Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109056
Yaoyao Tong , Xianqing Zheng , Yajun Hu , Jialing Wu , Hongwei Liu , Yangwu Deng , Weiguang Lv , Huaiying Yao , Jianping Chen , Tida Ge
Understanding the interactions between plants and microbes during pathogen infection is crucial for plant health improvement. However, the integrated role of soil nutrients, root exudates, and plant microbiomes in plant health during disease outbreaks remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that root exudate-mediated healthy microbiomes (HealthyBiome) would facilitate the escape of soil-borne pathogen infection, whereas a root exudate-mediated disease-conductive microbiome (PathoBiome) would induce disease occurrence. Using watermelon wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum as a model, we investigated these interactions and their implications in plant disease. We examined the pathogen load across plant compartments during the pathogen accumulation (AH) and disease outbreak periods. We analyzed the plant microbiomes and root exudates during the outbreak, which was associated with the emergence in both healthy (BH) and diseased (BD) plants. Compared with AH and BD plants, BH plants had the lowest F. oxysporum density in the root–soil system (0.74–0.84 times that of AH and BD plants). BD plants showed an elevated amino acid metabolism (2.84–3.38 times that of healthy plants), whereas BH plants showed a higher metabolism of phenolic compounds (1.73 times that of diseased plants). BH plants secreted more palmitic acid (1.53 times that of diseased plants) and recruited more nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria (e.g., Paenarthrobacter, Sphingomonas), which potentially alleviated N scarcity in the soil, promoted plant growth, and improved the plant defense. Structural equation modeling highlighted the interactions among soil nutrients, root metabolites, and plant nutrients in recruiting pro-growth bacteria to the rhizosphere and roots for healthy plant growth. Our findings provide novel evidence of how root exudates influence plant–microbiome interactions during pathogen infections, highlighting the importance of a balanced root exudate profile and its associated “HealthyBiome” in promoting plant health and growth.
{"title":"Root exudate-mediated plant–microbiome interactions determine plant health during disease infection","authors":"Yaoyao Tong , Xianqing Zheng , Yajun Hu , Jialing Wu , Hongwei Liu , Yangwu Deng , Weiguang Lv , Huaiying Yao , Jianping Chen , Tida Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the interactions between plants and microbes during pathogen infection is crucial for plant health improvement. However, the integrated role of soil nutrients, root exudates, and plant microbiomes in plant health during disease outbreaks remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that root exudate-mediated healthy microbiomes (HealthyBiome) would facilitate the escape of soil-borne pathogen infection, whereas a root exudate-mediated disease-conductive microbiome (PathoBiome) would induce disease occurrence. Using watermelon wilt disease caused by <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> as a model, we investigated these interactions and their implications in plant disease. We examined the pathogen load across plant compartments during the pathogen accumulation (AH) and disease outbreak periods. We analyzed the plant microbiomes and root exudates during the outbreak, which was associated with the emergence in both healthy (BH) and diseased (BD) plants. Compared with AH and BD plants, BH plants had the lowest <em>F. oxysporum</em> density in the root–soil system (0.74–0.84 times that of AH and BD plants). BD plants showed an elevated amino acid metabolism (2.84–3.38 times that of healthy plants), whereas BH plants showed a higher metabolism of phenolic compounds (1.73 times that of diseased plants). BH plants secreted more palmitic acid (1.53 times that of diseased plants) and recruited more nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria (e.g., <em>Paenarthrobacter</em>, <em>Sphingomonas</em>), which potentially alleviated N scarcity in the soil, promoted plant growth, and improved the plant defense. Structural equation modeling highlighted the interactions among soil nutrients, root metabolites, and plant nutrients in recruiting pro-growth bacteria to the rhizosphere and roots for healthy plant growth. Our findings provide novel evidence of how root exudates influence plant–microbiome interactions during pathogen infections, highlighting the importance of a balanced root exudate profile and its associated “HealthyBiome” in promoting plant health and growth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140902458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109066
Guang Yang , Jiahui Kang , Yu Wang , Xu Zhao , Shenqiang Wang
In pursuit of high fruit yield, overwhelming amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer was unreasonably applied in orchard, resulting in lower fertilizer N uptake and higher environmental loss. It is crucial to propose appropriate fertilization timing and optimal N management by clarifying fruit tree N uptake pattern in orchard systems. Here, a 15N isotope enrichment trial was conducted in peach orchard to assess the transport of applied synthesized fertilizer-N to the plant and environment in the Taihu Lake region. Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4, 10.12 atom % 15N), as the N source, was applied with four split applications at 382.5 kg N ha−1 during one plant growth cycle. Results showed N deriving from fertilizer (NDFF) accounted for 24.5% in leaves and 38.4% in fruits, respectively. During the annual growth cycle, the applied fertilizer-N uptake and utilization was higher in reproductive growth stage than vegetative growth stage. After harvest, 28.8% of applied fertilizer-N was absorbed by peach tree, 9.5% was lost to the environment through surface runoff, ammonia (NH3) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, 29.6% was retained in the 0–160 cm soil profile, the remaining 32.1% was unaccounted N including N leaching and N loss from the N removal progress. Generally, more applied fertilizer-N moved to the environment in high N input peach orchard. In order to promote optimal N management, the applied fertilizer-N rate should be reduced by 30% and emphasized on fertilization at the reproductive growth period according to tree N uptake pattern.
