Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment最新文献_第4页

Knowledge-based phosphorus input levels control the link between soil microbial diversity and ecosystem functions in paddy fields 基于知识的磷投入水平控制着稻田土壤微生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的联系

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109352

Qiaorong Li , Yao Liu , Ning Su , Chang Tian , Yuping Zhang , Lin Tan , Jianwei Peng , Xiangmin Rong , Gongwen Luo

The knowledge-based phosphorus (P) input in farmlands is an approved management practice for enhancing soil P supply and crop production. To maintain crop production and ensure the efficient application of P resources, it is crucial to better understand the impacts of P inputs on agroecosystem production and functional services, as well as their relationships with soil biodiversity. A decade-long field experiment was established to explore the impacts of P fertilizer input levels on the multiple ecosystem functions (ecosystem multifunctionality, EMF) of paddy fields, with particular attention to link between soil biodiversity and the EMF. By integrating 22 single-ecosystem functions, our results suggested that P fertilizer inputs significantly increased the EMF and most single-ecosystem functions, which was related to certain characteristics, including crop productivity, soil carbon and nutrient storage, element cycles, and microbial growth. The soils with different P input levels exhibited different richness of fungi, bacteria and protists, with these diverse responses to the P fertilizer inputs being significantly different across rice three growth stages. Soil bacterial and fungal richness exhibited positive linear relationships with the EMF index and most the single-ecosystem functions during both early and late rice seasons. Among the microbial taxa, fungal richness was the key driver and predictor of the EMF, followed by bacterial richness. In addition, among soil nutrient properties, available P content was the dominant driver and predictor of the EMF, followed by NO₃^--N content. Phosphorus fertilizer input rate significantly influenced the link between soil microbial diversity and the EMF, with the P-input-driven impacts on this relationship being further regulated by soil available P and NO₃^--N contents. By linking the EMF with the species-rich soil microbial diversity, our results would provide in-depth insights into maintaining crop production and P efficient utilization, emphasizing the importance of understanding the co-regulation of fertilizer inputs on agroecosystem production and ecological service trade-off.

以知识为基础的农田磷（P）投入是一种获得认可的管理方法，可提高土壤磷供应和作物产量。为保持作物产量并确保磷资源的有效利用，更好地了解磷肥投入对农业生态系统生产和功能服务的影响及其与土壤生物多样性的关系至关重要。为探索钾肥投入水平对水稻田多重生态系统功能（生态系统多功能性，EMF）的影响，特别关注土壤生物多样性与 EMF 之间的联系，建立了一项长达十年的田间试验。通过整合 22 种单一生态系统功能，我们的研究结果表明，钾肥的投入显著提高了生态系统多功能性和大多数单一生态系统功能，这与某些特征有关，包括作物生产力、土壤碳和养分储存、元素循环和微生物生长。不同钾肥投入量的土壤表现出不同的真菌、细菌和原生生物丰富度，这些对钾肥投入量的不同反应在水稻的三个生长阶段有显著差异。土壤细菌和真菌的丰富度与早稻和晚稻的 EMF 指数和大多数单一生态系统功能呈正线性关系。在微生物类群中，真菌丰富度是影响和预测 EMF 的主要因素，其次是细菌丰富度。此外，在土壤养分特性中，可利用磷含量是驱动和预测EMF的主要因素，其次是NO3-N含量。磷肥施用量对土壤微生物多样性与EMF之间的关系有显著影响，而土壤可利用P和NO3--N含量进一步调节了磷肥施用量对这一关系的影响。通过将EMF与物种丰富的土壤微生物多样性联系起来，我们的研究结果将为保持作物产量和磷的高效利用提供深入的见解，强调了了解肥料投入对农业生态系统生产和生态服务权衡的共同调控的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Crop heterogeneity may not enhance biological control of rice pests in landscapes rich in semi-natural habitats 在半自然栖息地丰富的景观中，作物异质性可能不会加强对水稻害虫的生物防治

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109354

Quanfeng Yang , Coline C. Jaworski , Zhi Wen , Nicolas Desneux , Fang Ouyang , Xuhuan Dai , Lijuan Wang , Jiao Jia , Hua Zheng

