Tahir Jamshaid, S. S. Hassan, Hammad Ahmed, M. A. U. Rehman
The purpose of the study is to develop and validate method for assay of Aceclofenac in tablet dosage forms using ultra violet spectrophotometry (UV) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. A method was developed and validated for analysis of Aceclofenac using UV technique with methanol and phosphate buffer 7.4 as solvent. The HPLC analysis was conducted using two mobile phases, that is, “A” as Acetonitrile: Methanol (80:20 v/v) and “B” as Acetonitrile: methanol: NH3 solution (225:50:1 v/v/v). The method was used for assay determination for tablets dosage forms and results were found to be in compliance with official standards. Validation studies were also carried out for both methods. Linearity, LOD, single point calibration, precision and accuracy and % RSD were calculated. Aceclofenac standard was analysed with UV Spectrophotometer in the concentration ranges of 0.5-50 and 0.4-50 mg/L for each solvent and results showed good linearity with R2 = 0.9998 and 0.9999. The method was also specific that verifies the absence of interference at the max of Aceclofenac. UV analysis was precise with % RSD falling within 2% and LOD as 0.5 and 0.4 mg/L for methanol and PBS 7.4, respectively. The tablets of three brands showed assay percentages within specified limits in methanol (109.33, 103.90 and 105.61%) and PBS 7.4 (108.70, 100.69 and 106.60%). In HPLC analysis, mobile phase ‘B’ showed more sharp peaks with lesser HETP and Tf compared to mobile phase ‘A’. The method was checked for reliability and efficiency for assay and some of the parameters like height efficiency to theoretical plates (HETP), tailing factor, peak heights, peak widths along with validation studies (Linearity range 0.1-50 mg/L, specificity, precision, and limit of detection and single point calibration). The more basic mobile phase B using NH3 solution produced more sharp peaks as compared to less basic mobile phase A. Key words: Aceclofenac, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), validation.
{"title":"Development and validation of UV- Spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC method for the analysis of raw material and formulations of Aceclofenac","authors":"Tahir Jamshaid, S. S. Hassan, Hammad Ahmed, M. A. U. Rehman","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5163","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to develop and validate method for assay of Aceclofenac in tablet dosage forms using ultra violet spectrophotometry (UV) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. A method was developed and validated for analysis of Aceclofenac using UV technique with methanol and phosphate buffer 7.4 as solvent. The HPLC analysis was conducted using two mobile phases, that is, “A” as Acetonitrile: Methanol (80:20 v/v) and “B” as Acetonitrile: methanol: NH3 solution (225:50:1 v/v/v). The method was used for assay determination for tablets dosage forms and results were found to be in compliance with official standards. Validation studies were also carried out for both methods. Linearity, LOD, single point calibration, precision and accuracy and % RSD were calculated. Aceclofenac standard was analysed with UV Spectrophotometer in the concentration ranges of 0.5-50 and 0.4-50 mg/L for each solvent and results showed good linearity with R2 = 0.9998 and 0.9999. The method was also specific that verifies the absence of interference at the max of Aceclofenac. UV analysis was precise with % RSD falling within 2% and LOD as 0.5 and 0.4 mg/L for methanol and PBS 7.4, respectively. The tablets of three brands showed assay percentages within specified limits in methanol (109.33, 103.90 and 105.61%) and PBS 7.4 (108.70, 100.69 and 106.60%). In HPLC analysis, mobile phase ‘B’ showed more sharp peaks with lesser HETP and Tf compared to mobile phase ‘A’. The method was checked for reliability and efficiency for assay and some of the parameters like height efficiency to theoretical plates (HETP), tailing factor, peak heights, peak widths along with validation studies (Linearity range 0.1-50 mg/L, specificity, precision, and limit of detection and single point calibration). The more basic mobile phase B using NH3 solution produced more sharp peaks as compared to less basic mobile phase A. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Aceclofenac, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), validation.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"259-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45816169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tohidul Amin Mohammad, Fatema Kaniz, Karmakar Palash, A. Md., Haque Tazmel, Shahabuddin Kabir Choudhuri M.