为了追求果实高产,果园不合理地施用了大量氮肥,导致果树对氮肥的吸收率降低,环境损失增加。通过明确果园系统中果树对氮的吸收模式,提出适当的施肥时机和最佳氮管理至关重要。在此,我们在桃园中进行了 15N 同位素富集试验,以评估太湖地区施用的合成肥料-N 向植物和环境的迁移情况。以硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4,10.12原子% 15N)为氮源,在一个植物生长周期内分四次施用,每次施用量为 382.5 kg N ha-1。结果表明,叶片和果实中来自肥料(NDFF)的氮分别占 24.5%和 38.4%。在一年的生长周期中,生殖生长阶段对肥料中氮的吸收和利用率高于营养生长阶段。收获后,28.8% 的施肥-氮被桃树吸收,9.5% 的施肥-氮通过地表径流、氨(NH3)挥发和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放流失到环境中,29.6% 的施肥-氮保留在 0-160 厘米的土壤剖面中,其余 32.1% 的施肥-氮未被计算,包括氮沥滤和氮去除过程中的氮损失。一般来说,在高氮投入的桃园中,更多的施肥氮转移到了环境中。为了促进氮的优化管理,应将施肥量减少 30%,并根据树体对氮的吸收规律,强调在生殖生长期施肥。
{"title":"Environmental transport of excess nitrogen fertilizer in peach orchard: Evidence arising from 15N tracing trial","authors":"Guang Yang , Jiahui Kang , Yu Wang , Xu Zhao , Shenqiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In pursuit of high fruit yield, overwhelming amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer was unreasonably applied in orchard, resulting in lower fertilizer N uptake and higher environmental loss. It is crucial to propose appropriate fertilization timing and optimal N management by clarifying fruit tree N uptake pattern in orchard systems. Here, a <sup>15</sup>N isotope enrichment trial was conducted in peach orchard to assess the transport of applied synthesized fertilizer-N to the plant and environment in the Taihu Lake region. Ammonium sulfate ((NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, 10.12 atom % <sup>15</sup>N), as the N source, was applied with four split applications at 382.5 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> during one plant growth cycle. Results showed N deriving from fertilizer (NDFF) accounted for 24.5% in leaves and 38.4% in fruits, respectively. During the annual growth cycle, the applied fertilizer-N uptake and utilization was higher in reproductive growth stage than vegetative growth stage. After harvest, 28.8% of applied fertilizer-N was absorbed by peach tree, 9.5% was lost to the environment through surface runoff, ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission, 29.6% was retained in the 0–160 cm soil profile, the remaining 32.1% was unaccounted N including N leaching and N loss from the N removal progress. Generally, more applied fertilizer-N moved to the environment in high N input peach orchard. In order to promote optimal N management, the applied fertilizer-N rate should be reduced by 30% and emphasized on fertilization at the reproductive growth period according to tree N uptake pattern.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140879452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent decades, there has been growing interest in exploring the soil biota, highlighting the significance of soil organisms' networks in soil functioning. Here, we use a modeling approach to investigate how changes in cropping practices influence the soil food web dynamics and it relates to that of soil functioning. In an experimental trial, we tested for change in topsoil food webs after shift from conventional to alternative practices (changes in tillage intensity, amount of residues returned and N fertilization rate). Samplings were made in 16 plots of a randomized complete block design during spring of year 0, 2 and 4 after the onset of the trial. Microorganisms, microfauna, mesofauna and macrofauna were sampled, identified and grouped into trophic groups. We built a general soil food web describing plausible carbon flows between these trophic groups and computed several network indices. At the same dates, soil functions linked to C and N dynamics were measured from soil samples. We used a COSTATIS analysis to investigate relationships between temporal sequences of soil functions and soil food web indices. Significant interactive effects of the date and of agricultural systems were found on the mean and the maximum trophic level, the bacterial-to-fungal path ratio, the total biomass and the way biomass accumulates across trophic levels, the number of trophic groups and the functional redundancy in trophic groups. Similarly, organic matter transformations and enzymatic activities showed differences across date and agricultural systems. Results show that temporal changes in soil food web structure and in soil processes related to N and C cycling co-vary following changes in agricultural management practices. Management practices related to tillage exerted stronger effects on soil food web functioning than those related to the export of crop residues or reduction in mineral N fertiliser. For instance, reduced tillage lead to more complex food webs, with increased C and N mineralization in the upper soil layer (0–5 cm), in which most of the residues accumulate. Our results provide insights on soil food webs temporal dynamics, even within a restricted panel of agricultural practices. Our results suggest that changes in agricultural practices influence feedbacks between organisms and the functions they perform, so that a temporal co-structure can be observed in the studied site. Such work could help better understand the mechanisms of resistance or ecological debt during agroecological transition, which could limit or delay expected Nature-based solutions.