Agricultural landscapes are undergoing profound changes worldwide, including crop homogenization and loss of semi-natural habitats, which may be detrimental to arthropod natural enemies of crop pests, although interactive effects between these drivers remain understudied. We assessed the relative contribution of crop diversity, mean field size and the proportion of semi-natural habitats on the abundance and diversity of rice pests and their arthropod natural enemies (predators versus parasitoids) across four spatial scales (100, 250, 500 and 1000 m) in 17 rice fields in Hainan Island, China. The overall low abundance of pests and natural enemies measured in rice fields could indicate high biological control level. Semi-natural habitats (including some recently restored ones) were largely represented in the studied landscapes (average proportion of 65 %) and may be biodiversity reservoirs. Indeed, decreased mean field size and increased semi-natural habitat proportion promoted rice pests at the largest spatial scale only, possibly by enhancing their mobility and use of alternative resources. Predators’ response was weak and indicated a positive influence of semi-natural habitats (or crop diversity in absence of semi-natural habitats) at small spatial scales. Parasitoid abundance was low, but tended to support the resource concentration hypothesis (reduced by crop diversity and increased by mean field size). Overall, crop heterogeneity favoured pests, but not natural enemies, its two components reduced mean field size and increased crop diversity were somewhat complementary and modulated by the proportion of semi-natural habitats but depended on spatial scale.

世界范围内的农业景观正经历着深刻的变化，包括作物同质化和半自然栖息地的丧失，这可能对作物害虫的节肢动物天敌不利，尽管这些驱动因素之间的交互作用仍未得到充分研究。我们在中国海南岛的 17 块稻田中，评估了作物多样性、平均田块面积和半自然栖息地比例对水稻害虫及其节肢动物天敌（捕食者和寄生虫）的丰度和多样性在四个空间尺度（100 米、250 米、500 米和 1000 米）上的相对贡献。水稻田害虫和天敌的总体丰度较低，表明生物防治水平较高。半自然栖息地（包括一些最近恢复的栖息地）在所研究的景观中占有很大比例（平均比例为 65%），可能是生物多样性的宝库。事实上，田地平均面积的减少和半自然生境比例的增加仅在最大空间尺度上促进了水稻害虫的生长，这可能是通过提高它们的流动性和对替代资源的利用来实现的。捕食者的反应较弱，表明半自然栖息地（或在没有半自然栖息地的情况下作物多样性）在小空间尺度上有积极影响。寄生虫丰度较低，但倾向于支持资源集中假说（作物多样性减少，平均田块面积增加）。总体而言，作物异质性有利于害虫，但不利于天敌，其两个组成部分--平均田块面积缩小和作物多样性增加在某种程度上是互补的，并受半自然生境比例的调节，但取决于空间尺度。

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引用次数: 0

Microbial inoculant has little effect on greenhouse gas emissions following cover crop incorporation 微生物接种剂对加入覆盖作物后的温室气体排放影响甚微

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109332

Sebastian Rieder , Franz Conen , Maike Krauss

A net negative emissions technology is the transformation of CO₂ and its storage in agricultural soils in form of soil organic carbon (SOC). One possibility to increase SOC stocks in agriculture is to grow and incorporate cover crops in the upper soil layer. However, incorporation of fresh plant material can also increase N₂O emissions and thereby reduce the overall greenhouse gas mitigation effect. While the effect of removing plant material is relatively well understood, the effect of different incorporation methods and the inoculation of cover crops with microbial inoculant (MI) is still poorly known. To investigate these effects, we conducted an incubation study and a field trial where a grass-clover cover crop was followed by maize. We measured greenhouse gas emissions (N₂O, CO₂), soil parameters (Nmin, DOC, soil moisture and temperature), soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and maize yield. In the four weeks following cover crop incorporation, shallow rotary tillage induced 30 % higher CO₂ emissions than ploughing and removal of cover crop biomass resulted in significantly lower N₂O and CO₂ emissions as if it was mulched and inoculated with MI. Regarding the whole season, removal of aboveground cover crop biomass reduced N₂O field emissions in tendency by 21 %, whereby the trend in N₂O reduction by adding MI in the field was less pronounced. Total N₂O emissions did not differ between tillage implements used for incorporation. SOC stocks did not change within 0–20 cm within a year. Maize yield was 23 % higher with ploughing than rotary tillage. Overall, the addition of MI during cover crop incorporation might improve the greenhouse gas balance, but potential effects are superimposed too strongly by other management and meteorological factors. Therefore, claims that MI are an option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture remain weakly substantiated.