The ayurvedic medicinal system is the world’s most primitive medical systems which were originated in India. For the treatment of Sprue syndrome, a very well-known ayurvedic preparation named Kutajarista (KTJ) is used in the south Asian region. This study aimed to detect the impact of chronic administration of KTJ on hematological parameters. The experimental animals were subdivided into two groups. A high dose (50 mL/kg) of body weight was given to the first group for 42 days and the second group which was considered as the control group was treated with normal water for the same period. There was a remarkable reduction [10.37%, p=0.092] in the total numbers of red blood cells (RBC). A prominent decrease [10.75%. p=0.097] is also observed in the hemoglobin content of the blood. There was a noticeable [11.05%, p=0.077] decrease in the hematocrit level of the blood and a very high [64.35%, p=0.19] increase in the number of white blood cell (WBC) count of the male Sprague-Dawley rat. A remarkably high increase was observed in the absolute count of Neutrophils (220.161%, p=0.12), Eosinophils (368.75%, p=0.11), Lymphocytes [11.29%, p=0.06], and Monocyte [142.781%, p=0.13] count. Also a prominent [↑ 14.15%, p=0.42] increase in the number of platelet counts was observed. Rat cutaneous tail bleeding time and whole blood clotting time shortening were also observed and the result is statistically prominent. As the result shows a significant change in different hematological parameter it can be summarized that KTJ have potential hemotoxicity at a higher dose. Further study is required at a lower dose. Key words: Ayurvedic, Kutajarista, hemotoxicity, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC).
{"title":"Investigation of hemotoxicologic potential of an ayurvedic preparation Kutajarista used in Sprue syndrome after chronic administration to male Sprague-Dawley rats","authors":"Tohidul Amin Mohammad, Fatema Kaniz, Karmakar Palash, A. Md., Haque Tazmel, Shahabuddin Kabir Choudhuri M.","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5174","url":null,"abstract":"The ayurvedic medicinal system is the world’s most primitive medical systems which were originated in India. For the treatment of Sprue syndrome, a very well-known ayurvedic preparation named Kutajarista (KTJ) is used in the south Asian region. This study aimed to detect the impact of chronic administration of KTJ on hematological parameters. The experimental animals were subdivided into two groups. A high dose (50 mL/kg) of body weight was given to the first group for 42 days and the second group which was considered as the control group was treated with normal water for the same period. There was a remarkable reduction [10.37%, p=0.092] in the total numbers of red blood cells (RBC). A prominent decrease [10.75%. p=0.097] is also observed in the hemoglobin content of the blood. There was a noticeable [11.05%, p=0.077] decrease in the hematocrit level of the blood and a very high [64.35%, p=0.19] increase in the number of white blood cell (WBC) count of the male Sprague-Dawley rat. A remarkably high increase was observed in the absolute count of Neutrophils (220.161%, p=0.12), Eosinophils (368.75%, p=0.11), Lymphocytes [11.29%, p=0.06], and Monocyte [142.781%, p=0.13] count. Also a prominent [↑ 14.15%, p=0.42] increase in the number of platelet counts was observed. Rat cutaneous tail bleeding time and whole blood clotting time shortening were also observed and the result is statistically prominent. As the result shows a significant change in different hematological parameter it can be summarized that KTJ have potential hemotoxicity at a higher dose. Further study is required at a lower dose. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Ayurvedic, Kutajarista, hemotoxicity, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC).","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"308-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44184388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ghasi, I. Umana, A. Ogbonna, M. Nwokike, Sa Ufelle
The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effect of animal grade piperazine citrate on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats by studying cardiac marker enzymes and histopathological changes of the cardiac muscle. Isoproterenol administration showed significant (P<0.001) increase in the serum levels of cardiac injury markers (creatine kinase-MB and troponin-I), 358.98 ± 7.68 iu/l and 13.16 ± 0.35 ng/ml compared to the normal control group of 291.58 ± 3.56 iu/l and 9.66 ± 0.20 ng/ml respectively. Pretreatment with 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight of piperazine citrate showed a decrease in the troponin-I levels when compared with the isoproterenol group; 13.16 ± 0.35 to 12.39 ± 0.22 ng/ml in the group that received 15 mg/kg piperazine citrate (p = 0.0881) and 13.16 ± 0.35 to 11.79 ± 0.30 ng/ml (p = 0.0132) in case of the group pretreated with 30 mg/kg piperazine citrate. With regards to CK-MB, the treated groups with piperazine citrate 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight showed a reduction in the values, 340.76 ± 5.10 (p = 0.0763) and 344.17 ± 8.24 iu/l (p = 0.2178) respectively, compared to the isoproterenol group value of 358.98 ± 7.68 iu/l. Histopathological investigation showed that there was no significant architectural changes in the normal control group that received only normal saline. Structural aberrations caused by isoproterenol were also significantly reduced in the piperazine citrate treated groups. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that low dose piperazine citrate has a significant effect on the protection of the heart. Key words: Piperazine citrate, myocardial infarction, histopathology, Wistar rat.