{"title":"Crop management strategies shape the shared temporal dynamics of soil food web structure and functioning","authors":"Mickael Hedde , Valérie Coudrain , Pierre-Alain Maron , Matthieu Chauvat , Nathalie Cheviron , Flemming Ekelund , Christian Mougin , Bruno Mary , Sylvie Recous , Cécile Villenave , Elisa Thébault","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent decades, there has been growing interest in exploring the soil biota, highlighting the significance of soil organisms' networks in soil functioning. Here, we use a modeling approach to investigate how changes in cropping practices influence the soil food web dynamics and it relates to that of soil functioning. In an experimental trial, we tested for change in topsoil food webs after shift from conventional to alternative practices (changes in tillage intensity, amount of residues returned and N fertilization rate). Samplings were made in 16 plots of a randomized complete block design during spring of year 0, 2 and 4 after the onset of the trial. Microorganisms, microfauna, mesofauna and macrofauna were sampled, identified and grouped into trophic groups. We built a general soil food web describing plausible carbon flows between these trophic groups and computed several network indices. At the same dates, soil functions linked to C and N dynamics were measured from soil samples. We used a COSTATIS analysis to investigate relationships between temporal sequences of soil functions and soil food web indices. Significant interactive effects of the date and of agricultural systems were found on the mean and the maximum trophic level, the bacterial-to-fungal path ratio, the total biomass and the way biomass accumulates across trophic levels, the number of trophic groups and the functional redundancy in trophic groups. Similarly, organic matter transformations and enzymatic activities showed differences across date and agricultural systems. Results show that temporal changes in soil food web structure and in soil processes related to N and C cycling co-vary following changes in agricultural management practices. Management practices related to tillage exerted stronger effects on soil food web functioning than those related to the export of crop residues or reduction in mineral N fertiliser. For instance, reduced tillage lead to more complex food webs, with increased C and N mineralization in the upper soil layer (0–5 cm), in which most of the residues accumulate. Our results provide insights on soil food webs temporal dynamics, even within a restricted panel of agricultural practices. Our results suggest that changes in agricultural practices influence feedbacks between organisms and the functions they perform, so that a temporal co-structure can be observed in the studied site. Such work could help better understand the mechanisms of resistance or ecological debt during agroecological transition, which could limit or delay expected Nature-based solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880924001762/pdfft?md5=e93a7752fa1476590d49f07e3c6abfe6&pid=1-s2.0-S0167880924001762-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140879453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-06DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109034
Alison N. Schulenburg , Jarrod O. Miller , Keryn B. Gedan , Danielle Weissman , Katherine L. Tully
As sea levels continue to rise and high tide flooding events increase in frequency, researchers and farmers alike are looking for solutions to adapt to and mitigate the effects of saltwater intrusion (SWI). Some landowners on the Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland respond to SWI by taking land out of agriculture. For example, they (1) attempt to remediate salt-damaged soils (e.g., planting switchgrass, Panicum virgatum), (2) restore native marsh grasses (e.g., planting saltmarsh hay, Spartina patens), or (3) abandon fields altogether (e.g., allow for natural recruitment). This work examines the ability of each of these land management practices to reduce phosphorus (P) levels in soils and porewater, with the overall goal to benefit both the farming community and water quality in the Chesapeake Bay. We show that remediation and restoration practices are efficient at taking up soil P and reducing porewater P concentrations through biomass P uptake. After three years of growth, we observed an increase in P uptake in biomass of Panicum virgatum (remediation species; 11–30 kg ha−1) and Spartina patens (restoration species; 4–18 kg ha−1) and a decline in available soil P pools (M3P; 30–50 % kg M3P ha−1). At all farms, under all three management strategies, the P fertility index value (FIV) in the topsoil was 33–50 % lower than baseline conditions, likely reducing the potential release of P to nearby waterways. Results from this work will help inform state-level coastal management policies and determine optimal strategies for climate resilience.
