Additive manufacturing is an arising technology for soft materials and structures with improved complexity and functionality, and it has been gradually widespread in fields including soft robotics, flexible electronics and biomedical devices. Along with the development of material systems and fabrication techniques, mechanical design principles for additive manufactured soft materials were greatly developed and evolved over the past few years, and some special issues that are distinct from conventional manufacturing techniques emerged. In this short review, we mainly focus on additive manufactured soft materials that are in great request of mechanical models/simulations to provide design guidelines, therefore, topics such as soft robotics and electronics are out of scope here. We firstly discuss the mechanical designs for controlling shape distortions and interfacial strength, as they are directly related to the quality and reliability of additive manufactured soft materials. Then, design principles and manufacturing strategies for bio-inspired composites, which makes up a large part of current researches on additive manufactured soft materials, are summarized integrally from three aspects. In addition, basic mechanical considerations for additive manufactured 4D shape changing structures are explained, together with the review of recent theories and numerical approaches. Finally, suggestions and perspectives are given for future developments of soft material additive manufacturing.
{"title":"A brief review of mechanical designs for additive manufactured soft materials","authors":"Qiang Zhang, Yan Shi, Zeang Zhao","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.22","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing is an arising technology for soft materials and structures with improved complexity and functionality, and it has been gradually widespread in fields including soft robotics, flexible electronics and biomedical devices. Along with the development of material systems and fabrication techniques, mechanical design principles for additive manufactured soft materials were greatly developed and evolved over the past few years, and some special issues that are distinct from conventional manufacturing techniques emerged. In this short review, we mainly focus on additive manufactured soft materials that are in great request of mechanical models/simulations to provide design guidelines, therefore, topics such as soft robotics and electronics are out of scope here. We firstly discuss the mechanical designs for controlling shape distortions and interfacial strength, as they are directly related to the quality and reliability of additive manufactured soft materials. Then, design principles and manufacturing strategies for bio-inspired composites, which makes up a large part of current researches on additive manufactured soft materials, are summarized integrally from three aspects. In addition, basic mechanical considerations for additive manufactured 4D shape changing structures are explained, together with the review of recent theories and numerical approaches. Finally, suggestions and perspectives are given for future developments of soft material additive manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanically flexible and flame-retardant cellulose nanofibril-based films integrated with MXene and chitosan","authors":"","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Wong, Chunki Yiu, Jingkun Zhou, Zhenhao Song, Yiming Liu, Ling Zhao, K. Yao, Woo-Mi Park, Woojung Yoo, E. Song, Zhaoqian Xie, Xinge Yu
Flexible electronic skin (e-skin) has been successfully utilized in diverse applications, including prosthesis sensing, body-motion monitoring and human-machine interfaces, due to its excellent mechanical properties and electrical characteristics. However, current e-skins are still relatively thick (> 10 µ m) and uncomfortable for long-term usage on the human body. Herein, an ultrathin skin-integrated strain sensor with miniaturized dimensions, based on the piezoresistive effect, with excellent stability and robustness, is introduced. The fractal curve-shaped Au electrode in a serpentine format, which is the dominant component of the strain sensor, is sensitive to ambient strain variations and can turn the mechanical motion into a stable electrical signal output. With the advanced design of metallic electrodes, the device presents good operational stability and excellent mechanical tolerance towards bending, stretching and twisting. The stain sensor allows intimate mounting onto the human epidermal surface for the detection of body motion. By adopting a liquid bandage as an encapsulation layer, the device exhibits an ultrathin thickness (6.2 µ m), high sensitivity towards mechanical deformations and capability for the clear
{"title":"Tattoo-like epidermal electronics as skin sensors for human machine interfaces","authors":"T. Wong, Chunki Yiu, Jingkun Zhou, Zhenhao Song, Yiming Liu, Ling Zhao, K. Yao, Woo-Mi Park, Woojung Yoo, E. Song, Zhaoqian Xie, Xinge Yu","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.09","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible electronic skin (e-skin) has been successfully utilized in diverse applications, including prosthesis sensing, body-motion monitoring and human-machine interfaces, due to its excellent mechanical properties and electrical characteristics. However, current e-skins are still relatively thick (> 10 µ m) and uncomfortable for long-term usage on the human body. Herein, an ultrathin skin-integrated strain sensor with miniaturized dimensions, based on the piezoresistive effect, with excellent stability and robustness, is introduced. The fractal curve-shaped Au electrode in a serpentine format, which is the dominant component of the strain sensor, is sensitive to ambient strain variations and can turn the mechanical motion