{"title":"Cardioprotective effects of animal grade piperazine citrate on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in wistar rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation","authors":"S. Ghasi, I. Umana, A. Ogbonna, M. Nwokike, Sa Ufelle","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5164","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effect of animal grade piperazine citrate on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats by studying cardiac marker enzymes and histopathological changes of the cardiac muscle. Isoproterenol administration showed significant (P<0.001) increase in the serum levels of cardiac injury markers (creatine kinase-MB and troponin-I), 358.98 ± 7.68 iu/l and 13.16 ± 0.35 ng/ml compared to the normal control group of 291.58 ± 3.56 iu/l and 9.66 ± 0.20 ng/ml respectively. Pretreatment with 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight of piperazine citrate showed a decrease in the troponin-I levels when compared with the isoproterenol group; 13.16 ± 0.35 to 12.39 ± 0.22 ng/ml in the group that received 15 mg/kg piperazine citrate (p = 0.0881) and 13.16 ± 0.35 to 11.79 ± 0.30 ng/ml (p = 0.0132) in case of the group pretreated with 30 mg/kg piperazine citrate. With regards to CK-MB, the treated groups with piperazine citrate 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight showed a reduction in the values, 340.76 ± 5.10 (p = 0.0763) and 344.17 ± 8.24 iu/l (p = 0.2178) respectively, compared to the isoproterenol group value of 358.98 ± 7.68 iu/l. Histopathological investigation showed that there was no significant architectural changes in the normal control group that received only normal saline. Structural aberrations caused by isoproterenol were also significantly reduced in the piperazine citrate treated groups. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that low dose piperazine citrate has a significant effect on the protection of the heart. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Piperazine citrate, myocardial infarction, histopathology, Wistar rat.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42135466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Fahd, M. Omar, A. Ramzi, Suwayda Ali, A. Abdullah
Cancer and microbial infectious diseases are considered a global threat. Plants have been investigated across the world to exploit their potential anticancer and antimicrobial effective agents. In this study, two medicinal plant species native to Saudi Arabia, namely; Artemisia judaica and Artemisia sieberi were screened to assess their antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial potential activities as well as phytochemical compositions. The collected aerial parts were extracted by maceration with methanol. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were investigated using the MTT and MIC assays, respectively. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential were assessed respectively by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of the crude methanolic extract were quantified using standard methods. Artemisia judaica displayed a strong cytotoxicity compared to A. sieberi while both species showed approximately similar bacterial and fungal growth inhibition. In contrast, A. sieberi displayed the highest phenol and flavonoid contents between the two species which was consistent with the higher antioxidant activity found in A. sieberi. It is concluded that both Artemisia species could be a promising source of antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Key words: Artemisia judaica, Artemisia sieberi, anticancer, antimicrobial.
{"title":"Cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and phytochemical analysis of Artemisia judaica and \u0000A. sieberi in Saudi Arabia","authors":"A. Fahd, M. Omar, A. Ramzi, Suwayda Ali, A. Abdullah","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5175","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer and microbial infectious diseases are considered a global threat. Plants have been investigated across the world to exploit their potential anticancer and antimicrobial effective agents. In this study, two medicinal plant species native to Saudi Arabia, namely; Artemisia judaica and Artemisia sieberi were screened to assess their antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial potential activities as well as phytochemical compositions. The collected aerial parts were extracted by maceration with methanol. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were investigated using the MTT and MIC assays, respectively. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential were assessed respectively by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of the crude methanolic extract were quantified using standard methods. Artemisia judaica displayed a strong cytotoxicity compared to A. sieberi while both species showed approximately similar bacterial and fungal growth inhibition. In contrast, A. sieberi displayed the highest phenol and flavonoid contents between the two species which was consistent with the higher antioxidant activity found in A. sieberi. It is concluded that both Artemisia species could be a promising source of antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial agents. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Artemisia judaica, Artemisia sieberi, anticancer, antimicrobial.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43075029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are related to a large number of human degenerative diseases. Consequently, plants have been investigated across the world to exploit their potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In the current study, Caralluma deflersiana is native to Saudi Arabia and was screened to assess its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential activities as well as the phenolic content/phytochemicals. Subsequently, the collected aerial parts were extracted by maceration with different solvents. The antioxidant activity was investigated using the total antioxidant capacity, diphenylpicryl hydrazine (DPPH)- radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays were used. The total phenolic content of C. deflersiana extracts was quantified using standard methods. As a result, the water extract of C. deflersiana displayed a strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods compared to other plant extracts. Moreover, it was also noted that water and methanolic extracts exhibited approximately similar bacterial and fungal growth inhibition. Additionally, the water extract of C. deflersiana also demonstrated the highest phenol content among other plant extracts, consistent with the higher antioxidant activity found in C. deflersiana. In conclusion, Caralluma species could be a promising source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Key words: Caralluma deflersiana, antioxidant, antimicrobial.
