Poor prescribing pattern is observed and become a serious problem in the world including developing countries. In Ethiopia, several studies showed that health care institutions did not meet WHO prescribing indicators and the prescribing pattern is not satisfactory in the health care institutions. This study aimsto review the prescribing pattern of medications prescribed to outpatients based on WHO prescribing indicators in Ethiopia. Literature search was performed through PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Research Gate from July 5-30, 2019. A standard data extraction format was used to collect important data from the included studies. Open meta analyst advanced software was used for analyses of the pooled estimate of outcome measures and subgroup analysis. Der Simonian and Laird’s random-effect models were applied for the analyses at 95% confidence level. I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity of studies. The presence of publication bias was assessed with comprehensive meta-analysis version 3 software and presented with a funnel plot. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The results revealed that a total of 13 studies with 33,567 drugs from 15,305 prescriptions were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of prescribing indicators were 1.96, 93.0, 36.2, 18.3 and 94.8% for average number of drugs per prescription, percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name, percentage of drugs encounter with antibiotics, percentage of drugs encounter with injection and for the percentage of medicines prescribed from essential drug list respectively. Therefore, the prescribing pattern of Ethiopia is below WHO standard level. Key words: Prescribing pattern, prescribing indicators, Ethiopia.
{"title":"Prescribing pattern of medications prescribed to outpatients based on WHO prescribing indicators in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","authors":"W. Ayenew, G. Asmamaw, Atsede Getaneh","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5123","url":null,"abstract":"Poor prescribing pattern is observed and become a serious problem in the world including developing countries. In Ethiopia, several studies showed that health care institutions did not meet WHO prescribing indicators and the prescribing pattern is not satisfactory in the health care institutions. This study aimsto review the prescribing pattern of medications prescribed to outpatients based on WHO prescribing indicators in Ethiopia. Literature search was performed through PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Research Gate from July 5-30, 2019. A standard data extraction format was used to collect important data from the included studies. Open meta analyst advanced software was used for analyses of the pooled estimate of outcome measures and subgroup analysis. Der Simonian and Laird’s random-effect models were applied for the analyses at 95% confidence level. I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity of studies. The presence of publication bias was assessed with comprehensive meta-analysis version 3 software and presented with a funnel plot. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The results revealed that a total of 13 studies with 33,567 drugs from 15,305 prescriptions were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of prescribing indicators were 1.96, 93.0, 36.2, 18.3 and 94.8% for average number of drugs per prescription, percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name, percentage of drugs encounter with antibiotics, percentage of drugs encounter with injection and for the percentage of medicines prescribed from essential drug list respectively. Therefore, the prescribing pattern of Ethiopia is below WHO standard level. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Prescribing pattern, prescribing indicators, Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42623606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Khalid, Syed Muhammad Farid Hassan, Madiha Mushtaque, Rabia Noor, Sana Ghayas, Iyad Naeem Muhamma, F. Hassan
Biopharmaceutic classification system (BCS) is a substantial part of drug designing and generic product development and has been accepted as a technique to renounce in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation (biowaiver). It appeared to be worthwhile and time-saving by means of in-vitro studies in the presence of biorelevant physiological mediums that mimic not only the predictable solubility but also permeability of the multisource product. Such methodology is now applied as a regulatory stamp to support new and generic product approvals based on other than in-vivo equivalence testing. This article outlines the foundation of BCS, its implementation in granting biowaiver, adequacy of in-vitro bioequivalence studies, principles and requirements of BCS biowaiver by four regulatory agencies such as; Food and Drug Authority (FDA), World