一种净负排放技术是将二氧化碳转化并以土壤有机碳（SOC）的形式储存在农业土壤中。在农业中增加土壤有机碳储量的一种方法是在土壤上层种植和加入覆盖作物。然而，加入新鲜植物材料也会增加一氧化二氮的排放，从而降低整体温室气体减排效果。虽然去除植物材料的效果相对较好理解，但不同的掺入方法和覆盖作物接种微生物接种剂（MI）的效果仍鲜为人知。为了研究这些影响，我们进行了一项孵化研究和一项田间试验，在试验中，在种植草-三叶草覆盖作物后种植玉米。我们测量了温室气体排放量（N2O、CO2）、土壤参数（Nmin、DOC、土壤湿度和温度）、土壤有机碳（SOC）储量和玉米产量。在加入覆盖作物后的四周内，浅层旋耕产生的二氧化碳排放量比犁耕高出 30%，而去除覆盖作物生物量后，N2O 和二氧化碳排放量明显降低，与覆盖并接种 MI 的情况相同。就整个季节而言，去除地上覆盖作物生物量往往会使田间的一氧化二氮排放量减少 21%，而在田间添加多元醇后，一氧化二氮的减少趋势并不明显。不同耕作机具的 N2O 排放总量没有差异。0-20 厘米范围内的 SOC 储量在一年内没有变化。犁耕的玉米产量比旋耕高 23%。总体而言，在覆盖作物掺入过程中添加多元醇可能会改善温室气体平衡，但其他管理和气象因素对其潜在影响的叠加效应太强。因此，关于多元智能是减少农业温室气体排放的一种选择的说法仍然证据不足。

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引用次数: 0

Localized application of manure and fertilizers increases productivity of cereals, resource use efficiency and profitability in sub-Saharan Africa 在撒哈拉以南非洲就地施用粪肥和化肥可提高谷物产量、资源利用效率和盈利能力

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109347

Gudeta W. Sileshi , Laurie E. Drinkwater , Paswel Marenya , Sieglinde Snapp

The combined use of livestock manure and synthetic fertilizers is considered as one of the climate smart and sustainable agricultural practices. However, farmers’ adoption and the benefits and costs of localized application of manure and fertilizers are not well-understood in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Therefore, the objectives of this review and meta-analysis were to: (1) provide the evidence for joint adoption of livestock manure and synthetic fertilizers by smallholder farmers; (2) determine farmers’ manure placement practices and the intensity of manure application; and (3) provide a comparative analysis of the productivity of cereals, resource use efficiency and profitability with localized application of manure and synthetic fertilizers in SSA. Review of 32 studies indicated that adoption rates of livestock manure by smallholder farmers is: (1) as high as the adoption rates of synthetic fertilizers; and (2) conditional on the adoption of synthetic fertilizers, improved seeds and soil and water conservation practices. Meta-analyses of data from 106 studies across 19 African countries revealed that mean response ratios of cereals with spot-application (2.16), banding (2.07) or broadcasting (2.39) of manure and fertilizer are not significantly different. On the other hand, rain use efficiency was 43.6 % higher with spot-application than broadcasting of manure and fertilizer. The agronomic use efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus were also 15–39 % higher with spot-application than broadcasting. This indicates that localized application of manure and fertilizer can serve as an effective strategy to achieve more efficient utilization of the limited rainfall and applied nutrients by crops. The benefit to cost ratio of spot-application (6.7) was also 81.9 % higher than for broadcasting (3.7). The returns to farmers were estimated at 3.7–4.3 dollars for every dollar invested in manure or manure + fertilizers. It is conclude that spot-application or banding can significantly reduce the quantity of manure needed without compromising crop yields, resource use efficiency or profitability. This review has provided a much needed synthesis of research in ways that advance the understanding of integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers as critical inputs for soil health.

