Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110186
Ruitao Lou , Yong Li , Zhenghan Li , Zhifeng Xu , Yu Tang , Xiangping Jin , Junzeng Xu , Yawei Li , Yong He , Qianjing Jiang
Cover cropping is a promising strategy in sustainable rice agriculture, yet its broader adoption remains limited due to uncertainties regarding its environmental impacts and potential yield trade-offs. In this study, we synthesized 1539 paired observations from 135 peer-reviewed publications to assess the effects of cover crop application on soil methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, soil organic carbon (SOC) changes, and rice yield in paddy fields. Our findings showed that cover crop application significantly increased CH4 emissions (by 89.3–132.3 %), N2O emissions (by 16.3–64.6 %), while enhancing SOC sequestration (by 5.1–7.3 %), and rice yield (by 6.3–18.8 %). Despite the rise in GHG emissions, cover cropping reduced net global warming potential by 30.6 % and its index by 44.6 % compared to conventional mineral fertilization, but these reductions were not statistically significant. Notably, rice production could potentially achieve net-zero emissions when the N substitution ratio from cover crops remains below 26 %. Among various moderators, water management was identified as the dominant moderator of CH4 emissions, with mid-season drainage shown to effectively reduce CH4 emissions. N2O emissions were positively correlated with initial soil C:N ratio, while SOC sequestration and rice yield responded strongly to initial soil pH, with optimal pH values around 6.3 and 5.9, respectively. Leguminous cover crops were identified as effective options to enhance food security while mitigating climate change. Overall, cover cropping represents an effective path towards sustainable agriculture, but the optimal management strategies must be tailored to local environmental conditions and the interactions among various agronomic management practices.
{"title":"Cover crops potentially enhance soil organic carbon sequestration to offset greenhouse gas emissions without yield penalty towards net-zero rice agriculture","authors":"Ruitao Lou , Yong Li , Zhenghan Li , Zhifeng Xu , Yu Tang , Xiangping Jin , Junzeng Xu , Yawei Li , Yong He , Qianjing Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cover cropping is a promising strategy in sustainable rice agriculture, yet its broader adoption remains limited due to uncertainties regarding its environmental impacts and potential yield trade-offs. In this study, we synthesized 1539 paired observations from 135 peer-reviewed publications to assess the effects of cover crop application on soil methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions, soil organic carbon (SOC) changes, and rice yield in paddy fields. Our findings showed that cover crop application significantly increased CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (by 89.3–132.3 %), N<sub>2</sub>O emissions (by 16.3–64.6 %), while enhancing SOC sequestration (by 5.1–7.3 %), and rice yield (by 6.3–18.8 %). Despite the rise in GHG emissions, cover cropping reduced net global warming potential by 30.6 % and its index by 44.6 % compared to conventional mineral fertilization, but these reductions were not statistically significant. Notably, rice production could potentially achieve net-zero emissions when the N substitution ratio from cover crops remains below 26 %. Among various moderators, water management was identified as the dominant moderator of CH<sub>4</sub> emissions, with mid-season drainage shown to effectively reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were positively correlated with initial soil C:N ratio, while SOC sequestration and rice yield responded strongly to initial soil pH, with optimal pH values around 6.3 and 5.9, respectively. Leguminous cover crops were identified as effective options to enhance food security while mitigating climate change. Overall, cover cropping represents an effective path towards sustainable agriculture, but the optimal management strategies must be tailored to local environmental conditions and the interactions among various agronomic management practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110186"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110171
Justin R. Clarke , Torre J. Hovick , Benjamin Geaumont , Jason P. Harmon , Kevin Sedivec
Grasslands cover more than one-third of the world’s terrestrial surface and provide many important ecosystem services, and yet, are one of the least protected biomes. Threats include land-use conversion, woody plant encroachment, and invasive species which alter or limit many of the ecosystem services grasslands provide. Despite their significance, the conservation of grasslands remains a pressing challenge. The lack of protection for grassland ecosystems creates a need for targeted conservation and informed management on extant grasslands. As part of this effort, we discuss the role of herbaceous litter in promoting ecosystem function and providing ecosystem services. In this paper, we highlight both the positive and negative effects of litter and 1) summarize the multitude of ecosystem services it affects, 2) outline the environmental factors that influence litter accumulation and quality, and 3) discuss management practices that promote variable litter. Litter contributes to all ecosystem service categories defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment including provisioning, cultural, regulating, and supporting services. While many of these services are indirect, such as improving livestock forage production through increased water infiltration and nutrient cycling, the cascading accumulation of these effects shape grassland ecosystems and should be a critical part of management decisions. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of litter management to improve grassland quality and enhance ecosystem function. While many of the drivers of litter accumulation are inherently difficult to alter, management practices aimed at achieving heterogeneity can restore diverse landscapes that enhance ecosystem services and agronomic benefits.