Health Organization (WHO), European medicine agency (EMA) and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), potential effect of excipients on solubility and permeability of drug molecules and supplementary data provided by FDA regarding biowaiver approvals. Furthermore, supportive data provided by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) has also been given for biowaiver sanction of certain drug products. It has been concluded, that although biowaiver is a profitable methodology for generic and new drug product approval, the variance in the standards of governing bodies demands more critical assessment to establish some unified principles to be followed globally. Key words: Biopharmaceutics classification system, bioequivalence, biowaiver.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of biopharmaceutic classification system (BCS) based biowaiver protocols to validate equivalence of a multisource product","authors":"F. Khalid, Syed Muhammad Farid Hassan, Madiha Mushtaque, Rabia Noor, Sana Ghayas, Iyad Naeem Muhamma, F. Hassan","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5130","url":null,"abstract":"Biopharmaceutic classification system (BCS) is a substantial part of drug designing and generic product development and has been accepted as a technique to renounce in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation (biowaiver). It appeared to be worthwhile and time-saving by means of in-vitro studies in the presence of biorelevant physiological mediums that mimic not only the predictable solubility but also permeability of the multisource product. Such methodology is now applied as a regulatory stamp to support new and generic product approvals based on other than in-vivo equivalence testing. This article outlines the foundation of BCS, its implementation in granting biowaiver, adequacy of in-vitro bioequivalence studies, principles and requirements of BCS biowaiver by four regulatory agencies such as; Food and Drug Authority (FDA), World Health Organization (WHO), European medicine agency (EMA) and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), potential effect of excipients on solubility and permeability of drug molecules and supplementary data provided by FDA regarding biowaiver approvals. Furthermore, supportive data provided by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) has also been given for biowaiver sanction of certain drug products. It has been concluded, that although biowaiver is a profitable methodology for generic and new drug product approval, the variance in the standards of governing bodies demands more critical assessment to establish some unified principles to be followed globally. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Biopharmaceutics classification system, bioequivalence, biowaiver.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42426071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. E. Onyenwe, N. D. Nnamani, Judith Okoro, Chioma Nnenna Nwofor, C. Jesumirhewe
Enteric fever is a systemic disease classified into typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporins are usually the drugs of choice in the management of Salmonella infections. Previous reports have indicated common occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) including resistance to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones. However, there is paucity of information on the genetic determinants of resistance to β-lactam and fluoroquinolones from S. enterica in Southeast Nigeria. Salmonella enterica serovars were identified and screened (25 each from unrelated patients from the four hospitals). Resistant isolates were screened for ESBL phenotypically. Genomic and plasmid DNA were extracted by boiling and alkaline lysis, respectively. PCR amplification of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M, among the ESBL positive isolates and sequencing of the Quinolone Resistance Determining Regions (QRDR) on fluoroquinolone resistant isolates were determined. Of the 100 isolates, thirty six of the MDR isolates produced ESBL phenotypically, of which 13 were blaCTX-M positive. DNA sequencing revealed single point mutations in gyrA at amino acid positions Asp-87-Gly, Asp-87-Asn and Ser-83-Tyr in 55 (68.8%), and double mutation in parC at positions Asp-87-Gly in 14 (17.5%). Mutations in gyrA, parC genes, and chromosomal blaCTX-M were responsible for the fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins resistance, respectively in some of the Salmonella enterica from Southeast Nigeria. QRDR of the gyrA gene of the isolates sequenced showed reduced susceptibility to some fluoroquinolone. The taxonomic and neighbouring trees of similar species causing infection worldwide were identified, and hence, alleviates the fear of easy spreading of quinolone and cephalosporin resistant isolates. Key words: Quinolone Resistance Determining Regions (QRDR), ESBL, S.enterica, mutation.