综合利用牲畜粪肥和合成肥料被认为是气候智能型可持续农业实践之一。然而，在撒哈拉以南非洲地区（SSA），农民对粪肥和化肥本地化施用的采用情况以及效益和成本并不十分了解。因此，本综述和荟萃分析旨在(1) 提供小农户共同采用牲畜粪肥和合成肥料的证据；(2) 确定农户的粪肥处理方法和粪肥施用强度；(3) 对撒哈拉以南非洲本地化施用粪肥和合成肥料的谷物生产率、资源利用效率和盈利能力进行比较分析。对 32 项研究的审查表明，小农采用牲畜粪肥的比例：(1) 与采用合成肥料的比例一样高；(2) 以采用合成肥料、改良种子和水土保持措施为条件。对 19 个非洲国家 106 项研究的数据进行的元分析表明，谷物对粪肥和化肥的点施（2.16）、带施（2.07）或撒施（2.39）的平均反应比没有显著差异。另一方面，粪肥点施比撒施的雨水利用率高 43.6%。定点施肥的氮和磷的农艺利用率也比撒施高 15-39%。这表明，局部施用粪肥和化肥可作为一种有效策略，使作物更有效地利用有限的降雨和施用的养分。定点施肥的效益成本比（6.7）也比广播施肥（3.7）高出 81.9%。据估计，农民在粪肥或粪肥+肥料上每投资 1 美元，可获得 3.7-4.3 美元的回报。结论是，定点施肥或带状施肥可在不影响作物产量、资源利用效率或收益率的情况下大幅减少粪肥需求量。本综述提供了亟需的研究综述，有助于加深对有机肥和无机肥结合作为土壤健康关键投入的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling soil organic matter changes under crop diversification strategies and climate change scenarios in the Brazilian Cerrado 巴西塞拉多地区作物多样化战略和气候变化情景下土壤有机质变化建模

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109334

Jorge Luiz Locatelli , Stephen Del Grosso , Rafael Silva Santos , Mu Hong , Ram Gurung , Catherine E. Stewart , Maurício Roberto Cherubin , Cimélio Bayer , Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri

In Brazil, land conversion and agricultural management have historically accounted for the largest share of the country's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with the Cerrado region being one of the most affected areas. Although cropping diversification has been proposed as a potential strategy to mitigate GHG emissions through soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, the long-term effects of these systems in the Cerrado are unknown. The DayCent model was used to simulate the impact of crop diversification and tillage on SOC dynamics until 2070 (∼50 years), including common crop succession systems and crop rotations associated with cover crops under climate change scenarios. First, we calibrated and evaluated the DayCent model using plant and soil observations from three sites in the region, where Pearson coefficients (r values) ranged from 0.50 to 0.94 (calibration sites) and 0.53–0.99 (validation site) for crop yields, SOC, and nitrogen. We then used the model to investigate how cropping systems and climate interact to control SOC levels. Results indicate that SOC stocks would decrease under the long-term (∼50 years) soybean-cotton succession, regardless of soil management (-0.04 to −0.17 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Crop diversification with crop rotation and cover crops (i.e., millet, ruzigrass, sunn hemp) had the highest SOC accrual potential (∼0.71 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), resulting in SOC stocks of up to 130 Mg C ha⁻¹ by 2070. Ruzigrass, either single or intercropped with maize on crop succession systems, showed substantial potential for SOC sequestration (∼0.55 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and could be a viable strategy if implementing more complex rotations is not feasible. The SSP2 – 4.5 and SSP5 – 8.5 climate change scenarios increased SOC stocks by 6.3 and 8.2 % in SOC across treatments by 2070, respectively. Results suggest that diversified cropping systems are a promising strategy for increasing SOC sequestration, and they offer valuable guidance for enhancing current management practices in the region.

在巴西，土地转换和农业管理历来是该国温室气体（GHG）排放的最大来源，而塞拉多地区则是受影响最严重的地区之一。虽然种植多样化被认为是通过土壤有机碳（SOC）固存来减少温室气体排放的一种潜在战略，但这些系统对塞拉多地区的长期影响尚不清楚。我们使用 DayCent 模型模拟了直到 2070 年（50 年）作物多样化和耕作对 SOC 动态的影响，包括气候变化情景下常见的作物连作系统和与覆盖作物相关的轮作系统。首先，我们利用该地区三个地点的植物和土壤观测数据对 DayCent 模型进行了校准和评估，其中作物产量、SOC 和氮的皮尔逊系数（r 值）分别为 0.50 至 0.94（校准地点）和 0.53 至 0.99（验证地点）。然后，我们利用该模型研究了种植系统和气候如何相互作用来控制 SOC 水平。结果表明，在大豆-棉花长期（∼50 年）连作下，无论土壤管理如何，SOC 储量都会减少（-0.04 至 -0.17 兆克碳-公顷-年-1）。采用轮作和覆盖作物（即小米、糙米草、苘麻）的作物多样化具有最高的 SOC 累积潜力（∼0.71 Mg C ha-1 year-1），到 2070 年，SOC 储量可达 130 Mg C ha-1。在作物连作系统中，莴苣（Ruzigrass），无论是单一种植还是与玉米间作，都显示出固着 SOC 的巨大潜力（∼0.55 兆克碳/公顷-年-1），如果实施更复杂的轮作不可行，这可能是一个可行的策略。到 2070 年，在 SSP2 - 4.5 和 SSP5 - 8.5 气候变化情景下，各处理的 SOC 储量分别增加了 6.3% 和 8.2%。研究结果表明，多样化耕作系统是增加 SOC 固存的一种有前途的策略，并为加强该地区目前的管理实践提供了宝贵的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Actinobacteria derived from soybean/corn intercropping influence the subsequent wheat 大豆/玉米间作产生的放线菌对后续小麦的影响

