Hydrogels with soft, skin-friendly properties and high biocompatibility are promising alternatives to traditional sensors. However, balancing electrical conductivity and sensitivity remains a significant challenge. The sensitivity-improved strain sensor was designed by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) reinforced polydopamine (PDA)-glycerol (Gly)-polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogels (PGPHs). The hydrogels exhibited excellent sensing sensitivity with a gauge factor of 2.78, conductivity of 2.2 S/m, tensile deformation of 200%, fast response time of 370 ms, and recovery time of 260 ms, surpassing those of most previously reported hydrogel-based strain sensors. This improvement can be attributed to the high electrical conductivity and uniform distribution of the rGO associated with Gly and PDA. PGPHs also exhibited an attractive monitoring effect for hand movements and precise detection feedback for the slight dynamics of the pharynx. Hydrogel-based strain sensors have been demonstrated as a potentially sustainable solution for dynamic detection and communication.
{"title":"Reduced graphene oxide reinforced PDA-Gly-PVA composite hydrogel as strain sensors for monitoring human motion","authors":"Xiaoling Ke, Xiaojiang Mu, Siyi Chen, Zhixiang Zhang, Jianhua Zhou, Yulian Chen, Jie Gao, Jing Liu, Xiaoyang Wang, Chuanguo Ma, Lei Miao","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.14","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogels with soft, skin-friendly properties and high biocompatibility are promising alternatives to traditional sensors. However, balancing electrical conductivity and sensitivity remains a significant challenge. The sensitivity-improved strain sensor was designed by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) reinforced polydopamine (PDA)-glycerol (Gly)-polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogels (PGPHs). The hydrogels exhibited excellent sensing sensitivity with a gauge factor of 2.78, conductivity of 2.2 S/m, tensile deformation of 200%, fast response time of 370 ms, and recovery time of 260 ms, surpassing those of most previously reported hydrogel-based strain sensors. This improvement can be attributed to the high electrical conductivity and uniform distribution of the rGO associated with Gly and PDA. PGPHs also exhibited an attractive monitoring effect for hand movements and precise detection feedback for the slight dynamics of the pharynx. Hydrogel-based strain sensors have been demonstrated as a potentially sustainable solution for dynamic detection and communication.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using flexible neuromorphic electronics that emulate biological neuronal systems is an innovative approach for facilitating the implementation of next-generation artificial intelligence devices, including wearable computers, soft robotics devices, and neuroprosthetics. Stretchable synaptic transistors based on field-effect transistors (FETs), which have functions and structures resembling those of biological synapses, are promising technological devices in flexible neuromorphic electronics owing to their high flexibility, excellent biocompatibility, and easy processability. However, obtaining stretchable synaptic FETs with various synaptic characteristics and good stretching stabilities is challenging. Significant efforts to produce stretchable synaptic FETs have been undertaken; and remarkable advances in materials, fabrication processes, and applications have been achieved. From this perspective, we discuss the requirements for neuromorphic devices in flexible neuromorphic electronics and the advantages of stretchable synaptic FETs. Moreover, representative methods used to implement stretchable synaptic transistors, including the structural design and development of intrinsically stretchable devices, are introduced. Additionally, the application of stretchable synaptic transistors in artificial sensory systems such as light, tactile, and multisensory artificial nervous systems is also discussed. Finally, we highlight the possible challenges in implementing and using stretchable synaptic transistors, propose solutions to overcome the current limitations of these devices, and suggest future research directions.