{"title":"Prevalence and gene sequencing of extended spectrum -lactamases producing Salmonella enterica serovar. Typhi from South-East Nigeria","authors":"N. E. Onyenwe, N. D. Nnamani, Judith Okoro, Chioma Nnenna Nwofor, C. Jesumirhewe","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5115","url":null,"abstract":"Enteric fever is a systemic disease classified into typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporins are usually the drugs of choice in the management of Salmonella infections. Previous reports have indicated common occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) including resistance to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones. However, there is paucity of information on the genetic determinants of resistance to β-lactam and fluoroquinolones from S. enterica in Southeast Nigeria. Salmonella enterica serovars were identified and screened (25 each from unrelated patients from the four hospitals). Resistant isolates were screened for ESBL phenotypically. Genomic and plasmid DNA were extracted by boiling and alkaline lysis, respectively. PCR amplification of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M, among the ESBL positive isolates and sequencing of the Quinolone Resistance Determining Regions (QRDR) on fluoroquinolone resistant isolates were determined. Of the 100 isolates, thirty six of the MDR isolates produced ESBL phenotypically, of which 13 were blaCTX-M positive. DNA sequencing revealed single point mutations in gyrA at amino acid positions Asp-87-Gly, Asp-87-Asn and Ser-83-Tyr in 55 (68.8%), and double mutation in parC at positions Asp-87-Gly in 14 (17.5%). Mutations in gyrA, parC genes, and chromosomal blaCTX-M were responsible for the fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins resistance, respectively in some of the Salmonella enterica from Southeast Nigeria. QRDR of the gyrA gene of the isolates sequenced showed reduced susceptibility to some fluoroquinolone. The taxonomic and neighbouring trees of similar species causing infection worldwide were identified, and hence, alleviates the fear of easy spreading of quinolone and cephalosporin resistant isolates. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Quinolone Resistance Determining Regions (QRDR), ESBL, S.enterica, mutation.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"192-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48860917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. N. Agbom, O. Ogbu, I. Iroha, I. Moses, A. Onuora, A. Kalu, E. Nwakaeze, D. Mohammed, B. Oke, I. H. Egwu, P. Ajah, C. C. Okorie, O. D. Okata-Nwali
This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) against Escherichia coli implicated in urinary tract infections. Antibacterial activities of these plant extracts were tested against 10 multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates obtained from clinical specimens of UTI patients. Forty-five (45) Wister albino rats were used for this study and exactly 0.1 ml of standardized (0.5 McFarland’s) E. coli suspension was each inoculated into the 45 rats through intra-urethral route and observed after 48 h. This was followed by oral administration of different concentrations of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. sinensis, and ciprofloxacin antibiotic for 14 days. Phytochemical screening of extracts showed the presence of bioactive components. Results revealed that methanol extract was better than ethyl acetate extract of C. sinensis in the treatment of UTI caused by E. coli. Body weight, white blood cell count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate level returned to normal values after treatment with methanol extract of C. sinensis at 200 mg/kg body weight when compared to ethyl acetate extract of C. sinensis. This study has shown that C. sinensis possess bioactive ingredients with antimicrobial activities. Information from this study adds to the current information on the potential health benefits of green tea. Thus, further studies on other plant products should be explored so as to understand their potential health benefits and as alternative therapeutics in the treatment of bacterial infections. Key words: Antibacterial activity, E. coli, Camellia sinensis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), plant extract
{"title":"Antibacterial activities of Camellia sinensis plant extracts against uropathogenic E. coli in vitro and in vivo","authors":"J. N. Agbom, O. Ogbu, I. Iroha, I. Moses, A. Onuora, A. Kalu, E. Nwakaeze, D. Mohammed, B. Oke, I. H. Egwu, P. Ajah, C. C. Okorie, O. D. Okata-Nwali","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5146","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) against Escherichia coli implicated in urinary tract infections. Antibacterial activities of these plant extracts were tested against 10 multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates obtained from clinical specimens of UTI patients. Forty-five (45) Wister albino rats were used for this study and exactly 0.1 ml of standardized (0.5 McFarland’s) E. coli suspension was each inoculated into the 45 rats through intra-urethral route and observed after 48 h. This was followed by oral administration of different concentrations of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. sinensis, and ciprofloxacin antibiotic for 14 days. Phytochemical screening of extracts showed the presence of bioactive components. Results revealed that methanol extract was better than ethyl acetate extract of C. sinensis in the treatment of UTI caused by E. coli. Body weight, white blood cell count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate level returned to normal values after treatment with methanol extract of C. sinensis at 200 mg/kg body weight when compared to ethyl acetate extract of C. sinensis. This study has shown that C. sinensis possess bioactive ingredients with antimicrobial activities. Information from this study adds to the current information on the potential health benefits of green tea. Thus, further studies on other plant products should be explored so as to understand their potential health benefits and as alternative therapeutics in the treatment of bacterial infections. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antibacterial activity, E. coli, Camellia sinensis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), plant extract","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49126966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Abanmy, Fatimah Alrowibah, Lobna Al Juffali, Ebrahim Assiri, Mostafa Kofi