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109331

Songhe Chen , Ruirui Li , Bo Lv , Yanjun Li , Junda Li , Mengzhen Zhang , Xiaoxiao Ma , Cunhu Wang , Ruineng Xu , Yonghong Wang , Hong Liao , Yongjia Zhong

Soil legacy effects, especially soil bacterial legacy effects, influence growth, fitness and nutrient acquisition in sequential cropping systems. To date, mechanisms underlying soil bacterial legacy influences on subsequent crops remain largely unknown. In this study, we employed soybean monoculture (S), corn monoculture (C), and soybean/corn intercropping (SC) to study soil legacy effects on the growth and nutrient acquisition of wheat. In these tests, S, C and SC drove establishment of distinctive soil bacterial communities, with higher abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria taxa observed in SC plots than in S and C treatments. Variation among soil bacterial communities was associated with functional shifts in nitrogen cycling in SC treatment compared to other treatments（C and Control）. Soil legacy effects in turn may contribute to growth, nutrient acquisition and grain production in wheat crops planted in rotations. Pot assay suggest that soil microorganism of SC treatment significantly increased the plant height of wheat by 15.1 % and 18.7 %, the shoot biomass by 50.7 % and 62.7 %, the nitrogen content by 76.0 % and 94.9 %, the phosphorus content by 80.3 % and 75.9 %, and the potassium content by 64.0 % and 83.7 % by compared with C and S. Actinobacteria taxa collections further promote nutrient acquisition of wheat. Taken together, our observations from field plots and manipulation of specific bacterial taxa revealed novel soil bacterial legacy effects of previously reared crops on subsequent crops. These new insights open avenues for using soil legacy effects for positive impacts in crop rotation systems.

土壤遗留效应，尤其是土壤细菌遗留效应，会影响连作系统的生长、适应性和养分获取。迄今为止，土壤细菌遗留效应影响后茬作物的机制在很大程度上仍然未知。在本研究中，我们采用了大豆单作（S）、玉米单作（C）和大豆/玉米间作（SC）来研究土壤遗留物对小麦生长和养分获取的影响。在这些试验中，S、C 和 SC 驱动建立了独特的土壤细菌群落，与 S 和 C 处理相比，在 SC 地块观察到的放线菌和蛋白质细菌类群的丰度更高。与其他处理（C 和对照）相比，SC 处理中土壤细菌群落的变化与氮循环的功能转变有关。土壤遗留效应反过来可能有助于轮作小麦作物的生长、养分获取和粮食产量。盆栽试验表明，与C和S处理相比，SC处理的土壤微生物显著增加了小麦株高的15.1%和18.7%，增加了嫩枝生物量的50.7%和62.7%，增加了氮含量的76.0%和94.9%，增加了磷含量的80.3%和75.9%，增加了钾含量的64.0%和83.7%。总之，我们对田间地块的观察和对特定细菌类群的处理揭示了以前饲养的作物对后来作物的新的土壤细菌遗留影响。这些新见解为利用土壤遗留效应在轮作系统中产生积极影响开辟了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of tillage intensity and pesticide treated seeds on epigeal arthropod communities and weed seed predation in a maize-soybean rotation 耕作强度和经杀虫剂处理的种子对玉米-大豆轮作中表皮节肢动物群落和杂草种子捕食的影响