{"title":"Stretchable synaptic transistors based on the field effect for flexible neuromorphic electronics","authors":"Xiumei Wang, Longqi Qi, Huihuang Yang, Yuan Rao, Huipeng Chen","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.06","url":null,"abstract":"Using flexible neuromorphic electronics that emulate biological neuronal systems is an innovative approach for facilitating the implementation of next-generation artificial intelligence devices, including wearable computers, soft robotics devices, and neuroprosthetics. Stretchable synaptic transistors based on field-effect transistors (FETs), which have functions and structures resembling those of biological synapses, are promising technological devices in flexible neuromorphic electronics owing to their high flexibility, excellent biocompatibility, and easy processability. However, obtaining stretchable synaptic FETs with various synaptic characteristics and good stretching stabilities is challenging. Significant efforts to produce stretchable synaptic FETs have been undertaken; and remarkable advances in materials, fabrication processes, and applications have been achieved. From this perspective, we discuss the requirements for neuromorphic devices in flexible neuromorphic electronics and the advantages of stretchable synaptic FETs. Moreover, representative methods used to implement stretchable synaptic transistors, including the structural design and development of intrinsically stretchable devices, are introduced. Additionally, the application of stretchable synaptic transistors in artificial sensory systems such as light, tactile, and multisensory artificial nervous systems is also discussed. Finally, we highlight the possible challenges in implementing and using stretchable synaptic transistors, propose solutions to overcome the current limitations of these devices, and suggest future research directions.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danwei Zhang, Seng Ann Sia, Samantha Faye Duran, Jianwei Xu, A. Suwardi
The vast amount of waste heat released into the environment, from body heat to factories and boilers, can be exploited for electricity generation. Thermoelectrics is a sustainable clean energy solution that converts a heat flux directly into electrical power and vice versa and therefore has the potential for both energy harvesting and cooling technologies. However, the usage of thermoelectrics for large-scale applications is restrained by its device topologies and energy conversion cost efficiency trade-offs. The increase in complex topological designs reported in literature shows a shift towards customizability and improvement of thermoelectric devices for maximum energy conversion efficiency. Increasing design complexity will require an innovative, cost-effective fabrication method with design freedom capabilities. In light of this, this review paper seeks to summarize various thermoelectric topological designs as well as how 3D Printing technology can be a solution to the fabrication of cost-and performance-efficient thermoelectric devices. Specifically, as a process category of 3D Printing technology, Materials Jetting will be elaborated for its usefulness in the fabrication of thermoelectric devices. With in-depth research in materials jetting of thermoelectrics, the gap between small-scale materials research and scaled-up industry applications for energy harvesting through thermoelectric devices is expected to be bridged.
{"title":"Energy harvesting through thermoelectrics: topological designs and materials jetting technology","authors":"Danwei Zhang, Seng Ann Sia, Samantha Faye Duran, Jianwei Xu, A. Suwardi","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.29","url":null,"abstract":"The vast amount of waste heat released into the environment, from body heat to factories and boilers, can be exploited for electricity generation. Thermoelectrics is a sustainable clean energy solution that converts a heat flux directly into electrical power and vice versa and therefore has the potential for both energy harvesting and cooling technologies. However, the usage of thermoelectrics for large-scale applications is restrained by its device topologies and energy conversion cost efficiency trade-offs. The increase in complex topological designs reported in literature shows a shift towards customizability and improvement of thermoelectric devices for maximum energy conversion efficiency. Increasing design complexity will require an innovative, cost-effective fabrication method with design freedom capabilities. In light of this, this review paper seeks to summarize various thermoelectric topological designs as well as how 3D Printing technology can be a solution to the fabrication of cost-and performance-efficient thermoelectric devices. Specifically, as a process category of 3D Printing technology, Materials Jetting will be elaborated for its usefulness in the fabrication of thermoelectric devices. With in-depth research in materials jetting of thermoelectrics, the gap between small-scale materials research and scaled-up industry applications for energy harvesting through thermoelectric devices is expected to be bridged.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of devices that can be mechanically deformed in geometrical layouts, such as flexible/stretchable devices, is important for various applications. Conventional flexible/stretchable devices have been demonstrated using two-dimensional (2D) geometry, resulting in dimensional constraints on device operations and functionality limitations. Accordingly, expanding the dimensions in which such devices can operate and acquiring unique functionality that is difficult to implement in 2D planar structures remain challenging. As a solution, the development of a flexible/stretchable device embedding a three-dimensional (3D) structure fabricated through the precise control of a 2D structure or direct construction has been attracting significant attention. Because of a significant amount of effort, several 3D material systems with distinctive engineering properties, including electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties, which are difficult to occur in nature or to obtain in usual 2D material systems, have been demonstrated. Furthermore, 3D advanced material systems with flexibility and stretchability can provide additional options for developing devices with various form factors. In this review, novel fabrication methods and unprecedented physical properties of flexible/stretchable 3D material systems are reviewed through multiple application cases. In addition, we summarized the latest advances and trends in innovative applications implemented through the introduction of advanced 3D systems in various fields, including microelectromechanical systems, optoelectronics, energy devices, biomedical devices, sensors, actuators, metamaterials, and microfluidic systems.