Prescribing errors are common. Available data on these errors, particularly in family community centers in Saudi Arabia, presents a problem that must be addressed. The aim of this study is to investigate the rate and types of prescribing errors at an ambulatory care setting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected to cover a 12-month period. A prospective review of hand-written prescriptions was made by a trained pharmacist to identify any potential errors therein. The main outcome measure was quantifiable rate and types of prescribing errors. A total of 177,406 prescriptions were scanned wherein 481 (0.27%) prescriptions consisted of at least one error for a total of 510 (0.09%) prescribing errors during the 12-month period of the study. The most common errors were: (1) inappropriate dosage and (2) inappropriate treatment. The uncommon errors consisted of: (1) incorrect drug, (2) incorrect strength, and (3) incorrect duration. All errors were corrected before the prescription reached the corresponding patient. Most errors were made during early morning hours. Lastly, the frequency of errors was highest with prescriptions relating to antidiabetics. Although the rate of prescribing errors in the subject family community center was not frequent, continuous education and monitoring is needed to limit such errors. Key words: Prescribing error, rate, family community, primary care, Riyadh
{"title":"Prescribing errors among family and community medicine center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","authors":"N. Abanmy, Fatimah Alrowibah, Lobna Al Juffali, Ebrahim Assiri, Mostafa Kofi","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5132","url":null,"abstract":"Prescribing errors are common. Available data on these errors, particularly in family community centers in Saudi Arabia, presents a problem that must be addressed. The aim of this study is to investigate the rate and types of prescribing errors at an ambulatory care setting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected to cover a 12-month period. A prospective review of hand-written prescriptions was made by a trained pharmacist to identify any potential errors therein. The main outcome measure was quantifiable rate and types of prescribing errors. A total of 177,406 prescriptions were scanned wherein 481 (0.27%) prescriptions consisted of at least one error for a total of 510 (0.09%) prescribing errors during the 12-month period of the study. The most common errors were: (1) inappropriate dosage and (2) inappropriate treatment. The uncommon errors consisted of: (1) incorrect drug, (2) incorrect strength, and (3) incorrect duration. All errors were corrected before the prescription reached the corresponding patient. Most errors were made during early morning hours. Lastly, the frequency of errors was highest with prescriptions relating to antidiabetics. Although the rate of prescribing errors in the subject family community center was not frequent, continuous education and monitoring is needed to limit such errors. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Prescribing error, rate, family community, primary care, Riyadh","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"163-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43492538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rida Masood, I. Muhammad, Sidra Kanwal Ali, Madiha Mushtaque, Tuba Siddiqui, F. Khalid, Aatka Ali
This assessment aims to identify the increasing number of morbidity of drug susceptible tuberculosis (TB) and its treatment outcomes, government cost of medicines as well as the economic impact on society. A retrospective observational study had been conducted in a government hospital using a patient’s record from 2013 to 2017, treated under the Direct Observed Therapy Short Course (DOTS) program in Karachi, Pakistan. Altogether, 3872 drug-susceptible TB patients were included in the study. All data had been analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. It had been found from the data that each year number of new smear-positive TB patients remained same, that is, 85% in 2013, 90% in 2014, 89.5% in 2015, 91% in 2016 and 92.3% in 2017 while slight decrease in relapse cases, that is, 15, 10, 10.4, 9 and 7.6% in 2013 to 2017, respectively. The single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that there is no significant difference between the gender of TB patient throughout the duration with the p-value=0.3769. During the years of study, cost of medicine increased due to rapid rise of inflation in the region which inturn caused the significant financial constraint on patients and their families. moral and financial support are important to render an individual productive again in the society. Key words: Drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB), anti-tubercular therapy, cost of medicine.