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109338

Isaac N. Ativor, Nicholas D. Warren, Richard G. Smith

Tillage practices and the use of pesticide seed treatments (PST) both have the potential to influence epigeal arthropod communities and the ecosystem services they provide, yet few studies have examined both factors in conjunction. A three-year field study (2017–2019) was conducted to assess the independent and interactive effects of tillage and pesticide seed treatments on epigeal arthropod communities and weed seed predation in a long-term row crop tillage intensity experiment located in southeastern New Hampshire, USA. Throughout the study, maize and soybean were planted in rotation with and without pesticide seed treatments (seed coatings containing a mixture of systemic and contact fungicides and neonicotinoid insecticides) under three tillage systems (full-, strip-, and no-till) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Epigeal arthropod communities were sampled with pitfall traps from September to October 2018–2019 and weed seed predation was assessed over the same period each year from 2017–2019. A total of 1669 individual arthropods, representing 47 taxonomic groups, were observed over the course of the study. In 2018, epigeal arthropod communities differed based only on pesticide seed treatment. The opposite response was observed in 2019, as epigeal arthropod communities differed based only on tillage. Activity densities of Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) were higher in the strip-till compared to full-till treatment in 2018. Annual levels of post-dispersal weed seed predation by invertebrates (% total seeds removed) varied based on tillage treatment in 2017 and 2019, but not in 2018, and ranged from as low as 6.1 % to as much as 27.2 % depending on year and treatment. These data provide evidence that both pesticide seed treatments and tillage systems can influence the communities of epigeal arthropods that inhabit annual row crop agroecosystems relatively late in the growing season, when the majority of pesticide residues have likely dissipated, and that the weed seed predation services provided by members of this community can be strongly negatively impacted by intensive tillage.

耕作方法和农药种子处理剂（PST）的使用都有可能影响表皮节肢动物群落及其提供的生态系统服务，但很少有研究同时考察这两个因素。一项为期三年（2017-2019 年）的田间研究在美国新罕布什尔州东南部的一个长期行作物耕作强度实验中进行，目的是评估耕作和农药种子处理对表皮节肢动物群落和杂草种子捕食的独立和交互影响。在整个研究过程中，玉米和大豆在三种耕作制度（全耕、条耕和免耕）下轮作种植，采用四次重复的随机完全区组设计，使用或不使用农药种子处理剂（含有系统性和接触性杀真菌剂及新烟碱类杀虫剂混合物的种子包衣剂）。在2018-2019年9月至10月期间，使用坑式陷阱对外延节肢动物群落进行了采样，并在2017-2019年每年的同一时期对杂草种子捕食情况进行了评估。研究期间共观察到 1669 个节肢动物个体，代表 47 个分类群。2018 年，表皮节肢动物群落仅因农药种子处理而不同。2019 年观察到了相反的反应，表皮节肢动物群落仅因耕作而不同。与全耕处理相比，2018 年条耕处理中黑翼角雉（Illiger）的活动密度更高。2017 年和 2019 年，无脊椎动物对散播后杂草种子的年捕食水平（去除种子总量的百分比）因耕作处理而异，但 2018 年没有变化，根据年份和处理的不同，捕食水平从低至 6.1%到高至 27.2%不等。这些数据提供的证据表明，农药种子处理和耕作制度都会影响栖息在一年生行作物农业生态系统中的表皮节肢动物群落，在生长季节相对较晚的时候，大部分农药残留可能已经消散，而该群落成员提供的杂草种子捕食服务会受到密集耕作的强烈负面影响。

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引用次数: 0

Landscape heterogeneity and a competing herbivore reduce olive fruit infestation by the pest Prays oleae 景观异质性和一种相互竞争的食草动物减少了害虫 Prays oleae 对橄榄果的侵扰

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109326

Ángel Plata , José Manjón-Cabeza , Daniel Paredes

Monocultural agricultural systems can favour arthropod pests through direct effects, such as promoting pest dispersion, and indirect effects, such as limiting natural pest control. Therefore, promoting the presence of non-crop habitats in agricultural landscapes has the potential to reduce pest damage. However, likely in part due to the trophic complexity surrounding arthropod pests, these effects vary strongly among different pests and crops, and they are rarely consistent on a year-to-year basis. Here, we formulated Generalized Additive Mixed Models with data of 11 years from 25 olive orchards from southern Spain to evaluate the effects of landscape composition at different spatial scales on fruit infestation by the moth Prays oleae, a key Mediterranean olive pest. Then, we evaluated whether these effects were modulated by natural enemies or heterospecific herbivores. Fruit infestation by P. oleae was affected by landscape composition at small spatial scales (100 m radius), but not at medium or large scales (500 m and 1000 m radii). Fruit infestation was negatively affected by the proportion of semi-natural habitats, while it was positively affected by the proportion of olive groves in the landscape. We did not find evidence that these effects were modulated by natural enemies. However, fruit infestation by P. oleae was negatively affected by the presence of Euphyllura olivina, which is considered a secondary olive pest. Overall, this study shows that the negative response of P. oleae to habitat heterogeneity is consistent across years, but these effects were found only at smaller spatial scales. Therefore, we recommend implementing patches of semi-natural vegetation within olive groves as it can help reduce crop damage caused by P. oleae. Specifically, our models showed that maintaining 25 % of non-crop vegetation within 100 m radius buffer zones would reduce by half the proportion of fruits infested by P. oleae. Interestingly, this study also suggests that the secondary pest E. olivina can prevent fruit infestation by P. oleae, which in turn could increase crop yield.