{"title":"Management strategies for reducing phosphorus levels in saltwater-intruded agricultural fields","authors":"Alison N. Schulenburg , Jarrod O. Miller , Keryn B. Gedan , Danielle Weissman , Katherine L. Tully","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As sea levels continue to rise and high tide flooding events increase in frequency, researchers and farmers alike are looking for solutions to adapt to and mitigate the effects of saltwater intrusion (SWI). Some landowners on the Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland respond to SWI by taking land out of agriculture. For example, they (1) attempt to <em>remediate</em> salt-damaged soils (e.g., planting switchgrass, <em>Panicum virgatum</em>), (2) <em>restore</em> native marsh grasses (e.g., planting saltmarsh hay, <em>Spartina patens</em>), or (3) <em>abandon</em> fields altogether (e.g., allow for natural recruitment). This work examines the ability of each of these land management practices to reduce phosphorus (P) levels in soils and porewater, with the overall goal to benefit both the farming community and water quality in the Chesapeake Bay. We show that remediation and restoration practices are efficient at taking up soil P and reducing porewater P concentrations through biomass P uptake. After three years of growth, we observed an increase in P uptake in biomass of <em>Panicum virgatum</em> (remediation species; 11–30 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) and <em>Spartina patens</em> (restoration species; 4–18 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) and a decline in available soil P pools (M3P; 30–50 % kg M3P ha<sup>−1</sup>). At all farms, under all three management strategies, the P fertility index value (FIV) in the topsoil was 33–50 % lower than baseline conditions, likely reducing the potential release of P to nearby waterways. Results from this work will help inform state-level coastal management policies and determine optimal strategies for climate resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140842759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109053
Pedro Mondaca , Juan L. Celis-Diez , Pablo Díaz-Siefer , Natalia Olmos-Moya , Fernanda Montero-Silva , Sofía Molina , Francisco E. Fontúrbel , Humberto Aponte , Dinka Mandakovic , Brynelly Bastidas , Eduardo C. Arellano , Blas Lavandero , Marcela Carvajal , Aurora Gaxiola
Soil microorganisms can provide multiple benefits to agroecosystems, which are assumed to be promoted by sustainable agricultural practices. However, the mechanisms that explain this relationship have not been clearly elucidated. Although studies have reported that sustainable agricultural practices promote microbial biomass, the broader implications for soil microbial composition and functions remain uncertain. Accordingly, we searched field experiments worldwide contrasting soil microbial communities under conventional and sustainable agricultural practices. We analysed 924 results of relative abundance of bacteria or fungi (using 16 S and ITS rRNA amplicon sequencing, respectively) at the Family taxonomic level obtained from 46 articles. We found higher soil bacterial richness and higher abundance of copiotrophic bacteria under sustainable agricultural practices. Organic fertilisation promoted the abundance of bacteria involved in C and N cycling, while conservation tillage decreased those involved in the decomposition of plant residue. While sustainable agricultural practices had a minor effect on the overall fungal structure, they led to increases in symbiotic fungi abundance (e.g., Geoglossaceae). Additionally, we observed a slight increase in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a slight reduction in pathogenic fungi associated with plant disease (e.g., Botryosphaeriaceae). Higher soil microbial taxonomic diversity did not lead to increased soil multifunctionality; however, it could safeguard resilience for soil functions via the diversity insurance effect. This study establishes that sustainable agricultural practices can significantly influence microbial communities, leading to compositional and structural changes, as well as promoting relevant functions for agroecosystems. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of integrating concepts of community ecology into agricultural management practices for reaching sustainable agricultural systems.
土壤微生物可为农业生态系统带来多种益处,而可持续农业实践则可促进这些益处。然而,解释这种关系的机制尚未明确阐明。尽管有研究报告称,可持续农业实践促进了微生物生物量的提高,但对土壤微生物组成和功能的广泛影响仍不确定。因此,我们在全球范围内搜索了传统农业实践和可持续农业实践下的土壤微生物群落对比田间试验。我们分析了从 46 篇文章中获得的 924 项细菌或真菌相对丰度结果(分别使用 16 S 和 ITS rRNA 扩增子测序)。我们发现,在可持续农业实践中,土壤细菌丰富度较高,共生细菌的丰度也较高。有机肥料提高了参与碳和氮循环的细菌数量,而保护性耕作则降低了参与植物残留物分解的细菌数量。虽然可持续农业措施对整体真菌结构的影响较小,但却增加了共生真菌(如地衣科)的数量。此外,我们还观察到丛枝菌根真菌略有增加,与植物病害相关的病原真菌(如 Botryosphaeriaceae)略有减少。较高的土壤微生物分类多样性并不能提高土壤的多功能性;但是,它可以通过多样性保险效应保障土壤功能的恢复力。这项研究证实,可持续农业实践能显著影响微生物群落,导致组成和结构变化,并促进农业生态系统的相关功能。总之,这些结果凸显了将群落生态学概念融入农业管理实践以实现可持续农业系统的重要性。