{"title":"Morbidity rate of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and its medico-economic impact","authors":"Rida Masood, I. Muhammad, Sidra Kanwal Ali, Madiha Mushtaque, Tuba Siddiqui, F. Khalid, Aatka Ali","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5127","url":null,"abstract":"This assessment aims to identify the increasing number of morbidity of drug susceptible tuberculosis (TB) and its treatment outcomes, government cost of medicines as well as the economic impact on society. A retrospective observational study had been conducted in a government hospital using a patient’s record from 2013 to 2017, treated under the Direct Observed Therapy Short Course (DOTS) program in Karachi, Pakistan. Altogether, 3872 drug-susceptible TB patients were included in the study. All data had been analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. It had been found from the data that each year number of new smear-positive TB patients remained same, that is, 85% in 2013, 90% in 2014, 89.5% in 2015, 91% in 2016 and 92.3% in 2017 while slight decrease in relapse cases, that is, 15, 10, 10.4, 9 and 7.6% in 2013 to 2017, respectively. The single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that there is no significant difference between the gender of TB patient throughout the duration with the p-value=0.3769. During the years of study, cost of medicine increased due to rapid rise of inflation in the region which inturn caused the significant financial constraint on patients and their families. moral and financial support are important to render an individual productive again in the society. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB), anti-tubercular therapy, cost of medicine.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47328171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agustina Ram irez-Moreno, Dealmy Delgadillo-Guzm an, Ver onica Bautista-Robles, J. Marszalek, Hady Keita, Ansoumane Kourouma, Sergio Alberto Ram irez Garc ia, J. R. R. Amado, J. Tavares-Carvalho
Few pharmacological and toxicological studies have been conducted to demonstrate the usefulness and safety of using the Jatropha dioica extract. The aim of this study was to update the state of the art on the chemical composition, pharmacology, and toxicology of the species J. dioica, to find new possible applications. A search of different databases was carried out on the internet, specifically in Science Direct, PubMed, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Springer Link, with the keyword being “Jatropha dioica”. Despite the limited results with regard to the plant toxicity, it was shown that the extract to use is innocuous. In addition, it was found that J. dioica could be employed as an antioxidant, antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral agent. Although promising, more scientific research is needed to further validate the ethno pharmacological use of the J. dioica extracts. Key words: Jatropha, toxicity, chemical composition, ethno pharmacology, plants medicinal.
很少进行药理学和毒理学研究来证明使用麻风树提取物的有用性和安全性。本研究的目的是更新dioica物种的化学成分、药理学和毒理学的最新技术，以寻找新的可能应用。在互联网上搜索了不同的数据库，特别是在Science Direct、PubMed、EBSCO、SCOPUS、Web of Science和Springer Link中，关键词为“Jatropha dioica”。尽管关于植物毒性的结果有限，但已经表明所使用的提取物是无害的。此外，还发现金合欢可以用作抗氧化剂、抗生素、抗真菌剂或抗病毒药物。尽管前景广阔，但还需要更多的科学研究来进一步验证金合欢提取物的民族药理学用途。关键词：麻疯树，毒性，化学成分，民族药理学，植物药用。
{"title":"Jatropha dioica, an Aztec plant with promising pharmacological properties: A systematic review","authors":"Agustina Ram irez-Moreno, Dealmy Delgadillo-Guzm an, Ver onica Bautista-Robles, J. Marszalek, Hady Keita, Ansoumane Kourouma, Sergio Alberto Ram irez Garc ia, J. R. R. Amado, J. Tavares-Carvalho","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5147","url":null,"abstract":"Few pharmacological and toxicological studies have been conducted to demonstrate the usefulness and safety of using the Jatropha dioica extract. The aim of this study was to update the state of the art on the chemical composition, pharmacology, and toxicology of the species J. dioica, to find new possible applications. A search of different databases was carried out on the internet, specifically in Science Direct, PubMed, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Springer Link, with the keyword being “Jatropha dioica”. Despite the limited results with regard to the plant toxicity, it was shown that the extract to use is innocuous. In addition, it was found that J. dioica could be employed as an antioxidant, antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral agent. Although promising, more scientific research is needed to further validate the ethno pharmacological use of the J. dioica extracts. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Jatropha, toxicity, chemical composition, ethno pharmacology, plants medicinal.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48771909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maheen Rana, Yasir Arfat, Omar Naseem, Nazish Mazari, Navida Manzoor, R. S. Aziz, Muhammad Rashid, S. Mohsin
There is increasing evidence of the clinical importance of microparticles (MPs) and their role in blood transfusion-related side effects and the transmission of pathogens. The study aims to examine the red blood cell-derived MPs in blood bags during storage under standardized blood bank conditions. The samples were tested at various times to demonstrate the presence of RBC-derived MPs by flow cytometry. The quantitative assay was carried out in stored erythrocyte concentrate on days 0, 25 and 35 and their number from day 0 to 25 and 35 and the number of day 25 to day 35 were compared. The MPs were counted after being concentrated in a supernatant (labeled with the respective antibodies CD47, CD235a and Annexin V) obtained by a specific centrifugation procedure. The analysis showed that the number of Annexin V positive MPs increased between day 0 and day 35 (~ 0.001) and CD47 expression on MPs at day 25 and day 35 decreased compared to day 0 (~ 0.001). In addition, CD235a expression had shown minimal insignificant changes with an upward trend (> 0.05) during the storage period. It is concluded that monitoring the release of MPs from RBC units during storage is a sensitive approach to identifying MPs for transfusion drugs and, more broadly, for cell-based therapies. Key words: Red blood cells, phosphatidylserine, cell-derived microparticle.