单一耕作的农业系统会通过直接影响（如促进害虫扩散）和间接影响（如限制害虫的自然控制）有利于节肢动物害虫。因此，在农业景观中增加非作物栖息地有可能减少害虫危害。然而，可能部分是由于节肢动物害虫的营养复杂性，这些效应在不同害虫和作物之间存在很大差异，而且很少在年与年之间保持一致。在此，我们利用西班牙南部 25 个橄榄园 11 年的数据建立了广义加性混合模型，以评估不同空间尺度的景观组成对地中海橄榄主要害虫油橄榄夜蛾果实侵染的影响。然后，我们评估了这些影响是否受到天敌或异种食草动物的调节。在小空间尺度（半径 100 米）上，油橄榄夜蛾对果实的侵扰受景观组成的影响，但在中或大尺度（半径 500 米和 1000 米）上则不受影响。果实侵染受到半自然栖息地比例的负面影响，而受到景观中橄榄园比例的正面影响。我们没有发现这些影响受天敌调节的证据。然而，橄榄果被认为是次生害虫，其果实被橄榄蝇侵染却受到了橄榄幼虫（Euphyllura olivina）的负面影响。总之，这项研究表明，油橄榄对生境异质性的负面反应在不同年份是一致的，但这些影响仅在较小的空间尺度上发现。因此，我们建议在橄榄树林中种植成片的半自然植被，因为这有助于减少油橄榄果实对农作物造成的损害。具体来说，我们的模型显示，在 100 米半径的缓冲区内保持 25% 的非作物植被，可将油橄榄果实受 P. oleae 侵染的比例减少一半。有趣的是，这项研究还表明，次生害虫 E. olivina 可以防止果实被 P. oleae 侵害，从而提高作物产量。

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引用次数: 0

Warming but not elevated CO2 depletes soil organic carbon in a temperate rice paddy 气候变暖而非二氧化碳升高会消耗温带稻田中的土壤有机碳

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109333

Hyeon Ji Song , Umakant Mishra , So Yeong Park , Young Ho Seo , Benjamin L. Turner , Snowie Jane C. Galgo , Pil Joo Kim

Global climate change has the potential to alter soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in rice paddies, because increases in temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]) both influence the primary input (i.e., net primary production, NPP) and output (i.e. heterotrophic respiration) of carbon (C). We used two types of open-top chambers representing present conditions (+0℃, +0 ppm CO₂) and projected climate change conditions (+2℃, +200 ppm CO₂) to investigate the net effect of climate change on SOC stock in rice paddy. Additional chambers with elevated temperature only (+2℃, +0 ppm CO₂) allowed us to quantify the individual effects of temperature and [CO₂]. We calculated changes in SOC stock using net ecosystem C balance (NECB) analysis (i.e., the balance between C inputs and outputs). Compared to present conditions, projected climate change did not change grain yield due to a trade-off between the effects of warming and [CO₂] on grain yield components. NPP during the fallow season significantly decreased under combined warming and CO₂, as the impact of warming outweighed that of elevated [CO₂]. However, rice NPP remained unchanged during the cropping season. Warming plus elevated CO₂ increased SOC mineralization by 157–429 %, particularly through warming-induced soil CO₂ emission during the fallow season. Consequently, climate change conditions decreased (119–271 %) NECB values compared to present conditions, primarily through the response to warming. Our findings demonstrate that rice paddies represent positive feedback on climate change, because accelerated C release from warmed soils will override C gains from NPP under elevated CO₂. Reducing SOC depletion in rice paddy agriculture under a changing climate therefore requires conservative soil management practices during the fallow season.