{"title":"Assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Caralluma deflersiana growing in the South of Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. BinMowyna, Muneer M. Alsayadi","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2020.5183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2020.5183","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are related to a large number of human degenerative diseases. Consequently, plants have been investigated across the world to exploit their potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In the current study, Caralluma deflersiana is native to Saudi Arabia and was screened to assess its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential activities as well as the phenolic content/phytochemicals. Subsequently, the collected aerial parts were extracted by maceration with different solvents. The antioxidant activity was investigated using the total antioxidant capacity, diphenylpicryl hydrazine (DPPH)- radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays were used. The total phenolic content of C. deflersiana extracts was quantified using standard methods. As a result, the water extract of C. deflersiana displayed a strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods compared to other plant extracts. Moreover, it was also noted that water and methanolic extracts exhibited approximately similar bacterial and fungal growth inhibition. Additionally, the water extract of C. deflersiana also demonstrated the highest phenol content among other plant extracts, consistent with the higher antioxidant activity found in C. deflersiana. In conclusion, Caralluma species could be a promising source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Caralluma deflersiana, antioxidant, antimicrobial.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"331-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47160235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Mothana, Ahmed H. Arbab, M. Parvez, M. Al-Dosari
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of liver disease and a possible worldwide source of severe morbidity and mortality. The current standard therapy using interferons or antiviral agents is not successful in all cases and is associated with severe side effects. Consequently, the development of new medicines for the treatment of HBV is still relevant. This experimental study was therefore performed to assess the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) potential of 10 endemic medicinal plants from Socotra Island which represents a distinctive region of Yemen. Socotra Island is renowned for its biodiversity with significant flora with globally important plants. The methanolic extracts of the selected plants were first assessed for cytotoxicity on HepG2.2.15 cells and cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) values were resolved. The methanolic extracts of the plants were additionally examined on HepG2.2.15 cells for anti-HBV potential by examining the inhibition of HBsAg and HBeAg production in the culture supernatants, and calculating their half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) and therapeutic index (TI) values. Out of ten plants only five plants exhibit inhibition of HBsAg production in a dose and time dependent manner. These five plants are Acacia pennivenia, Boswellia discorea, B. socotrana, Hypoestes pubescens and Dracaena cinnabari with IC50 values of 21.15, 24.51, 118.94, 17.65, 20.93 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the presence of terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids that could contribute to antiviral efficacy was validated with a qualitative phytochemical study of active extracts. Key words: Antiviral, Hepatitis B, medicinal plants; Socotra, Yemen.