into a stable electrical signal output. With the advanced design of metallic electrodes, the device presents good operational stability and excellent mechanical tolerance towards bending, stretching and twisting. The stain sensor allows intimate mounting onto the human epidermal surface for the detection of body motion. By adopting a liquid bandage as an encapsulation layer, the device exhibits an ultrathin thickness (6.2 µ m), high sensitivity towards mechanical deformations and capability for the clear","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45597523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanomaterials exhibit unique chemical and physical properties in comparison with their bulk-phase counterparts, attracting significant attention from the oil and gas industry in the hope of solving challenging issues. Current heavy oil extraction methods are costly and have unsatisfactory efficiency, and facing environmental restrictions increasingly. Our recent introduction of sodium (Na) nanofluid provides a promising method for heavy oil extraction since it shows improved oil recovery without burning carbon-containing fuels. Here, we conducted core-flooding tests to further evaluate the effect of this Na nanofluid on recovering oil from different formations, which had not been previously demonstrated, as well as to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The Na nanofluid exhibited excellent oil-extraction efficiency for both types of heavy oil tested. The recovery mechanisms were found to be complicated. We also found that post-injection soaking and using the proper solvent to disperse the sodium nanoparticles are important for further boosting oil recovery.
{"title":"Sodium nanofluid for efficient oil recovery in heavy oil and oil sand reservoirs","authors":"D. Zareei, D. Luo, K. Kostarelos, Z. Ren","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.08","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomaterials exhibit unique chemical and physical properties in comparison with their bulk-phase counterparts, attracting significant attention from the oil and gas industry in the hope of solving challenging issues. Current heavy oil extraction methods are costly and have unsatisfactory efficiency, and facing environmental restrictions increasingly. Our recent introduction of sodium (Na) nanofluid provides a promising method for heavy oil extraction since it shows improved oil recovery without burning carbon-containing fuels. Here, we conducted core-flooding tests to further evaluate the effect of this Na nanofluid on recovering oil from different formations, which had not been previously demonstrated, as well as to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The Na nanofluid exhibited excellent oil-extraction efficiency for both types of heavy oil tested. The recovery mechanisms were found to be complicated. We also found that post-injection soaking and using the proper solvent to disperse the sodium nanoparticles are important for further boosting oil recovery.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47850192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent progress in pressure and temperature tactile sensors: Principle, classification, integration and outlook","authors":"Jiajie Yu, Ke Zhang, Yuan Deng","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45296199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Along with the rapid progress of wearable and portable electronic devices including electrical sensors, flexible displays, and health monitors, there is an ever-growing demand for wearable power sources. Supercapacitors, as a new kind of energy storage device, have received considerable attention for decades due to their high power density, excellent cycling stability
{"title":"Soft materials for wearable supercapacitors","authors":"Lili Jiang, Le Yuan, Wei Wang, Qinyong Zhang","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.07","url":null,"abstract":"Along with the rapid progress of wearable and portable electronic devices including electrical sensors, flexible displays, and health monitors, there is an ever-growing demand for wearable power sources. Supercapacitors, as a new kind of energy storage device, have received considerable attention for decades due to their high power density, excellent cycling stability","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44768738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have aroused tremendous attention due to the high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and flexibility of the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite films. However, the commercialization of perovskite solar cells is still impeded due to the instability issue induced by moisture and mechanical stress. Herein, we introduce soluble hydrophobic polyimide (PI) as an interfacial layer on top of the perovskite film to block the infiltration of moisture into the perovskite film. The MAPbI 3 -based solar cell with the insertion of PI layer exhibited an impressive stability, maintaining 87% of the initial PCE even after exposing to 50% relative humidity for 550 h and presenting a decent PCE of 21.22% due to its ability to extract holes and reduce trap-assisted recombination. Moreover, the high tolerance of PI to the mechanical stress gives a more stable flexibility to the PSCs under