{"title":"Plant litter as a cornerstone of grassland ecosystem services","authors":"Justin R. Clarke , Torre J. Hovick , Benjamin Geaumont , Jason P. Harmon , Kevin Sedivec","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grasslands cover more than one-third of the world’s terrestrial surface and provide many important ecosystem services, and yet, are one of the least protected biomes. Threats include land-use conversion, woody plant encroachment, and invasive species which alter or limit many of the ecosystem services grasslands provide. Despite their significance, the conservation of grasslands remains a pressing challenge. The lack of protection for grassland ecosystems creates a need for targeted conservation and informed management on extant grasslands. As part of this effort, we discuss the role of herbaceous litter in promoting ecosystem function and providing ecosystem services. In this paper, we highlight both the positive and negative effects of litter and 1) summarize the multitude of ecosystem services it affects, 2) outline the environmental factors that influence litter accumulation and quality, and 3) discuss management practices that promote variable litter. Litter contributes to all ecosystem service categories defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment including provisioning, cultural, regulating, and supporting services. While many of these services are indirect, such as improving livestock forage production through increased water infiltration and nutrient cycling, the cascading accumulation of these effects shape grassland ecosystems and should be a critical part of management decisions. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of litter management to improve grassland quality and enhance ecosystem function. While many of the drivers of litter accumulation are inherently difficult to alter, management practices aimed at achieving heterogeneity can restore diverse landscapes that enhance ecosystem services and agronomic benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110171"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110181
Qiankun Dai , Haiqing Yang , Jun Luo , Shaojun Tan , Nana Wang , Xinxiao Yu , Yuan Su , Lei Wang , Bin Zhang
Soil phosphorus (P) in sloping croplands of mountainous areas is highly susceptible to migration and loss through erosion, posing a major challenge to sustainable agriculture development. Although soil and water conservation measures can mitigate P loss, their interception effects differ greatly. Enclosure walls (EWs), a traditional ethnic soil and water conservation practice in Southwest China, were examined to determine their effectiveness in reducing P loss and the mechanisms underlying P redistribution. The research was conducted in the Anning River Basin, where soil samples were collected from different slope positions (upper and lower slope positions) and depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–40 cm). Total phosphorus (Pt), organic phosphorus (Po) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi), along with key soil properties, were assessed to explore the relationship between terrain and phosphorus migration, and to identify the main driving factors. The results showed that in sloping croplands with EWs, soil Pt, Po, and Pi exhibited significant differences between slope positions, with consistently higher concentrations at the lower slope position. In the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm soil layers, Pt increased by 45.28 %, 64.10 %, and 69.70 %; Po by 35.71 %, 33.33 %, and 30.43 %; and Pi by 56 %, 120 %, and 188.89 %, respectively. In contrast, the control plots without EWs (CK) showed no significant slope position differences, with smaller increases in Pt (12.5 %, 13.79 %, and 29.55 %), Po (-11.11 %, 0.66 %, and 20.69 %), and Pi (37.93 %, 36.36 %, and 46.67 %). The sloping croplands with EWs and CK showed the highest P content in the surface layer at the upper slope position, but at the lower slope position, only sloping croplands with EWs maintained this pattern, while CK displayed no clear depth gradient and even exhibited the lowest Po content in the surface layer. Slope and slope length were significantly correlated with phosphorus content. Soil chemical properties were identified as the dominated drivers of P migration, with TN explaining 32.39 % of Pt variation, SOC: TN explaining 32.64 % of Po, and SOC: TN explaining 24.96 % of Pi. In contrast, individual environmental factors contributed less than 15 % to the explained variance. EWs significantly reduced the risk of P loss through physical interception, and C–N coupling mechanisms controlled the spatial differentiation of P. These findings provide scientific support for promoting low-cost P-control strategies and indigenous soil and water conservation technologies in the sloping croplands of Southwest China.