{"title":"Effects of sustainable agricultural practices on soil microbial diversity, composition, and functions","authors":"Pedro Mondaca , Juan L. Celis-Diez , Pablo Díaz-Siefer , Natalia Olmos-Moya , Fernanda Montero-Silva , Sofía Molina , Francisco E. Fontúrbel , Humberto Aponte , Dinka Mandakovic , Brynelly Bastidas , Eduardo C. Arellano , Blas Lavandero , Marcela Carvajal , Aurora Gaxiola","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil microorganisms can provide multiple benefits to agroecosystems, which are assumed to be promoted by sustainable agricultural practices. However, the mechanisms that explain this relationship have not been clearly elucidated. Although studies have reported that sustainable agricultural practices promote microbial biomass, the broader implications for soil microbial composition and functions remain uncertain. Accordingly, we searched field experiments worldwide contrasting soil microbial communities under conventional and sustainable agricultural practices. We analysed 924 results of relative abundance of bacteria or fungi (using 16 S and ITS rRNA amplicon sequencing, respectively) at the Family taxonomic level obtained from 46 articles. We found higher soil bacterial richness and higher abundance of copiotrophic bacteria under sustainable agricultural practices. Organic fertilisation promoted the abundance of bacteria involved in C and N cycling, while conservation tillage decreased those involved in the decomposition of plant residue. While sustainable agricultural practices had a minor effect on the overall fungal structure, they led to increases in symbiotic fungi abundance (e.g., Geoglossaceae). Additionally, we observed a slight increase in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a slight reduction in pathogenic fungi associated with plant disease (e.g., Botryosphaeriaceae). Higher soil microbial taxonomic diversity did not lead to increased soil multifunctionality; however, it could safeguard resilience for soil functions via the diversity insurance effect. This study establishes that sustainable agricultural practices can significantly influence microbial communities, leading to compositional and structural changes, as well as promoting relevant functions for agroecosystems. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of integrating concepts of community ecology into agricultural management practices for reaching sustainable agricultural systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140823616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109035
Krista Peltoniemi , Sannakajsa Velmala , Eva Lloret , Irene Ollio , Juha Hyvönen , Eero Liski , Kristian K. Brandt , Claudia Campillo-Cora , Hannu Fritze , Sari Iivonen , Simon B. Lassen , Kaire Loit , Silvia Martínez-Martínez , Taina Pennanen , Marian Põldmets , Stefan Schrader , Merrit Shanskiy , Raúl Zornoza , Lieven Waeyenberge , David Fernández Calviño
Fungi play a pivotal role as highly effective decomposers of plant residues and essential mycorrhizal symbionts, augmenting water and nutrient uptake in plants and contributing to diverse functions within agroecosystems. This study examined soil fungi in 188 wheat fields across nine European pedoclimatic zones under both conventional and organic farming systems, utilizing ITS1 amplicon sequencing. The investigation aimed to quantify changes induced by the farming system in soil fungi and their correlation with soil features and climatic factors across these pedoclimatic zones, spanning from northern to southern Europe. The pedoclimatic zone emerged as a key determinant in shaping the overall composition of the fungal community. Zones characterized by moist and cool climates, along with low levels of available phosphorus and carbonate, exhibited higher fungal richness. However, variations in fungal diversity and relative abundances were observed within zones due to farming system-induced changes. Soil pH and bulk density were identified as major factors, for example, they correlate with an increase in potential pathogenic taxa (Mycosphaerella, Nectriaceae, Alternaria) in two Mediterranean zones and with an increase of potential plant growth promoting taxa (Saitozyma, Solicoccozyma) in the Boreal zone. Organic farming, in general, promoted elevated fungal richness. The Lusitanian and Nemoral zones under organic farming exhibited the highest fungal richness and diversity. In terms of organic farming, both symbiotrophs and potential pathogens increased in the Lusitanian zone, while pathotrophs were more prevalent in the Central Atlantic and South Mediterranean zones under organic farming. These findings propose potential indicators for organic farming, including fungal endophytes in zones characterized by a moist and cool climate, low available phosphorus content, and low soil pH. Organic farming may favor mycorrhizae and potential pathogens in zones with drier and warmer climates, along with higher soil pH, calcium carbonate content, and bulk density. This study provides novel insights and underscores the significance of regional climatic and edaphic conditions in shaping the soil fungal community in different farming systems within European wheat fields.