{"title":"Assessment of anti-hepatitis B virus activity of endemic medicinal plants from Socotra Island","authors":"R. Mothana, Ahmed H. Arbab, M. Parvez, M. Al-Dosari","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5176","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of liver disease and a possible worldwide source of severe morbidity and mortality. The current standard therapy using interferons or antiviral agents is not successful in all cases and is associated with severe side effects. Consequently, the development of new medicines for the treatment of HBV is still relevant. This experimental study was therefore performed to assess the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) potential of 10 endemic medicinal plants from Socotra Island which represents a distinctive region of Yemen. Socotra Island is renowned for its biodiversity with significant flora with globally important plants. The methanolic extracts of the selected plants were first assessed for cytotoxicity on HepG2.2.15 cells and cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) values were resolved. The methanolic extracts of the plants were additionally examined on HepG2.2.15 cells for anti-HBV potential by examining the inhibition of HBsAg and HBeAg production in the culture supernatants, and calculating their half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) and therapeutic index (TI) values. Out of ten plants only five plants exhibit inhibition of HBsAg production in a dose and time dependent manner. These five plants are Acacia pennivenia, Boswellia discorea, B. socotrana, Hypoestes pubescens and Dracaena cinnabari with IC50 values of 21.15, 24.51, 118.94, 17.65, 20.93 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the presence of terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids that could contribute to antiviral efficacy was validated with a qualitative phytochemical study of active extracts. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antiviral, Hepatitis B, medicinal plants; Socotra, Yemen.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41339610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tavs A. Abere, Mumuni Sumaila, Obi Ifeoma Stephanie
The leaves of Piper guineense Schum. and Thonn (Piperaceae) are used in ethnomedicine for the management/treatment of various diseases. The objective of this study was to establish the pharmacognostic and toxicological profiles of P. guineense to help practitioners in making choices, and to assist scientists involved in the research of the Piper genus. The fresh leaves were examined for their macroscopic and microscopic properties. Numerical (quantitative analysis) and phytochemical evaluations were carried out using standard methods. Acute toxicity profile of the plant, including LD 50 was investigated using mice while sub-acute toxicity to determine effects of the plant leaf extract on some major organs was investigated for 30 days in rats. The macroscopic, microscopic and numerical features observed in the leaves of P. guineense could aid in sample identification. Glycosides, alkaloids and phenolics were among the secondary plant metabolites present. Oral doses ≤ 8000 mg/kg did not lead to death of the animals. Sub-acute toxicological evaluations at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg showed mild congestion in all the target organs, except spleen, where at 500 mg/kg, in addition to mild stromal oedema, there was mild follicular activation and moderate hyperplasia of sinus histiocytes. These results could aid researchers and practitioners in the investigations and consumption of the leaves of P. guineense. Its overall safety profile needs to be further evaluated and care should be taken on prolonged usage. Key words: Piper guineense, Piperaceae, pharmacognostic standardization, toxicological.
{"title":"Pharmacognostic and toxicological evaluation of the leaves of Piper guineense Schum. and Thonn (Piperaceae)","authors":"Tavs A. Abere, Mumuni Sumaila, Obi Ifeoma Stephanie","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2016.4591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2016.4591","url":null,"abstract":"The leaves of Piper guineense Schum. and Thonn (Piperaceae) are used in ethnomedicine for the management/treatment of various diseases. The objective of this study was to establish the pharmacognostic and toxicological profiles of P. guineense to help practitioners in making choices, and to assist scientists involved in the research of the Piper genus. The fresh leaves were examined for their macroscopic and microscopic properties. Numerical (quantitative analysis) and phytochemical evaluations were carried out using standard methods. Acute toxicity profile of the plant, including LD 50 was investigated using mice while sub-acute toxicity to determine effects of the plant leaf extract on some major organs was investigated for 30 days in rats. The macroscopic, microscopic and numerical features observed in the leaves of P. guineense could aid in sample identification. Glycosides, alkaloids and phenolics were among the secondary plant metabolites present. Oral doses ≤ 8000 mg/kg did not lead to death of the animals. Sub-acute toxicological evaluations at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg showed mild congestion in all the target organs, except spleen, where at 500 mg/kg, in addition to mild stromal oedema, there was mild follicular activation and moderate hyperplasia of sinus histiocytes. These results could aid researchers and practitioners in the investigations and consumption of the leaves of P. guineense. Its overall safety profile needs to be further evaluated and care should be taken on prolonged usage. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Piper guineense, Piperaceae, pharmacognostic standardization, toxicological.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"229-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2016.4591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49102606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kampamba, Martin Nyirenda, Hanzooma Hatwiko, D. Kampamba, C. Hikaambo
Medicines play an important role in treating different diseases and conditions, but when left unused or to expire at home and improperly disposed, they may cause environmental pollution and can be hazardous to health. In this study, assessment of household knowledge attitude and practices on disposal methods of expired and unused medicines among residents was done in selected areas of Lusaka City, Zambia. This was achieved through the use of a standardized questionnaire among 385 participants. The study revealed that 94.5% of participants never received information towards safe disposal methods of expired and unused household medicines. Our study also found that 97% of participants threw away the expired drugs while 95% kept unused medicines in their homes. Only 2% and 1% of participants returned expired and unused household medicines to pharmacies respectively. In this study, there was lack of household knowledge on safe disposal methods among the majority of participants and most disposal methods used by participants are not recommended. However, participants had positive attitude towards safe disposal methods and therefore, there is need to establish state run drug take-back program of collecting unused and expired household medicines. Key words: Disposal methods, knowledge, attitude, medicines, practices, unused, expired.