{"title":"Yi-ethnic enclosure walls as indigenous innovation for mitigating phosphorus loss in sloping croplands of the Anning River Basin, SW China","authors":"Qiankun Dai , Haiqing Yang , Jun Luo , Shaojun Tan , Nana Wang , Xinxiao Yu , Yuan Su , Lei Wang , Bin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil phosphorus (P) in sloping croplands of mountainous areas is highly susceptible to migration and loss through erosion, posing a major challenge to sustainable agriculture development. Although soil and water conservation measures can mitigate P loss, their interception effects differ greatly. Enclosure walls (EWs), a traditional ethnic soil and water conservation practice in Southwest China, were examined to determine their effectiveness in reducing P loss and the mechanisms underlying P redistribution. The research was conducted in the Anning River Basin, where soil samples were collected from different slope positions (upper and lower slope positions) and depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–40 cm). Total phosphorus (Pt), organic phosphorus (Po) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi), along with key soil properties, were assessed to explore the relationship between terrain and phosphorus migration, and to identify the main driving factors. The results showed that in sloping croplands with EWs, soil Pt, Po, and Pi exhibited significant differences between slope positions, with consistently higher concentrations at the lower slope position. In the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm soil layers, Pt increased by 45.28 %, 64.10 %, and 69.70 %; Po by 35.71 %, 33.33 %, and 30.43 %; and Pi by 56 %, 120 %, and 188.89 %, respectively. In contrast, the control plots without EWs (CK) showed no significant slope position differences, with smaller increases in Pt (12.5 %, 13.79 %, and 29.55 %), Po (-11.11 %, 0.66 %, and 20.69 %), and Pi (37.93 %, 36.36 %, and 46.67 %). The sloping croplands with EWs and CK showed the highest P content in the surface layer at the upper slope position, but at the lower slope position, only sloping croplands with EWs maintained this pattern, while CK displayed no clear depth gradient and even exhibited the lowest Po content in the surface layer. Slope and slope length were significantly correlated with phosphorus content. Soil chemical properties were identified as the dominated drivers of P migration, with TN explaining 32.39 % of Pt variation, SOC: TN explaining 32.64 % of Po, and SOC: TN explaining 24.96 % of Pi. In contrast, individual environmental factors contributed less than 15 % to the explained variance. EWs significantly reduced the risk of P loss through physical interception, and C–N coupling mechanisms controlled the spatial differentiation of P. These findings provide scientific support for promoting low-cost P-control strategies and indigenous soil and water conservation technologies in the sloping croplands of Southwest China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110181"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110168
Jingjing Yang , Zhanbo Yang , Jiayi Wang , Xuefeng Wu , Yueqing Song , Ruan Hang , Tongtong Xu , Xuan Zhao , Duofeng Pan , Deli Wang , Donghui Wu , Yahya Kooch
Grasslands globally are facing increasing degradation, which threatens soil biology and ecosystem multifunctionality. Although it is commonly believed that livestock grazing could harm ecosystem functions in degraded grasslands, the specific mechanisms and consequences of these impacts remain poorly understood. To address this gap, the study used a 3-year field-manipulated livestock grazing experiment (sheep; Ovis aries) across different degraded degrees (i.e., lightly, moderately and severely) of meadow grasslands in China due to overgrazing over the past several decades. Grazing significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes (95 %), bacterivores (120 %), fungivores (200 %), the weighted ecosystem multifunctionality by 144 % in lightly degraded grasslands. In moderately degraded grasslands, grazing boosted the abundance of fungivores and omnivore-predators, Shannon-Wiener diversity of soil nematodes, plant nitrogen content (18 %) and soil available phosphorus (120 %), with no change in multifunctionality. In contrast, grazing decreased soil nematode abundance and metabolic footprints (structural: 31 % and functional: 28 %), ecosystem multifunctionality by 262 % in severely degraded grasslands, but facilitated soil nematode diversity and nitrogen content (11 %). The study provides decision makers with grazing strategies based on the intensity of grassland degradation. Herbivore grazing could be considered as nature-based solutions to improve and maintain soil nematode communities and ecosystem multifunctionality in lightly and moderately degraded grasslands, whereas it is not recommended for severely degraded grasslands. The strategies developed in this work provide valuable insights into the trade-offs between the use and restoration of grasslands to achieve environmental and economic win-win situations.
{"title":"Livestock grazing as a nature-based solution for restoring soil nematode communities and ecosystem multifunctionality","authors":"Jingjing Yang , Zhanbo Yang , Jiayi Wang , Xuefeng Wu , Yueqing Song , Ruan Hang , Tongtong Xu , Xuan Zhao , Duofeng Pan , Deli Wang , Donghui Wu , Yahya Kooch","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grasslands globally are facing increasing degradation, which threatens soil biology and ecosystem multifunctionality. Although it is commonly believed that livestock grazing could harm ecosystem functions in degraded grasslands, the specific mechanisms and consequences of these impacts remain poorly understood. To address this gap, the study used a 3-year field-manipulated livestock grazing experiment (sheep; <em>Ovis aries</em>) across different degraded degrees (i.e., lightly, moderately and severely) of meadow grasslands in China due to overgrazing over the past several decades. Grazing significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes (95 %), bacterivores (120 %), fungivores (200 %), the weighted ecosystem multifunctionality by 144 % in lightly degraded grasslands. In moderately degraded grasslands, grazing boosted the abundance of fungivores and omnivore-predators, Shannon-Wiener diversity of soil nematodes, plant nitrogen content (18 %) and soil available phosphorus (120 %), with no change in multifunctionality. In contrast, grazing decreased soil nematode abundance and metabolic footprints (structural: 31 % and functional: 28 %), ecosystem multifunctionality by 262 % in severely degraded grasslands, but facilitated soil nematode diversity and nitrogen content (11 %). The study provides decision makers with grazing strategies based on the intensity of grassland degradation. Herbivore grazing could be considered as nature-based solutions to improve and maintain soil nematode communities and ecosystem multifunctionality in lightly and moderately degraded grasslands, whereas it is not recommended for severely degraded grasslands. The strategies developed in this work provide valuable insights into the trade-offs between the use and restoration of grasslands to achieve environmental and economic win-win situations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110168"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110163
Sophie Kratschmer , Esther Ockermüller , Victor S. Scharnhorst , Johann Neumayer , Kathrin Pascher , Christa Hainz-Renezeder , Norbert Sauberer , Thomas Frank , Bärbel Pachinger
Wild bees are among the most important insect pollinators, but their abundance and species richness are declining due to various interacting factors. Many of them are related to land-use change and agricultural intensification. Agri-environmental measures to promote (wild) bee species richness and abundance in agro-ecosystems, aim to support organic farming practices, landscape diversity and floral resources. Analyses of bee-plant network characteristics allow a more in-depth assessment of the effectiveness of agri-environmental measures.