{"title":"Soil and climatic characteristics and farming system shape fungal communities in European wheat fields","authors":"Krista Peltoniemi , Sannakajsa Velmala , Eva Lloret , Irene Ollio , Juha Hyvönen , Eero Liski , Kristian K. Brandt , Claudia Campillo-Cora , Hannu Fritze , Sari Iivonen , Simon B. Lassen , Kaire Loit , Silvia Martínez-Martínez , Taina Pennanen , Marian Põldmets , Stefan Schrader , Merrit Shanskiy , Raúl Zornoza , Lieven Waeyenberge , David Fernández Calviño","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fungi play a pivotal role as highly effective decomposers of plant residues and essential mycorrhizal symbionts, augmenting water and nutrient uptake in plants and contributing to diverse functions within agroecosystems. This study examined soil fungi in 188 wheat fields across nine European pedoclimatic zones under both conventional and organic farming systems, utilizing ITS1 amplicon sequencing. The investigation aimed to quantify changes induced by the farming system in soil fungi and their correlation with soil features and climatic factors across these pedoclimatic zones, spanning from northern to southern Europe. The pedoclimatic zone emerged as a key determinant in shaping the overall composition of the fungal community. Zones characterized by moist and cool climates, along with low levels of available phosphorus and carbonate, exhibited higher fungal richness. However, variations in fungal diversity and relative abundances were observed within zones due to farming system-induced changes. Soil pH and bulk density were identified as major factors, for example, they correlate with an increase in potential pathogenic taxa (<em>Mycosphaerella</em>, Nectriaceae, <em>Alternaria</em>) in two Mediterranean zones and with an increase of potential plant growth promoting taxa (<em>Saitozyma</em>, <em>Solicoccozyma</em>) in the Boreal zone. Organic farming, in general, promoted elevated fungal richness. The Lusitanian and Nemoral zones under organic farming exhibited the highest fungal richness and diversity. In terms of organic farming, both symbiotrophs and potential pathogens increased in the Lusitanian zone, while pathotrophs were more prevalent in the Central Atlantic and South Mediterranean zones under organic farming. These findings propose potential indicators for organic farming, including fungal endophytes in zones characterized by a moist and cool climate, low available phosphorus content, and low soil pH. Organic farming may favor mycorrhizae and potential pathogens in zones with drier and warmer climates, along with higher soil pH, calcium carbonate content, and bulk density. This study provides novel insights and underscores the significance of regional climatic and edaphic conditions in shaping the soil fungal community in different farming systems within European wheat fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880924001531/pdfft?md5=007a366b84bf8b8bc595081817a1d132&pid=1-s2.0-S0167880924001531-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140823615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109033
Stella Woeltjen , Jacob Jungers , Anna Cates , Jessica Gutknecht
There is increasing interest in perennial crops to build soil carbon (C), but the mechanisms underlying soil C accrual in perennial croplands remain unclear, especially over time in the first years of perennial crop growth. To address this gap, research is needed that directly tracks intra-annual C fluxes through crop-microbial-soil pools, evaluating the capacity of perennial crops to build soil C over intra-decadal time periods. We conducted a 13C isotope-tracer study to compare within-season C uptake and crop-microbial-soil C partitioning patterns between 1-year-old (IWG-1) and 2-year-old (IWG-2) stands of a novel perennial grain crop, intermediate wheatgrass (IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey). We compared these to a common annual grain crop, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop shoots, roots, soil, and soil respired-C were sampled ten times over a 90-day chase period. We also measured the incorporation of recently assimilated 13C into soil microbial biomass (13C PLFA) and functional groups over the first 7 days post-label application. Overall, IWG-1 assimilated almost 1670 mg 13C m−2 during the study period, nearly twice that of IWG-2 or wheat, but neither IWG system retained significant amounts of new C in soil. Rather, a higher proportion of assimilated new C was retained in IWG-1 in root tissues (14%) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when compared to other cropping systems, while IWG-2 retained almost 50% of total assimilated C in aboveground crop tissues. We expect the shift from new C retention in belowground root-mycorrhizal networks to aboveground tissues is associated with a shift from an acquisitive to conservative growth strategy that occurs between the first and second IWG production years. The observed shift in C partitioning patterns and potential change in growth strategy limited the allocation and retention of new C in soil as IWG aged, adding valuable context to our understanding of why perennial grain crop establishment seldom leads to significant carbon gains in the first several years following establishment.
{"title":"Early changes in carbon uptake and partitioning moderate belowground carbon storage in a perennial grain","authors":"Stella Woeltjen , Jacob Jungers , Anna Cates , Jessica Gutknecht","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is increasing interest in perennial crops to build soil carbon (C), but the mechanisms underlying soil C accrual in perennial croplands remain unclear, especially over time in the first years of perennial crop growth. To address this gap, research is needed that directly tracks intra-annual C fluxes through crop-microbial-soil pools, evaluating the capacity of perennial crops to build soil C over intra-decadal time periods. We conducted a <sup>13</sup>C isotope-tracer study to compare within-season C uptake and crop-microbial-soil C partitioning patterns between 1-year-old (IWG-1) and 2-year-old (IWG-2) stands of a novel perennial grain crop, intermediate wheatgrass (IWG; <em>Thinopyrum intermedium</em> (Host) Barkworth and Dewey). We compared these to a common annual grain crop, spring wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.). Crop shoots, roots, soil, and soil respired-C were sampled ten times over a 90-day chase period. We also measured the incorporation of recently assimilated <sup>13</sup>C into soil microbial biomass (<sup>13</sup>C PLFA) and functional groups over the first 7 days post-label application. Overall, IWG-1 assimilated almost 1670 mg <sup>13</sup>C m<sup>−2</sup> during the study period, nearly twice that of IWG-2 or wheat, but neither IWG system retained significant amounts of new C in soil. Rather, a higher proportion of assimilated new C was retained in IWG-1 in root tissues (14%) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when compared to other cropping systems, while IWG-2 retained almost 50% of total assimilated C in aboveground crop tissues. We expect the shift from new C retention in belowground root-mycorrhizal networks to aboveground tissues is associated with a shift from an acquisitive to conservative growth strategy that occurs between the first and second IWG production years. The observed shift in C partitioning patterns and potential change in growth strategy limited the allocation and retention of new C in soil as IWG aged, adding valuable context to our understanding of why perennial grain crop establishment seldom leads to significant carbon gains in the first several years following establishment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880924001518/pdfft?md5=b02bab06397388485938cabca540a521&pid=1-s2.0-S0167880924001518-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140823376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109051