{"title":"Simultaneously enhancing moisture and mechanical stability of flexible perovskite solar cells via a polyimide interfacial layer","authors":"Zhuoxi Li, X. Kong, Yue Jiang, Xubing Lu, Xin Gao, Chaoliang Tan, Yiwang Chen, Guofu Zhou, Jun-ming Liu, Jinwei Gao","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.06","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have aroused tremendous attention due to the high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and flexibility of the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite films. However, the commercialization of perovskite solar cells is still impeded due to the instability issue induced by moisture and mechanical stress. Herein, we introduce soluble hydrophobic polyimide (PI) as an interfacial layer on top of the perovskite film to block the infiltration of moisture into the perovskite film. The MAPbI 3 -based solar cell with the insertion of PI layer exhibited an impressive stability, maintaining 87% of the initial PCE even after exposing to 50% relative humidity for 550 h and presenting a decent PCE of 21.22% due to its ability to extract holes and reduce trap-assisted recombination. Moreover, the high tolerance of PI to the mechanical stress gives a more stable flexibility to the PSCs under","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49012723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, human-machine interaction, and healthcare systems, flexible tactile sensors have huge market potentials and research needs, so that both fundamental research and application demonstrations are evolving rapidly to push the potential to reality. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent progress of the flexible tactile sensor system, including the common sensing mechanisms, the important performance evaluation parameters, the device design trend, and the main applications. Moreover, the current device design trend towards flexible tactile sensor systems is discussed, including novel structures for outstanding performance, sensor arrays for large-area information acquisition, multi-mode information acquisition, and integration of tactile sensors with transistors. Various emerging applications enabled with these sensors are also exemplified in this review to show the potentials of the tactile sensors. Finally, we also discuss the technical demands and the future perspectives of flexible tactile sensor systems.
{"title":"Recent progress in flexible tactile sensor systems: from design to application","authors":"Jiefei Zhu, Changjiang Zhou, Min Zhang","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, human-machine interaction, and healthcare systems, flexible tactile sensors have huge market potentials and research needs, so that both fundamental research and application demonstrations are evolving rapidly to push the potential to reality. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent progress of the flexible tactile sensor system, including the common sensing mechanisms, the important performance evaluation parameters, the device design trend, and the main applications. Moreover, the current device design trend towards flexible tactile sensor systems is discussed, including novel structures for outstanding performance, sensor arrays for large-area information acquisition, multi-mode information acquisition, and integration of tactile sensors with transistors. Various emerging applications enabled with these sensors are also exemplified in this review to show the potentials of the tactile sensors. Finally, we also discuss the technical demands and the future perspectives of flexible tactile sensor systems.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42325904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Q. Zou, H. Shang, Daxing Huang, Taiguang Li, Xie Bowei, H. Gu, F. Ding
Bismuth selenide materials (Bi 2 Se 3 ) have high performance around room temperature, demonstrating potential in thermoelectric applications. Presently, most vacuum preparation techniques used to fabricate the film materials, such as magnetron sputtering and molecular beam epitaxy, usually require complex and expensive equipment. This limits the practical applications of flexible thermoelectric films. Here, we prepared Bi 2 Se 3+x nanoplate/ polyvinylidene fluoride composite films with good flexibility using a facile chemical reaction method. Their thermoelectric performance and microstructures were systematically studied. The composite films exhibit a highly preferred orientation along (015). The carrier concentration and mobility were optimized by adding excessive element Se, eventually leading to an improvement in thermoelectric performance. The optimized power factor is 5.2 μ W/K 2 m at 300 K. Furthermore, the performance remains stable after 2500 bending cycles at a radius of 1 cm, suggesting promising applications in wearable/portable electronics.
{"title":"Improved thermoelectric performance in n-type flexible Bi2Se3+x/PVDF composite films","authors":"Q. Zou, H. Shang, Daxing Huang, Taiguang Li, Xie Bowei, H. Gu, F. Ding","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.04","url":null,"abstract":"Bismuth selenide materials (Bi 2 Se 3 ) have high performance around room temperature, demonstrating potential in thermoelectric applications. Presently, most vacuum preparation techniques used to fabricate the film materials, such as magnetron sputtering and molecular beam epitaxy, usually require complex and expensive equipment. This limits the practical applications of flexible thermoelectric films. Here, we prepared Bi 2 Se 3+x nanoplate/ polyvinylidene fluoride composite films with good flexibility using a facile chemical reaction method. Their thermoelectric performance and microstructures were systematically studied. The composite films exhibit a highly preferred orientation along (015). The carrier concentration and mobility were optimized by adding excessive element Se, eventually leading to an improvement in thermoelectric performance. The optimized power factor is 5.2 μ W/K 2 m at 300 K. Furthermore, the performance remains stable after 2500 bending cycles at a radius of 1 cm, suggesting promising applications in wearable/portable electronics.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45762715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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