{"title":"Levels of red blood cells derived microparticles in stored erythrocyte concentrate","authors":"Maheen Rana, Yasir Arfat, Omar Naseem, Nazish Mazari, Navida Manzoor, R. S. Aziz, Muhammad Rashid, S. Mohsin","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5126","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing evidence of the clinical importance of microparticles (MPs) and their role in blood transfusion-related side effects and the transmission of pathogens. The study aims to examine the red blood cell-derived MPs in blood bags during storage under standardized blood bank conditions. The samples were tested at various times to demonstrate the presence of RBC-derived MPs by flow cytometry. The quantitative assay was carried out in stored erythrocyte concentrate on days 0, 25 and 35 and their number from day 0 to 25 and 35 and the number of day 25 to day 35 were compared. The MPs were counted after being concentrated in a supernatant (labeled with the respective antibodies CD47, CD235a and Annexin V) obtained by a specific centrifugation procedure. The analysis showed that the number of Annexin V positive MPs increased between day 0 and day 35 (~ 0.001) and CD47 expression on MPs at day 25 and day 35 decreased compared to day 0 (~ 0.001). In addition, CD235a expression had shown minimal insignificant changes with an upward trend (> 0.05) during the storage period. It is concluded that monitoring the release of MPs from RBC units during storage is a sensitive approach to identifying MPs for transfusion drugs and, more broadly, for cell-based therapies. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Red blood cells, phosphatidylserine, cell-derived microparticle.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"185-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44621240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Montero, S. A. Saravia, Ricardo Carvalho Santos, R. C. Santos, Jaafaru Ia, H. N. R. D. Costa
In this research, nine fruits cultivated in Northern Amazon were studied: Abiu, acerola, araca, bacupari, biriba, camu-camu, fruta-do-conde, graviola and tapereba, with the objective of carrying out a proximate and nutritional study of the pulps of the Northern Amazon fruits. They were graviola (76.83 ± 0.02 Kcal 100 g-1), bacupari (53.15 ± 0.02 Kcal 100 g-1) and fruta-do-conde (46.66 ± 0.02 Kcal 100 g-1). Among the macronutrients, potassium with high concentration stood out, especially in graviola (541.16 ± 0.24 mg.100 g-1) and biriba (468.21 ± 0.13 mg 100 g-1). Among the micronutrients, iron concentrations was high in araca pulp (3.04 ± 0.02 mg 100 g-1), and abiu was abundant in zinc (3.71 ± 0.02 mg 100 g-1) and manganese (6.61 ± 0.11 mg 100 g-1). The presence of cobalt at the level of traces in some of the pulps studied stood out. The Pearson correlation coefficient was evaluated, as well as the statistical treatment by multivariate analysis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to establish the correlation between the variables studied. Key words: Amazonian fruit, functional food, nutrients.