{"title":"Assessment of household knowledge, attitude and practices on disposal methods of expired and unused medicines among residents of Lusaka City, Zambia","authors":"M. Kampamba, Martin Nyirenda, Hanzooma Hatwiko, D. Kampamba, C. Hikaambo","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5165","url":null,"abstract":"Medicines play an important role in treating different diseases and conditions, but when left unused or to expire at home and improperly disposed, they may cause environmental pollution and can be hazardous to health. In this study, assessment of household knowledge attitude and practices on disposal methods of expired and unused medicines among residents was done in selected areas of Lusaka City, Zambia. This was achieved through the use of a standardized questionnaire among 385 participants. The study revealed that 94.5% of participants never received information towards safe disposal methods of expired and unused household medicines. Our study also found that 97% of participants threw away the expired drugs while 95% kept unused medicines in their homes. Only 2% and 1% of participants returned expired and unused household medicines to pharmacies respectively. In this study, there was lack of household knowledge on safe disposal methods among the majority of participants and most disposal methods used by participants are not recommended. However, participants had positive attitude towards safe disposal methods and therefore, there is need to establish state run drug take-back program of collecting unused and expired household medicines. Key words: Disposal methods, knowledge, attitude, medicines, practices, unused, expired.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"221-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47018762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camellia hakodae Ninh (CHN) is an ornamental plant of Vietnam, whose extracts is used as a potential phytotherapeutic beverage due to its good improvement in the immune system, reduction of inflammation and assisting the treatment of some chronic diseases. CHN production may be useful for health during this coronavirus epidemic period. This study aimed to evaluate the safety, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of aqueous extracts of CHN leaf in mice. In the acute toxicity study, CHN leaf at doses from 24.0 to 120.0 g/kg/day was given to 5 groups of Swiss mice by oral administration (equivalent in humans is 0.2 to 10 g/kg/day). Mice were observed for general behavioral changes, adverse effects and mortality up to 7 days post-treatment to find the highest dose that did not kill mice (the dose of death 0% (LD0)), the lowest dose that completely killed the mice (the dose of death 100% (LD100)) and the intermediate doses (LD50). In sub-chronic toxicity studies, CHN was given orally to 2 groups of Wistar rats at doses of 2.8 and 14 g CHN/kg/day (equivalent in humans is 0.4 and 2 g/kg) for 28 days taking CHN daily. After 28 days of taking CHN, mice were operated to observe the whole organ for histopathology. The microscopic structure of the liver, spleen, and kidney of at least 30% of mice in each group was randomly checked. The acute toxicity study in all the doses used did not cause any significant change as no LD50 was found. In addition, the sub-chronic toxicity study did not show any treatment-related abnormalities with regard to hematological and biochemical parameters. These results demonstrated that the CHN leaf aqueous extract is safe and does not appear to exert toxicity. Key words: Camellia hakodae Ninh, golden tea, acute and sub-chronic administration, Vietnamese tea.