J. Patrick Donnelly , Kelsey Jensco , John S. Kimball , Johnnie N. Moore , David Ketchum , Daniel P. Collins , David E. Naugle
Ranching in the American West has long relied on riparian ecosystems to grow grass-hay to feed livestock in winter and during drought. Producers seasonally flood grasslands for hay production using stream diversions and low-tech flood-irrigation on riparian floodplains. Inundation mimics natural processes that sustain riparian vegetation and recharge groundwater. The recent doubling in use of more efficient irrigation approaches, such as center-pivot sprinklers, threatens to accelerate climate change impacts by unintentionally decoupling more inefficient, traditional practices that sustain riparian systems. To assess ecosystem services provided by flood-irrigation hay production, we developed an exhaustive spatial inventory of grass-hay production and combined it with monthly surface water distributions modeled from satellite data. Surface water data were classified by wetland hydroperiod and used to estimate the proportion of wetlands supported by grass-hay production in the Intermountain West, USA. Elevation and proportion of grass-hay relative to other irrigated lands were enumerated to examine differences in their positions and abundance within landscapes. Lastly, we overlaid the delineated grass-hay wetlands with LANDFIRE pre-Euro-American Settings layer to quantify the efficacy of flood irrigation in mimicking the conservation of historical riparian processes. Findings suggest that inefficient grass-hay irrigation mirrored the timing of natural hydrology, concentrating ∼93% of flooded grasslands in historical riparian ecosystems, affirming that at large scales, this ranching practice, in part, mimics floodplain processes sustaining wetlands and groundwater recharge. Despite representing only 2.5% of irrigated lands, grass-hay operations supported a majority (58%) of temporary wetlands, a rare and declining habitat for wildlife in the Intermountain West. Tolerance for colder temperatures confined grass-hay production to upper watershed reaches where higher value crops are constrained by growing degree days. This novel understanding of grass-hay agroecology highlights the vital role of working ranches in the resilience and stewardship of riparian systems.
{"title":"Beneficial ‘inefficiencies’ of western ranching: Flood-irrigated hay production sustains wetland systems by mimicking historic hydrologic processes","authors":"J. Patrick Donnelly , Kelsey Jensco , John S. Kimball , Johnnie N. Moore , David Ketchum , Daniel P. Collins , David E. Naugle","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ranching in the American West has long relied on riparian ecosystems to grow grass-hay to feed livestock in winter and during drought. Producers seasonally flood grasslands for hay production using stream diversions and low-tech flood-irrigation on riparian floodplains. Inundation mimics natural processes that sustain riparian vegetation and recharge groundwater. The recent doubling in use of more efficient irrigation approaches, such as center-pivot sprinklers, threatens to accelerate climate change impacts by unintentionally decoupling more inefficient, traditional practices that sustain riparian systems. To assess ecosystem services provided by flood-irrigation hay production, we developed an exhaustive spatial inventory of grass-hay production and combined it with monthly surface water distributions modeled from satellite data. Surface water data were classified by wetland hydroperiod and used to estimate the proportion of wetlands supported by grass-hay production in the Intermountain West, USA. Elevation and proportion of grass-hay relative to other irrigated lands were enumerated to examine differences in their positions and abundance within landscapes. Lastly, we overlaid the delineated grass-hay wetlands with LANDFIRE pre-Euro-American Settings layer to quantify the efficacy of flood irrigation in mimicking the conservation of historical riparian processes. Findings suggest that inefficient grass-hay irrigation mirrored the timing of natural hydrology, concentrating ∼93% of flooded grasslands in historical riparian ecosystems, affirming that at large scales, this ranching practice, in part, mimics floodplain processes sustaining wetlands and groundwater recharge. Despite representing only 2.5% of irrigated lands, grass-hay operations supported a majority (58%) of temporary wetlands, a rare and declining habitat for wildlife in the Intermountain West. Tolerance for colder temperatures confined grass-hay production to upper watershed reaches where higher value crops are constrained by growing degree days. This novel understanding of grass-hay agroecology highlights the vital role of working ranches in the resilience and stewardship of riparian systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140823375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109054
Lindsey A. Kelley , Zhenglin Zhang , Santiago Tamagno , Mark E. Lundy , Jeffrey P. Mitchell , Amélie C.M. Gaudin , Cameron M. Pittelkow
Policy and market incentives are rapidly expanding to promote soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in global croplands. Evidence suggests that long-term increases in SOC can influence both crop yield and nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements, with the potential to help address two important sustainability challenges. However, increases in SOC may also trigger higher soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which would represent an important tradeoff for climate change mitigation. We tested the hypothesis that long-term increases in SOC are associated with higher crop yields and fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE), but at the cost of higher N2O emissions. Wheat was grown in two soils (SOClow and SOChigh) under three N fertilizer rates (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha−1) in a mesocosm experiment. Soils were obtained (0–25 cm) from a 22-yr field experiment on no-till and cover cropping in California. Results indicate that total biomass and grain yield were higher for SOClow than SOChigh at 100 kg N ha−1 but not the other N levels. Crop N uptake was also 28% greater for SOClow at 200 kg N ha−1, resulting in higher overall NUE. Soil N2O emissions increased for SOChigh by 25–112% compared to SOClow, likely due to long-term changes in labile C and N pools, microbial activity, and soil structure influencing porosity and gas diffusion. While there are well-documented crop and environmental benefits from enhancing SOC in agricultural soils, results from this study suggest that changes in soil N2O emissions should be considered to accurately determine net GHG emission reductions.