{"title":"Applications of flexible and stretchable three-dimensional structures for soft electronics","authors":"Jang Hwan Kim, Su Eon Lee, Bong Hoon Kim","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.07","url":null,"abstract":"The development of devices that can be mechanically deformed in geometrical layouts, such as flexible/stretchable devices, is important for various applications. Conventional flexible/stretchable devices have been demonstrated using two-dimensional (2D) geometry, resulting in dimensional constraints on device operations and functionality limitations. Accordingly, expanding the dimensions in which such devices can operate and acquiring unique functionality that is difficult to implement in 2D planar structures remain challenging. As a solution, the development of a flexible/stretchable device embedding a three-dimensional (3D) structure fabricated through the precise control of a 2D structure or direct construction has been attracting significant attention. Because of a significant amount of effort, several 3D material systems with distinctive engineering properties, including electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties, which are difficult to occur in nature or to obtain in usual 2D material systems, have been demonstrated. Furthermore, 3D advanced material systems with flexibility and stretchability can provide additional options for developing devices with various form factors. In this review, novel fabrication methods and unprecedented physical properties of flexible/stretchable 3D material systems are reviewed through multiple application cases. In addition, we summarized the latest advances and trends in innovative applications implemented through the introduction of advanced 3D systems in various fields, including microelectromechanical systems, optoelectronics, energy devices, biomedical devices, sensors, actuators, metamaterials, and microfluidic systems.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), as an intriguing class of soft active materials, exhibit excellent actuation performances and biocompatible properties, as well as a high degree of design flexibility, which have been of increasing interest in many disciplines. This review summarizes recent developments in this inspiring area, providing an overview of fabrication methods, design schemes, actuation mechanisms, and diverse applications of LCEs. Firstly, two-stage and one-pot synthesis methods, as well as emerging fabrication techniques (e.g., 3D/4D printing and top-down microfabrication techniques) are introduced. Secondly, the design and actuation mechanisms are discussed according to the different types of stimuli (e.g., heat, light, and electric/magnetic fields, among others). Thirdly, the representative applications are summarized, including soft robotics, temperature/strain sensors, biomedical devices, stretchable displays, and smart textiles. Finally, outlooks on the scientific challenges and open opportunities are provided.
{"title":"Recent advances in the design, fabrication, actuation mechanisms and applications of liquid crystal elastomers","authors":"Yue Xiao, Jun Wu, Yihui Zhang","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.03","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), as an intriguing class of soft active materials, exhibit excellent actuation performances and biocompatible properties, as well as a high degree of design flexibility, which have been of increasing interest in many disciplines. This review summarizes recent developments in this inspiring area, providing an overview of fabrication methods, design schemes, actuation mechanisms, and diverse applications of LCEs. Firstly, two-stage and one-pot synthesis methods, as well as emerging fabrication techniques (e.g., 3D/4D printing and top-down microfabrication techniques) are introduced. Secondly, the design and actuation mechanisms are discussed according to the different types of stimuli (e.g., heat, light, and electric/magnetic fields, among others). Thirdly, the representative applications are summarized, including soft robotics, temperature/strain sensors, biomedical devices, stretchable displays, and smart textiles. Finally, outlooks on the scientific challenges and open opportunities are provided.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technique with significant advantages, including cost effectiveness, applicability for a wide range of materials, user-friendliness and small equipment features. However, its poor resolution represents a hindrance for functional parts for commercial production. In this review, the key process parameters are presented with their factors and effects on the characteristics of FDM-printed polymeric products. Hence, better insights into the relationship between key parameters and three main printing characteristics, namely, surface roughness, mechanical strength and dimensional accuracy, in existing FDM research are provided. A conclusion that addresses the challenges and future research directions in this area is also presented.
{"title":"A systematic review of fused deposition modeling process parameters","authors":"N. N. Ahmad, Y. H. Wong, N. Ghazali","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.08","url":null,"abstract":"Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technique with significant advantages, including cost effectiveness, applicability for a wide range of materials, user-friendliness and small equipment features. However, its poor resolution represents a hindrance for functional parts for commercial production. In this review, the key process parameters are presented with their factors and effects on the characteristics of FDM-printed polymeric products. Hence, better insights into the relationship between key parameters and three main printing characteristics, namely, surface roughness, mechanical strength and dimensional accuracy, in existing FDM research are provided. A conclusion that addresses the challenges and future research directions in this area is also presented.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67659740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to considerable progress in DNA nanotechnology, DNA is gaining significant attention as a programmable building block for the next generation of soft biomaterials. DNA has been used as either the only component to form all-DNA hydrogels or a cross-linker or functional entity to form hybrid DNA hydrogels through physical interactions or chemical reactions. The formed hydrogels exhibit adequate biocompatibility, convenient programmability, tunable multifunctionality, and capability of precise molecular recognition, making them an irreplaceable polymeric platform for interfacing biology. Responsive DNA hydrogels that are prepared through hybridization of DNA sticky ends, formation of i-motifs, enzymatic ligation, and enzymatic polymerization are commonly reported nowadays, which can undergo disassembly induced by various triggers, including alteration in ionic strength, pH, temperature, and biomolecules. These hydrogels are envisioned for applications of drug delivery and biosensing. This perspective aims to assess the most recent and important developments in this emerging class of biomedically useful DNA hydrogels.
