the two species whose trait values were higher than those of other methods. The difference was significant between the widest average breast height diameter (DBH) of 44.49±10.63cm with the total height mean of 24.46±4.45m for P. elata and DBH of 29.63±11.59cm with the total height mean of 22.04±5.80m for E. cylindricum. The differences were also identified respectively for the two species regarding the basal areas with 25.54±5.6 against 9.474±1.67 m/ha, the aboveground biomasses with 318.81±77.2 against 94.315±11.59t/ha and the loose volumes with 45069.49±12219.30 against 14 471.348±3 645.692m/ha. The Layon method did not have significant effect on the E. cylindricum, but has influenced the DBH, AGB and basal area of P. elata. The least productive method ANR has expressed a convenient natural regeneration inversed J shape for the two species, as related to Yangambi reserve preservation.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"40 1","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85248521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：