In the present study we assess the network diversity, specialization and niche overlap of bees in bee-plant networks in a central European farmland in comparison to landscape diversity, organic farming and floral resources. Networks were surveyed in 100 test areas (625 ×625 m) on 10 randomly chosen transect-crosses per test area. Landscape diversity was assessed by habitat mapping and subsequent calculation of the Shannon Landscape Diversity Index (LSDI) and the proportion of semi-natural habitats (SNH) per test area. The proportion of organic farming and of biodiversity areas according to the Austrian agri-environmental scheme (2015–2022) per test area were calculated to assess their efficiency for network metrics. Forage availability was studied by average flower cover estimated in categories and plant richness was documented per test area. Finally, 28 test areas, with sufficient interaction data to calculate reliable network metrics, were used for detailed statistical analysis.
While niche overlap of bees was not significantly related to any of our explanatory variables, network diversity was significantly enhanced by increasing LSDI, proportions of SNH and biodiversity areas. Network specialization showed a trend to benefit from increased proportions of organic farming, but network metrics were not related to flower cover. The results suggest that increasing flower cover is not sufficient to accomplish niche complementarity of bee-plant networks. We highlight the utmost importance of high landscape complexity to maintain resilient bee communities and ultimately increase biodiversity in agro-ecosystems.
{"title":"Bee – Plant networks in agricultural landscapes are enhanced by increased landscape diversity and agri-environmental measures","authors":"Sophie Kratschmer , Esther Ockermüller , Victor S. Scharnhorst , Johann Neumayer , Kathrin Pascher , Christa Hainz-Renezeder , Norbert Sauberer , Thomas Frank , Bärbel Pachinger","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wild bees are among the most important insect pollinators, but their abundance and species richness are declining due to various interacting factors. Many of them are related to land-use change and agricultural intensification. Agri-environmental measures to promote (wild) bee species richness and abundance in agro-ecosystems, aim to support organic farming practices, landscape diversity and floral resources. Analyses of bee-plant network characteristics allow a more in-depth assessment of the effectiveness of agri-environmental measures.</div><div>In the present study we assess the network diversity, specialization and niche overlap of bees in bee-plant networks in a central European farmland in comparison to landscape diversity, organic farming and floral resources. Networks were surveyed in 100 test areas (625 ×625 m) on 10 randomly chosen transect-crosses per test area. Landscape diversity was assessed by habitat mapping and subsequent calculation of the Shannon Landscape Diversity Index (LSDI) and the proportion of semi-natural habitats (SNH) per test area. The proportion of organic farming and of biodiversity areas according to the Austrian agri-environmental scheme (2015–2022) per test area were calculated to assess their efficiency for network metrics. Forage availability was studied by average flower cover estimated in categories and plant richness was documented per test area. Finally, 28 test areas, with sufficient interaction data to calculate reliable network metrics, were used for detailed statistical analysis.</div><div>While niche overlap of bees was not significantly related to any of our explanatory variables, network diversity was significantly enhanced by increasing LSDI, proportions of SNH and biodiversity areas. Network specialization showed a trend to benefit from increased proportions of organic farming, but network metrics were not related to flower cover. The results suggest that increasing flower cover is not sufficient to accomplish niche complementarity of bee-plant networks. We highlight the utmost importance of high landscape complexity to maintain resilient bee communities and ultimately increase biodiversity in agro-ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110163"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110177
Wenjing Liu , Hong Yang , Ping Yang , Qitao Xiao , Jujuan Gao , Lihua Wang , Chuan Tong , Yingzi Wang , Pingping Guo , Dongyao Sun , Yongxin Lin , Kam W. Tang
Many coastal marshes dominated by the invasive species, for example, Spartina alterniflora, had been cleared to create aquaculture ponds for shrimp farming. Efforts were made in recent years to revert aquaculture ponds to wetlands using the native species Phragmites australis and Cyperus malaccensis. This study quantified the impact of this restoration effort on sediment methane production potential (PCH4) and methane emission (FT-CH4) in southeastern China. The results showed that restoration decreased PCH4 from 30.3 to 23.9 ng CH4 g−1 d−1 and decreased FT-CH4 from 13.9 to 2.8 mg m−2 h−1. The abundance of mcrA gene decreased by 58.6 %, whereas pmoA gene abundance increased by 103.1 % in restored wetlands. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that decrease in PCH4 was primarily caused by changes in sediment labile organic carbon and SO42- contents, which led to a decrease in mcrA gene and an increase in pmoA gene. Reconnecting the aquaculture ponds to adjacent coastal area improved seawater exchange and oxygenation. Compared to the original Spartina-dominated marshes, the restored wetlands had lower methane contribution, above-ground vegetation biomass and organic deposition. Overall, this study showed that active restoration using native vegetation is preferred over passive restoration for coastal wetlands.