{"title":"Biomedical DNA hydrogels","authors":"Yong Hu","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.20","url":null,"abstract":"Due to considerable progress in DNA nanotechnology, DNA is gaining significant attention as a programmable building block for the next generation of soft biomaterials. DNA has been used as either the only component to form all-DNA hydrogels or a cross-linker or functional entity to form hybrid DNA hydrogels through physical interactions or chemical reactions. The formed hydrogels exhibit adequate biocompatibility, convenient programmability, tunable multifunctionality, and capability of precise molecular recognition, making them an irreplaceable polymeric platform for interfacing biology. Responsive DNA hydrogels that are prepared through hybridization of DNA sticky ends, formation of i-motifs, enzymatic ligation, and enzymatic polymerization are commonly reported nowadays, which can undergo disassembly induced by various triggers, including alteration in ionic strength, pH, temperature, and biomolecules. These hydrogels are envisioned for applications of drug delivery and biosensing. This perspective aims to assess the most recent and important developments in this emerging class of biomedically useful DNA hydrogels.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67659991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-machine interactions are becoming increasingly required for intelligent sensing and effective manipulation. Recent developments in flexible piezoelectric sensors with short response time and high force-electric interconversion efficiency present a tendency toward facilitating diverse human-machine interactive applications. Here, we review the development of flexible piezoelectric human-machine interactions in the context of robotic control, the Internet of Things, sports coaching and acoustic therapeutics. The synthesis of unique materials, the distinct design of device structures, the typical applications of piezoelectric human-machine interactions and the integration of cutting-edge technologies are elaborated in detail based on recent research. Finally, we highlight the current challenges and directions for the development of piezoelectric human-machine interactions for more advanced application scenarios.
{"title":"Recent progress in flexible piezoelectric devices toward human-machine interactions","authors":"","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.23","url":null,"abstract":"Human-machine interactions are becoming increasingly required for intelligent sensing and effective manipulation. Recent developments in flexible piezoelectric sensors with short response time and high force-electric interconversion efficiency present a tendency toward facilitating diverse human-machine interactive applications. Here, we review the development of flexible piezoelectric human-machine interactions in the context of robotic control, the Internet of Things, sports coaching and acoustic therapeutics. The synthesis of unique materials, the distinct design of device structures, the typical applications of piezoelectric human-machine interactions and the integration of cutting-edge technologies are elaborated in detail based on recent research. Finally, we highlight the current challenges and directions for the development of piezoelectric human-machine interactions for more advanced application scenarios.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intrinsically soft and stretchable bioelectronics exhibit tissue-like mechanical behavior that enables the seamless integration of electronic devices with the human body to achieve high-quality biosignal recording and high-efficacy neural modulation. The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) shows significant promise in this field because of its high conductivity, excellent biocompatibility and commercial availability. However, pristine PEDOT:PSS is brittle and rigid and thus cannot be used in soft and stretchable electronics. More effort is therefore required to engineer PEDOT:PSS into a stretchable conductor that meets the demands of bioelectronics. In this perspective, we review the recent progress and propose the possible future directions of PEDOT:PSS-based bioelectronics.
{"title":"PEDOT:PSS-based intrinsically soft and stretchable bioelectronics","authors":"Gang Li","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.07","url":null,"abstract":"Intrinsically soft and stretchable bioelectronics exhibit tissue-like mechanical behavior that enables the seamless integration of electronic devices with the human body to achieve high-quality biosignal recording and high-efficacy neural modulation. The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) shows significant promise in this field because of its high conductivity, excellent biocompatibility and commercial availability. However, pristine PEDOT:PSS is brittle and rigid and thus cannot be used in soft and stretchable electronics. More effort is therefore required to engineer PEDOT:PSS into a stretchable conductor that meets the demands of bioelectronics. In this perspective, we review the recent progress and propose the possible future directions of PEDOT:PSS-based bioelectronics.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67659680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：