全球气候变化有可能改变稻田的土壤有机碳（SOC）储量，因为温度和大气二氧化碳浓度（[CO2]）的增加都会影响碳（C）的初级输入（即净初级生产力，NPP）和输出（即异养呼吸）。我们使用了代表当前条件（+0℃，+0 ppm CO2）和预测气候变化条件（+2℃，+200 ppm CO2）的两类敞口箱来研究气候变化对稻田中 SOC 储量的净影响。在温度升高（+2℃，+0ppm CO2）的附加箱中，我们可以量化温度和[CO2]的单独影响。我们利用生态系统碳净平衡（NECB）分析（即碳输入和碳输出之间的平衡）计算了 SOC 储量的变化。与目前的条件相比，由于气候变暖和[CO2]对谷物产量的影响之间存在权衡，预测的气候变化不会改变谷物产量。在气候变暖和二氧化碳的共同作用下，由于气候变暖的影响超过了[CO2]升高的影响，因此休耕期的净生产力明显下降。然而，水稻在耕种季节的净生产力保持不变。气候变暖加上 CO2 升高使 SOC 矿化增加了 157-429%，特别是通过气候变暖引起的休耕期土壤 CO2 排放。因此，与当前条件相比，气候变化条件主要通过对气候变暖的响应，降低了 NECB 值（119-271%）。我们的研究结果表明，水稻田是气候变化的正反馈，因为在二氧化碳升高的条件下，变暖的土壤加速释放的碳将超过从氮磷钾获得的碳。因此，要在气候变化条件下减少稻田农业的 SOC 消耗，就必须在休耕期采取保守的土壤管理措施。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of agricultural land use on the linkages between soil microbial communities and agroecosystem functioning is depth-dependent 农田使用对土壤微生物群落与农业生态系统功能之间联系的影响取决于深度

IF 6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109330

Wenchao Cao , Yukun Zou , Gang Li , Ying Shan , Jinchuang Wang , Brajesh Kumar Singh

Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization rates are critical indicators of ecosystem functioning in agricultural land. However, the effects of agricultural land use on the interactions between soil C and N mineralization at different soil depths, especially in tropical regions, are poorly understood. Here, a longan orchard (LO) was converted to a conventional tea plantation (CTP) and an organic tea plantation (OTP) in the tropical region of China, and the responses of fungal and bacterial communities to these changes were assessed. The characteristics of the microbial communities, enzyme activities, and N and C mineralization rates were evaluated in response to the changes in land use. It was found that LO and OTP had faster N and C mineralization rates than CTP in surface soil. However, in subsurface soil, LO and OTP showed a faster C mineralization rate and a slower N mineralization rate than CTP. Structural equation modeling revealed that pH and C/N were the most crucial factors affecting N and C mineralization rates in surface soil. In contrast,soil bacterial and fungal community structures were the principal drivers of both the C and N mineralization in subsurface soil. Although soil C and net N mineralization were positively correlated in surface soil, this was not seen in subsurface soil. Collectively, this study demonstrated that differential drivers and their effects on the interactions between soil C and N mineralization at different soil depths should be considered for more accurate prediction of soil C and N dynamics under land-use changes.

土壤碳（C）和氮（N）矿化率是农田生态系统功能的重要指标。然而，人们对农业土地利用对不同土壤深度土壤碳和氮矿化之间相互作用的影响知之甚少，尤其是在热带地区。本文将中国热带地区的龙眼果园（LO）改造为常规茶园（CTP）和有机茶园（OTP），并评估了真菌和细菌群落对这些变化的响应。评估了土地利用变化对微生物群落特征、酶活性、氮和碳矿化率的影响。结果发现，在表层土壤中，LO 和 OTP 的氮和碳矿化率比 CTP 快。然而，在地下土壤中，与 CTP 相比，LO 和 OTP 的 C 矿化率更快，N 矿化率更慢。结构方程模型显示，pH 值和 C/N 是影响表层土壤氮和碳矿化率的最关键因素。相比之下，土壤细菌和真菌群落结构是地表下土壤碳和氮矿化的主要驱动因素。虽然表层土壤的土壤碳和净氮矿化率呈正相关，但在地下土壤中却看不到这种情况。总之，这项研究表明，为了更准确地预测土地利用变化下的土壤碳和氮动态，应考虑不同土壤深度的不同驱动因素及其对土壤碳和氮矿化之间相互作用的影响。

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引用次数: 0