许多以互花米草等入侵物种为主的沿海沼泽已被清除，以建立养殖对虾的水产养殖池塘。近年来，人们努力将养殖池塘恢复为湿地，利用本地物种芦苇和马六甲莎草。本研究量化了这种恢复努力对中国东南部沉积物甲烷生产潜力（PCH4）和甲烷排放（FT-CH4）的影响。结果表明，恢复使PCH4从30.3降低到23.9 ng CH4 g−1 d−1，FT-CH4从13.9降低到2.8 mg m−2 h−1。恢复湿地中mcrA基因丰度下降58.6% %，而pmoA基因丰度增加103.1 %。结构方程模型（SEM）表明，PCH4的减少主要是由于沉积物中挥发性有机碳和SO42-含量的变化，从而导致mcrA基因减少，pmoA基因增加。将养殖池塘与邻近沿海地区重新连接，改善了海水交换和氧化。与原有的米草属湿地相比，恢复湿地的甲烷贡献、地上植被生物量和有机沉积均较低。总体而言，本研究表明，利用原生植被进行主动恢复比被动恢复更适合滨海湿地。
{"title":"Restoring aquaculture ponds to coastal wetlands using native vegetation reduces methane (CH4) production and emissions","authors":"Wenjing Liu , Hong Yang , Ping Yang , Qitao Xiao , Jujuan Gao , Lihua Wang , Chuan Tong , Yingzi Wang , Pingping Guo , Dongyao Sun , Yongxin Lin , Kam W. Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many coastal marshes dominated by the invasive species, for example, <em>Spartina alterniflora</em>, had been cleared to create aquaculture ponds for shrimp farming. Efforts were made in recent years to revert aquaculture ponds to wetlands using the native species <em>Phragmites australis</em> and <em>Cyperus malaccensis</em>. This study quantified the impact of this restoration effort on sediment methane production potential (<em>P</em><sub>CH4</sub>) and methane emission (<em>F</em><sub>T-CH4</sub>) in southeastern China. The results showed that restoration decreased <em>P</em><sub>CH4</sub> from 30.3 to 23.9 ng CH<sub>4</sub> g<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup> and decreased <em>F</em><sub>T-CH4</sub> from 13.9 to 2.8 mg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>. The abundance of <em>mcrA</em> gene decreased by 58.6 %, whereas <em>pmoA</em> gene abundance increased by 103.1 % in restored wetlands. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that decrease in <em>P</em><sub>CH4</sub> was primarily caused by changes in sediment labile organic carbon and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> contents, which led to a decrease in <em>mcrA</em> gene and an increase in <em>pmoA</em> gene. Reconnecting the aquaculture ponds to adjacent coastal area improved seawater exchange and oxygenation. Compared to the original <em>Spartina-</em>dominated marshes, the restored wetlands had lower methane contribution, above-ground vegetation biomass and organic deposition. Overall, this study showed that active restoration using native vegetation is preferred over passive restoration for coastal wetlands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110177"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110174
Rui Qian , Lei Gao , Junjie Liu , Asim Biswas , Xinhua Peng
Microbial community structure plays a critical role in regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization in agricultural systems. However, the interrelationships between microbial life-history strategies and SOC mineralization under different tillage practices in erosion-prone landscapes remain insufficiently understood. This study explored the microbial mechanisms underlying SOC mineralization across three tillage systems, conventional tillage with straw removal (CT), conventional tillage with straw incorporation (CTS), and no-tillage with straw mulch (NTS), on a hillslope in Northeast China's black soil region. Cumulative SOC mineralization (1132.8–3044.5 kg C ha⁻¹) varied significantly with slope positions and tillage practice (p < 0.05), with upper and lower positions exhibiting 50.2 % and 34.5 % higher values than the middle position, respectively. Compared to CT, CTS increased SOC mineralization by 68.5 %. Although NTS also exhibited higher mineralization than CT, it promoted SOC storage as confirmed by positive C balance. Microbial life-history strategies emerged as stronger predictors of SOC mineralization than microbial diversity alone. Bacterial communities displayed distinct shifts in response to erosion and deposition, transitioning from r-strategists in nutrient-rich upper and lower positions to K-strategists in the nutrient-depleted middle area. In contrast, fungal communities responded primarily to tillage practice, with the abundant input of fresh straw favoring r-strategist fungi (e.g., Ascomycota) as key drivers of SOC mineralization and accumulation, rather than K-strategists. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into microbe-mediated C cycling in agricultural systems and support the implementation of conservation tillage practices to enhance SOC sequestration in erosion-vulnerable landscapes.