{"title":"Changes in soil N2O emissions and nitrogen use efficiency following long-term soil carbon storage: Evidence from a mesocosm experiment","authors":"Lindsey A. Kelley , Zhenglin Zhang , Santiago Tamagno , Mark E. Lundy , Jeffrey P. Mitchell , Amélie C.M. Gaudin , Cameron M. Pittelkow","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Policy and market incentives are rapidly expanding to promote soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in global croplands. Evidence suggests that long-term increases in SOC can influence both crop yield and nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements, with the potential to help address two important sustainability challenges. However, increases in SOC may also trigger higher soil nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions, which would represent an important tradeoff for climate change mitigation. We tested the hypothesis that long-term increases in SOC are associated with higher crop yields and fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE), but at the cost of higher N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. Wheat was grown in two soils (SOC<sub>low</sub> and SOC<sub>high</sub>) under three N fertilizer rates (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>) in a mesocosm experiment. Soils were obtained (0–25 cm) from a 22-yr field experiment on no-till and cover cropping in California. Results indicate that total biomass and grain yield were higher for SOC<sub>low</sub> than SOC<sub>high</sub> at 100 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> but not the other N levels. Crop N uptake was also 28% greater for SOC<sub>low</sub> at 200 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>, resulting in higher overall NUE. Soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions increased for SOC<sub>high</sub> by 25–112% compared to SOC<sub>low</sub>, likely due to long-term changes in labile C and N pools, microbial activity, and soil structure influencing porosity and gas diffusion. While there are well-documented crop and environmental benefits from enhancing SOC in agricultural soils, results from this study suggest that changes in soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions should be considered to accurately determine net GHG emission reductions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880924001725/pdfft?md5=fe440c522d9ff5ffc47c7a908ab3dadb&pid=1-s2.0-S0167880924001725-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140823617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.109057
Shanshan Li , Jianxin Jiao , A. Allan Degen , Wenyin Wang , Tianyun Qi , Mei Huang , Shixiao Xu , Zhanhuan Shang
An increase in the population in pastoral regions and an improvement in living standards have increased livestock production; however, this has led, at least in part, to global grassland degradation. Consequently, the optimal pathway to mitigate trade-offs between livestock production and ecological functions of grassland is the key to achieve sustainable development in pastoral regions. Transformative adaptation is the recommended and feasible approach. However, most studies are not designed to determine which grassland management system addresses transformative adaptation and, therefore, do not provide options that can resolve the trade-offs. To fill this gap, we compared three grassland management systems, namely single, joint and cooperative. The grassland health index (GHI), data envelopment analysis (DEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), TOPSIS model and the multi-objective optimization model were employed to assess the productive and ecological benefits of the three systems. Cooperative management had the greatest comprehensive benefits when considering ecological functions, livestock production, carbon efficiency utilization and grassland area utilization efficiency, and had the greatest potential to achieve a balance between livestock production and ecological functions in the future.
{"title":"Cooperative management can mitigate trade-offs between livestock production and ecological functions to promote grassland sustainability","authors":"Shanshan Li , Jianxin Jiao , A. Allan Degen , Wenyin Wang , Tianyun Qi , Mei Huang , Shixiao Xu , Zhanhuan Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2024.109057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An increase in the population in pastoral regions and an improvement in living standards have increased livestock production; however, this has led, at least in part, to global grassland degradation. Consequently, the optimal pathway to mitigate trade-offs between livestock production and ecological functions of grassland is the key to achieve sustainable development in pastoral regions. Transformative adaptation is the recommended and feasible approach. However, most studies are not designed to determine which grassland management system addresses transformative adaptation and, therefore, do not provide options that can resolve the trade-offs. To fill this gap, we compared three grassland management systems, namely single, joint and cooperative. The grassland health index (GHI), data envelopment analysis (DEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), TOPSIS model and the multi-objective optimization model were employed to assess the productive and ecological benefits of the three systems. Cooperative management had the greatest comprehensive benefits when considering ecological functions, livestock production, carbon efficiency utilization and grassland area utilization efficiency, and had the greatest potential to achieve a balance between livestock production and ecological functions in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140823374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}