{"title":"Nutrients in Amazonian fruit pulps with functional and pharmacological interest","authors":"I. Montero, S. A. Saravia, Ricardo Carvalho Santos, R. C. Santos, Jaafaru Ia, H. N. R. D. Costa","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5136","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, nine fruits cultivated in Northern Amazon were studied: Abiu, acerola, araca, bacupari, biriba, camu-camu, fruta-do-conde, graviola and tapereba, with the objective of carrying out a proximate and nutritional study of the pulps of the Northern Amazon fruits. They were graviola (76.83 ± 0.02 Kcal 100 g-1), bacupari (53.15 ± 0.02 Kcal 100 g-1) and fruta-do-conde (46.66 ± 0.02 Kcal 100 g-1). Among the macronutrients, potassium with high concentration stood out, especially in graviola (541.16 ± 0.24 mg.100 g-1) and biriba (468.21 ± 0.13 mg 100 g-1). Among the micronutrients, iron concentrations was high in araca pulp (3.04 ± 0.02 mg 100 g-1), and abiu was abundant in zinc (3.71 ± 0.02 mg 100 g-1) and manganese (6.61 ± 0.11 mg 100 g-1). The presence of cobalt at the level of traces in some of the pulps studied stood out. The Pearson correlation coefficient was evaluated, as well as the statistical treatment by multivariate analysis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to establish the correlation between the variables studied. Key words: Amazonian fruit, functional food, nutrients.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"118-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43319114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. E. Ihedioha, I. Asuzu, A. O. Anaga, J. Ihedioha
The effects of sub-chronic administration of Pterocarpus santalinoides methanol leaf extract (PSME) on haematology, serum biochemistry and histology of albino rats were evaluated. Twenty female albino rats, randomly assigned into four groups (A-D) of five rats each, were used for the study. Groups A-C were treated orally with 500, 250 and 50 mg/kg PSME, respectively, while Group D was given distilled water as placebo at the dose of 10 ml/kg (untreated control). Treatment was done daily for 3 months after which blood samples were collected for haematology and serum biochemistry. After blood sample collection, the rats were weighed and humanely euthanized. The liver, kidneys, heart and spleen were eviscerated and weighed, and relative organ weights calculated. Thin slices of the liver and kidneys were processed for histopathology. Results showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the groups in all the haematological parameters assayed. The PSME (50 mg/kg) led to significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum albumin level, and at 250 and 50 mg/kg, it led to significantly (p < 0.05) lower serum creatinine level and mild random vacoulation of the hepatocytes. The PSME at all doses used in the study led to significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weights and significantly (p < 0.05) lower relative spleen and heart weights. It also caused moderate hyperaemia of the renal cortex at 500 mg/kg. It was concluded that oral sub-chronic administration of graded doses of methanol leaf extract of P. santalinoides to albino rats is non-toxic. Key words: Pterocarpus santalinoides, methanol extract, sub-chronic toxicity, haematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology.
{"title":"Haematology, serum biochemistry and histopathological findings associated with sub-chronic administration of methanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides DC in albino rats","authors":"T. E. Ihedioha, I. Asuzu, A. O. Anaga, J. Ihedioha","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5143","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of sub-chronic administration of Pterocarpus santalinoides methanol leaf extract (PSME) on haematology, serum biochemistry and histology of albino rats were evaluated. Twenty female albino rats, randomly assigned into four groups (A-D) of five rats each, were used for the study. Groups A-C were treated orally with 500, 250 and 50 mg/kg PSME, respectively, while Group D was given distilled water as placebo at the dose of 10 ml/kg (untreated control). Treatment was done daily for 3 months after which blood samples were collected for haematology and serum biochemistry. After blood sample collection, the rats were weighed and humanely euthanized. The liver, kidneys, heart and spleen were eviscerated and weighed, and relative organ weights calculated. Thin slices of the liver and kidneys were processed for histopathology. Results showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the groups in all the haematological parameters assayed. The PSME (50 mg/kg) led to significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum albumin level, and at 250 and 50 mg/kg, it led to significantly (p < 0.05) lower serum creatinine level and mild random vacoulation of the hepatocytes. The PSME at all doses used in the study led to significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weights and significantly (p < 0.05) lower relative spleen and heart weights. It also caused moderate hyperaemia of the renal cortex at 500 mg/kg. It was concluded that oral sub-chronic administration of graded doses of methanol leaf extract of P. santalinoides to albino rats is non-toxic. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Pterocarpus santalinoides, methanol extract, sub-chronic toxicity, haematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"136-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44841059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：