微生物群落结构对农业系统土壤有机碳矿化具有重要调控作用。然而，在不同耕作方式下，微生物生活史策略与土壤有机碳矿化之间的相互关系尚不清楚。本研究以东北黑土地区为研究对象，探讨了三种耕作方式下土壤有机碳矿化的微生物机制，即常规耕作加秸秆去除（CT）、常规耕作加秸秆还田（CTS）和秸秆覆盖免耕（NTS）。累积有机碳矿化（1132.8-3044.5 kg C ha⁻¹）随坡位和耕作方式的不同而有显著差异（p <； 0.05），上、下位置分别比中间位置高50.2% %和34.5% %。与CT相比，CTS使有机碳矿化提高了68.5 %。虽然NTS也比CT表现出更高的矿化，但正C平衡证实了NTS促进了SOC的储存。微生物生活史策略比微生物多样性本身更能预测有机碳矿化。细菌群落对侵蚀和沉积的响应表现出明显的变化，从营养丰富的上部和下部的r型向营养枯竭的中部地区的k型转变。相比之下，真菌群落主要对耕作方式做出反应，新鲜秸秆的大量输入有利于r-策略真菌（如子囊菌）成为土壤有机碳矿化和积累的关键驱动因素，而不是k -策略真菌。我们的研究结果为农业系统中微生物介导的碳循环提供了机制见解，并支持保护性耕作措施的实施，以增强侵蚀脆弱景观中有机碳的固存。
{"title":"Linking microbial life strategies to carbon mineralization under diverse tillage practices: Insights from eroding black soil hillslopes","authors":"Rui Qian , Lei Gao , Junjie Liu , Asim Biswas , Xinhua Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial community structure plays a critical role in regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization in agricultural systems. However, the interrelationships between microbial life-history strategies and SOC mineralization under different tillage practices in erosion-prone landscapes remain insufficiently understood. This study explored the microbial mechanisms underlying SOC mineralization across three tillage systems, conventional tillage with straw removal (CT), conventional tillage with straw incorporation (CTS), and no-tillage with straw mulch (NTS), on a hillslope in Northeast China's black soil region. Cumulative SOC mineralization (1132.8–3044.5 kg C ha⁻¹) varied significantly with slope positions and tillage practice (<em>p</em> < 0.05), with upper and lower positions exhibiting 50.2 % and 34.5 % higher values than the middle position, respectively. Compared to CT, CTS increased SOC mineralization by 68.5 %. Although NTS also exhibited higher mineralization than CT, it promoted SOC storage as confirmed by positive C balance. Microbial life-history strategies emerged as stronger predictors of SOC mineralization than microbial diversity alone. Bacterial communities displayed distinct shifts in response to erosion and deposition, transitioning from <em>r</em>-strategists in nutrient-rich upper and lower positions to <em>K</em>-strategists in the nutrient-depleted middle area. In contrast, fungal communities responded primarily to tillage practice, with the abundant input of fresh straw favoring <em>r</em>-strategist fungi (e.g., <em>Ascomycota</em>) as key drivers of SOC mineralization and accumulation, rather than <em>K</em>-strategists. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into microbe-mediated C cycling in agricultural systems and support the implementation of conservation tillage practices to enhance SOC sequestration in erosion-vulnerable landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110174"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110165
Jianbin Deng , Yusong Dai , Qijun Zhang , Fangjie Shi , Wenyan Li , Jinjin Wang , Jianjun Zhang , Yongtao Li , Xueming Lin , Yulong Zhang
Global cadmium (Cd) contamination threatens 30 % of agricultural lands, forcing unsustainable trade-offs between food safety and farmer livelihoods. This study establishes low accumulation crop (LAC) rotations as an eco-engineering platform that successfully decouples agricultural production from heavy metal pollution in contaminated agroecosystems. Through systematic validation of ten rotation patterns in severely Cd-polluted soils (3.32 mg/kg), we demonstrate how four optimized rotations—Rapeseed-Silage corn-Cherry tomato (CT), Rapeseed-Silage corn-Peanut (PN), Rapeseed-Silage corn-Silage corn (SC), and Rapeseed-Silage corn-Sunflower (SF)—achieve triple synergy: maintaining 100 % crop compliance rates while removing 66.78–91.34 g/ha/yr of Cd and generating 11,664–28,559 USD ha/yr net profits (270 %–590 % above conventional rice systems). Crucially, this framework propels self-sustaining circularity through Cd bio-sequestration in non-edible biomass, soil health restructuring via pH-driven bioavailability suppression (increased 0.59–1.48 units), and microbe-mediated reactivation evidenced by 8.44 %–24.3 % MBC enhancement, 61 %–117 % catalase surge, and 22.44 %–87.19 % urease amplification. By transforming remediation into an economically viable process where safe agricultural outputs fund ongoing contaminant drawdown, the system advances SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health) in subtropical contamination hotspots. This ecology-engineering blueprint offers a transferrable solution for 30 % of global agricultural ecosystems facing heavy metal degradation.