{"title":"Assessment of acute and sub-chronic toxicity of Camellia hakodae Ninh leaves aqueous extracts in experimental animals","authors":"Hong Hanh Nguyen, H. N. Nguyen, Van Cuong Truong","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5140","url":null,"abstract":"Camellia hakodae Ninh (CHN) is an ornamental plant of Vietnam, whose extracts is used as a potential phytotherapeutic beverage due to its good improvement in the immune system, reduction of inflammation and assisting the treatment of some chronic diseases. CHN production may be useful for health during this coronavirus epidemic period. This study aimed to evaluate the safety, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of aqueous extracts of CHN leaf in mice. In the acute toxicity study, CHN leaf at doses from 24.0 to 120.0 g/kg/day was given to 5 groups of Swiss mice by oral administration (equivalent in humans is 0.2 to 10 g/kg/day). Mice were observed for general behavioral changes, adverse effects and mortality up to 7 days post-treatment to find the highest dose that did not kill mice (the dose of death 0% (LD0)), the lowest dose that completely killed the mice (the dose of death 100% (LD100)) and the intermediate doses (LD50). In sub-chronic toxicity studies, CHN was given orally to 2 groups of Wistar rats at doses of 2.8 and 14 g CHN/kg/day (equivalent in humans is 0.4 and 2 g/kg) for 28 days taking CHN daily. After 28 days of taking CHN, mice were operated to observe the whole organ for histopathology. The microscopic structure of the liver, spleen, and kidney of at least 30% of mice in each group was randomly checked. The acute toxicity study in all the doses used did not cause any significant change as no LD50 was found. In addition, the sub-chronic toxicity study did not show any treatment-related abnormalities with regard to hematological and biochemical parameters. These results demonstrated that the CHN leaf aqueous extract is safe and does not appear to exert toxicity. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Camellia hakodae Ninh, golden tea, acute and sub-chronic administration, Vietnamese tea.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"203-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45820091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alves da Silva Willams, Cerqueira Mousinho Kristiana, A. M. Mary, A. S. Marcos, Claudia Barros Sobreira Renatha, Maria Santos Silva Tainá, Gildo da Silva José, Maria de Arruda Lima Sandrine, S. Luciano, M. Roberta, P. Sonia
Croton heliotropiifolius is an endemic specie in northeast of Brazil. It is renowned for its medicinal properties, larvicidal, insecticidal and cytotoxic activity. This study evaluated the phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract stem bark of C. heliotropiifolius (EECroton) and the toxicological potential in Swiss albino mice. Phytochemical analysis were performed by thin-layer chromatography. The EECroton at 2000 mg/kg (orally) was used for acute toxicity on Swiss albino mice evaluated during a 14-day period. Histomorphometric analysis of liver and renal tissue along with hematological and serum enzyme levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), creatinine and urea were measured. The phytochemical investigation of EECroton revealed the presence of coumarins, flavonoids triterpenes and absence of alkaloid, saponins and condensed tannins. The EECroton (2000 mg/kg: o.v.) showed moderate toxicity and the results of serum hematological and enzymatic levels were similar in the respective groups. Histopathological and histomorphometric analyzes confirmed a low of level of toxicity, showing organization of the structural units of the cells, nuclei and sinusoidal capillaries of the hepatocytes as well as renal corpuscles without presenting morphological damage to their organs. These data suggest that the presence of phenolic compound in EECroton demonstrate low order of toxicity. Key words: Croton heliotropiifolius, medicinal plants, phytochemical, acute toxicity, histomorphometric.
{"title":"Toxicological potential of ethanol extract of stem bark and Croton heliotropiifolius (Euphorbiaceae)","authors":"Alves da Silva Willams, Cerqueira Mousinho Kristiana, A. M. Mary, A. S. Marcos, Claudia Barros Sobreira Renatha, Maria Santos Silva Tainá, Gildo da Silva José, Maria de Arruda Lima Sandrine, S. Luciano, M. Roberta, P. Sonia","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5161","url":null,"abstract":"Croton heliotropiifolius is an endemic specie in northeast of Brazil. It is renowned for its medicinal properties, larvicidal, insecticidal and cytotoxic activity. This study evaluated the phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract stem bark of C. heliotropiifolius (EECroton) and the toxicological potential in Swiss albino mice. Phytochemical analysis were performed by thin-layer chromatography. The EECroton at 2000 mg/kg (orally) was used for acute toxicity on Swiss albino mice evaluated during a 14-day period. Histomorphometric analysis of liver and renal tissue along with hematological and serum enzyme levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), creatinine and urea were measured. The phytochemical investigation of EECroton revealed the presence of coumarins, flavonoids triterpenes and absence of alkaloid, saponins and condensed tannins. The EECroton (2000 mg/kg: o.v.) showed moderate toxicity and the results of serum hematological and enzymatic levels were similar in the respective groups. Histopathological and histomorphometric analyzes confirmed a low of level of toxicity, showing organization of the structural units of the cells, nuclei and sinusoidal capillaries of the hepatocytes as well as renal corpuscles without presenting morphological damage to their organs. These data suggest that the presence of phenolic compound in EECroton demonstrate low order of toxicity. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Croton heliotropiifolius, medicinal plants, phytochemical, acute toxicity, histomorphometric.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"250-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42690060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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