{"title":"Low accumulation crop rotations enhance safe yields and cadmium drawdown in severely polluted farmland","authors":"Jianbin Deng , Yusong Dai , Qijun Zhang , Fangjie Shi , Wenyan Li , Jinjin Wang , Jianjun Zhang , Yongtao Li , Xueming Lin , Yulong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global cadmium (Cd) contamination threatens 30 % of agricultural lands, forcing unsustainable trade-offs between food safety and farmer livelihoods. This study establishes low accumulation crop (LAC) rotations as an eco-engineering platform that successfully decouples agricultural production from heavy metal pollution in contaminated agroecosystems. Through systematic validation of ten rotation patterns in severely Cd-polluted soils (3.32 mg/kg), we demonstrate how four optimized rotations—Rapeseed-Silage corn-Cherry tomato (CT), Rapeseed-Silage corn-Peanut (PN), Rapeseed-Silage corn-Silage corn (SC), and Rapeseed-Silage corn-Sunflower (SF)—achieve triple synergy: maintaining 100 % crop compliance rates while removing 66.78–91.34 g/ha/yr of Cd and generating 11,664–28,559 USD ha/yr net profits (270 %–590 % above conventional rice systems). Crucially, this framework propels self-sustaining circularity through Cd bio-sequestration in non-edible biomass, soil health restructuring via pH-driven bioavailability suppression (increased 0.59–1.48 units), and microbe-mediated reactivation evidenced by 8.44 %–24.3 % MBC enhancement, 61 %–117 % catalase surge, and 22.44 %–87.19 % urease amplification. By transforming remediation into an economically viable process where safe agricultural outputs fund ongoing contaminant drawdown, the system advances SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health) in subtropical contamination hotspots. This ecology-engineering blueprint offers a transferrable solution for 30 % of global agricultural ecosystems facing heavy metal degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110165"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110178
Yang Hu , Mengfei Cong , Tianle Kou , Han Yan , Xinya Sun , Haolin Zhang , Yakov Kuzyakov , Yang Yang , Yimei Huang , Yanxing Dou , Zhaolong Zhu , Baorong Wang , Hongtao Jia , Shaoshan An
Soil organisms of various sizes respond variably to environmental changes due to their distinct life-history traits, but their impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) through microbial metabolism remains unclear. Degraded grasslands provide an excellent platform to evaluate the links between specific-size organisms and metabolic efficiency in complex environments. Grassland degradation experiments were established across six sites spanning 2000 km to reveal how 34 taxa of various sizes, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes, respond to degradation, and their dependence on microbial metabolic efficiency. Degradation reduced microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) and necromass accumulation coefficient (NAC) by 9.2–27 % and 19–41 %, respectively, though its extent may be mediated by environmental factors across sites. Organism responses to degradation depended on body size: fungal diversity increased by 15–20 %, whereas large-bodied organisms (nematodes) decreased by 27 %, and bacteria and protozoa remained stable. Increases in soil pH, as well as decreases in plant biomass, soil clay, and nutrients, were associated with the reductions in CUE and NAC. Furthermore, smaller-bodied organisms (e.g., Actinobacteria and Firmicutes within bacteria) explained the reductions in CUE and NAC more than larger-bodied organisms (e.g., nematodes and protozoa). We emphasize that grassland degradation-induced deterioration of plants and soil, as well as changes in smaller-bodied organisms, potentially reduces the efficiency of microbes in converting carbon into biomass and necromass, which may be a key mechanism for SOC loss in degraded grasslands.
{"title":"Microbial metabolism decline in degraded grasslands depends on soil organism size","authors":"Yang Hu , Mengfei Cong , Tianle Kou , Han Yan , Xinya Sun , Haolin Zhang , Yakov Kuzyakov , Yang Yang , Yimei Huang , Yanxing Dou , Zhaolong Zhu , Baorong Wang , Hongtao Jia , Shaoshan An","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil organisms of various sizes respond variably to environmental changes due to their distinct life-history traits, but their impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) through microbial metabolism remains unclear. Degraded grasslands provide an excellent platform to evaluate the links between specific-size organisms and metabolic efficiency in complex environments. Grassland degradation experiments were established across six sites spanning 2000 km to reveal how 34 taxa of various sizes, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes, respond to degradation, and their dependence on microbial metabolic efficiency. Degradation reduced microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) and necromass accumulation coefficient (NAC) by 9.2–27 % and 19–41 %, respectively, though its extent may be mediated by environmental factors across sites. Organism responses to degradation depended on body size: fungal diversity increased by 15–20 %, whereas large-bodied organisms (nematodes) decreased by 27 %, and bacteria and protozoa remained stable. Increases in soil pH, as well as decreases in plant biomass, soil clay, and nutrients, were associated with the reductions in CUE and NAC. Furthermore, smaller-bodied organisms (e.g., Actinobacteria and Firmicutes within bacteria) explained the reductions in CUE and NAC more than larger-bodied organisms (e.g., nematodes and protozoa). We emphasize that grassland degradation-induced deterioration of plants and soil, as well as changes in smaller-bodied organisms, potentially reduces the efficiency of microbes in converting carbon into biomass and necromass, which may be a key mechanism for SOC loss in degraded grasslands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110178"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2025.110172
Jaeyeon Kim , Seungwoo Han , Jiweon Yun , Seunghyeon Lee , Youngkeun Song
<div><div>Abandoned paddy fields (APFs) are increasing due to socio-economic changes, but their ecological characteristics across different spatial scales and taxonomic groups remain largely unexplored. Existing studies have primarily focused on single high-value sites or plant communities, limiting our understanding of broader biodiversity patterns and successional stages. This study aims to identify the successional stages of APFs using remote-sensing based ecological indicators and to analyze how these successional stages shape terrestrial insect diversity and community composition. Since APFs exhibit considerable heterogeneity depending on their vegetation structure and moisture conditions, systematic grouping of their successional stages is essential for understanding biodiversity patterns and informing targeted ecological management. The study was conducted in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, encompassing 2269 sites across approximately 10,171 km², a region where agricultural areas are widely distributed while rapid urbanization is simultaneously occurring. Remote-sensing indices including NDVI, NDWI and Rao’s Q diversity index, calculated from Sentinel-2 imagery, were used in principal component analysis and K-means clustering to delineate successional stages. Field surveys were conducted in May 2024 at nine sites representing three successional types. Terrestrial insects were quantitatively sampled using sweep nets. Diversity indices (Shannon and Dominance) were compared among succession stages using ANOVA and community composition was analyzed using NMDS and PERMANOVA. Based on remote-sensing data, principal component analysis and clustering grouped APFs into three ecological types: Cultivated field, Herbaceous-woody mixed APF and Woody-dominated APF. Significant differences in ecological structure were found among clusters (e.g., PC1: F(2,2266) = 7224, <em>p</em> < 0.001). Second, significant differences in terrestrial insect diversity were observed between some of the three identified successional types. Herbaceous-woody mixed APF exhibited the highest Shannon index (3.38 ± 0.16), while Cultivated field showed the lowest (2.58 ± 0.44, <em>p</em> = 0.02). The Dominance index was lowest in Herbaceous-woody mixed APF (0.17 ± 0.01) and highest in Cultivated field (0.34 ± 0.07, <em>p</em> = 0.01). NMDS and PERMANOVA (<em>R²</em> = 0.49, <em>p</em> = 0.004) revealed distinct insect assemblages among successional stages. Cultivated fields were characterized by a higher abundance of Hemiptera and Orthoptera, including pest-associated species, whereas woody-dominated APFs showed greater occurrence of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Herbaceous-woody mixed APFs were strongly associated with predatory taxa such as Mantodea and Odonata, reflecting structurally diverse and moisture-rich environments. These results confirm the feasibility of using remote-sensing to differentiate ecological structures of APFs and show that successional stages significa
{"title":"Ecological structures and terrestrial insect diversity across successional stages in abandoned paddy fields","authors":"Jaeyeon Kim , Seungwoo Han , Jiweon Yun , Seunghyeon Lee , Youngkeun Song","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abandoned paddy fields (APFs) are increasing due to socio-economic changes, but their ecological characteristics across different spatial scales and taxonomic groups remain largely unexplored. Existing studies have primarily focused on single high-value sites or plant communities, limiting our understanding of broader biodiversity patterns and successional stages. This study aims to identify the successional stages of APFs using remote-sensing based ecological indicators and to analyze how these successional stages shape terrestrial insect diversity and community composition. Since APFs exhibit considerable heterogeneity depending on their vegetation structure and moisture conditions, systematic grouping of their successional stages is essential for understanding biodiversity patterns and informing targeted ecological management. The study was conducted in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, encompassing 2269 sites across approximately 10,171 km², a region where agricultural areas are widely distributed while rapid urbanization is simultaneously occurring. Remote-sensing indices including NDVI, NDWI and Rao’s Q diversity index, calculated from Sentinel-2 imagery, were used in principal component analysis and K-means clustering to delineate successional stages. Field surveys were conducted in May 2024 at nine sites representing three successional types. Terrestrial insects were quantitatively sampled using sweep nets. Diversity indices (Shannon and Dominance) were compared among succession stages using ANOVA and community composition was analyzed using NMDS and PERMANOVA. Based on remote-sensing data, principal component analysis and clustering grouped APFs into three ecological types: Cultivated field, Herbaceous-woody mixed APF and Woody-dominated APF. Significant differences in ecological structure were found among clusters (e.g., PC1: F(2,2266) = 7224, <em>p</em> < 0.001). Second, significant differences in terrestrial insect diversity were observed between some of the three identified successional types. Herbaceous-woody mixed APF exhibited the highest Shannon index (3.38 ± 0.16), while Cultivated field showed the lowest (2.58 ± 0.44, <em>p</em> = 0.02). The Dominance index was lowest in Herbaceous-woody mixed APF (0.17 ± 0.01) and highest in Cultivated field (0.34 ± 0.07, <em>p</em> = 0.01). NMDS and PERMANOVA (<em>R²</em> = 0.49, <em>p</em> = 0.004) revealed distinct insect assemblages among successional stages. Cultivated fields were characterized by a higher abundance of Hemiptera and Orthoptera, including pest-associated species, whereas woody-dominated APFs showed greater occurrence of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Herbaceous-woody mixed APFs were strongly associated with predatory taxa such as Mantodea and Odonata, reflecting structurally diverse and moisture-rich environments. These results confirm the feasibility of using remote-sensing to differentiate ecological structures of APFs and show that successional stages significa","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 110172"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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