Rheologica Acta最新文献

This study presents the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the viscosity of ethylene–glycol based nanofluids with different types of nanoparticles using four input parameters: nanoparticle type, size, concentration, and temperature of measurement. The model was trained and validated using 470 experimental measurements. The ANN model demonstrated high accuracy in predicting the viscosity of nanofluids. The obtained statistical error metrics between the measured and predicted values of viscosity were found to be very low. MAPE values were equal to 1.19% and 2.33% for training and testing respectively. The developed model can help researchers to better understand EG-based nanofluids viscosity behavior, and this could be considered as a good step forward to help researchers design new nanofluids with enhanced properties. To make the model more accessible for engineers and researchers, a user-friendly web application was developed using Angular and Django, allowing users to input parameters and obtain viscosity predictions without dealing with complex code. The web application offers multiple output options, including figures, tables, and Excel files. This multidisciplinary research study combines web technology, data science, and fluid mechanics to provide a valuable tool to predict nanofluids’ viscosity for different input parameters.

Graphical abstract

A multi-step, iterative technique for the local non-parametric identification of the standard linear solid (SLS) material model employing fractional order time differential operators is presented. Test input data consists of a set of identified material complex modulus values estimated at different frequency values, obtained from input–output experimental measurements made on a material specimen by means of forced harmonic excitation and from experimental measurements made on the same specimen in quasi-static relaxation conditions. The proposed technique is mainly based on an algebraic procedure leading to the solution of an overdetermined system of linear equations, in order to get the optimal value of the model unknown parameters. The procedure is non-parametric, since the SLS model order is initially unknown. The optimal model size can be found by evaluating the stability properties of the solution associated to any model size and by automatically discarding computational, non-physical contributions. The identification procedure is first validated by means of numerically simulated test data from within known model examples, and then it is applied to some experimentally obtained test data associated to different materials.

The electroosmotic flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a capillary system was investigated analytically. The rheology of the fluid was characterized by a novel generalized exponential model equation. The charge density obeys the Boltzmann distribution, which governs the electrical double-layer field and body force generated by the applied electrical field. Mathematically, this scenario can be modeled by the Poisson-Boltzmann partial differential equation, by assuming that the zeta potential is small, i.e., less than 25 mV (Debye-Hückel approximation). Considering a pulsating electric field, the shear viscosity and the alteration in the volumetric flow were presented as a function of the material parameters through the characteristic dimensionless numbers by using an exponential-type generalized rheological model. Thixotropy, shear thinning, yield stress mechanisms, and weight concentration were analyzed through numerical results. Finally, the flow properties and rheology were predicted using experimental data reported elsewhere for worm-like micellar solution of cetyl trimethyl ammonium tosilate (CTAT). The rheological equation of state proposed in this study describes the alterations in the structure resulting from applied forces (tangential and normal). These forces induced a structural evolution (kinetic model) due to the relaxation processes caused by shear strain. It is important to mention that in electroosmotic flows, complex behavior such as (i) thixotropy, (ii) rheopexy, and (iii) shear banding flow is scarcely explained in terms of the change in the structure of the fluid under flow.

Graphical Abstract

Developments in the last century, and especially in the last 50 years, have advanced understanding of suspension rheology greatly. Here, a limited review of suspension work over this period is presented, emphasizing advances over the last three decades in understanding of the particle pressure and strong shear thickening, which were motivated by crucial experimental observations, computational advances, and a critical review, all from the 1980s. This review serves as a preview to some outstanding challenges in suspension mechanics. This article considers primarily dispersions of spherical particles, which serve not only as a model material for understanding the rheology of more complex fluids of practical relevance, but also as a basic system for the study of nonequilibrium statistical physics.

Literature viscosity data are reviewed in both entangled solutions and semidilute unentangled solutions, with several examples of using de Gennes’ thermal blob to rationalize observations for flexible polymers dissolved in intermediate quality solvents. Some puzzling literature data in θ-solvents are also nicely understood with two-parameter scaling upon reanalysis (where the correlation length and the tube diameter concentration dependences differ). However, some literature data seem to not be understood with this simple scheme, suggesting that our understanding of neutral polymer solution viscosity is incomplete. Lastly, combinations of experiments are suggested to better examine the concept of the thermal blob.

When it comes to the measurement of yield stress, the experimental procedure appears to play a significant role. Using a series of experiments, in which the effects of time dependence and shear banding were identified and taken into account, we determined the dynamic and static yield stresses of the materials as unique, test-independent properties. We studied the shear rheological properties of an aqueous suspension of Laponite^®, which is a highly time-dependent (thixotropic) material. To minimize the irreversible effect of aging on its material properties, the Laponite^® dispersion was aged for 347 days under a controlled environment. For comparison, an aqueous solution of Carbopol^®—a slightly time-dependent material—was also investigated. The peak values of the shear stress evolution in constant shear rate tests were compared with the static and dynamic yield stress values. We noticed that, as the shear rate is reduced the peak stress value tends asymptotically to the dynamic yield stress for the slightly time-dependent material, but to slightly above the static yield stress for the thixotropic material. For the Laponite^® suspension, at relatively low shear rates, we observed that peak stresses are influenced by shear banding. By simulating stress evolution curves using stress step-changes, we eliminated the influence of shear banding and discovered that the lowest yielding point coincides with the static yield stress. In addition, we provided the complete flow curve for the Laponite^® suspension, showing the role of the static and dynamic yield stresses, and the unattainable zone which is closely related to steady shear banding effects.

The macroscopic properties of particle-filled polymer melts depend sensitively on the state of particle dispersion and the structure and dynamics of the interfacial polymer layer, which, in turn, are governed by factors like polymer molecular weight (M_w), particle concentration (C), and particle-polymer interfacial interactions. However, the combined effect of these factors on the macroscopic properties is far from fully understood, especially for polymers filled with anisotropic particles. In this work, we investigate the combined effect of M_w, C, and polymer end-group (methyl, Me or hydroxyl, OH) on the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/clay composites. The linear viscoelastic behavior of these composites follows a non-monotonic dependence on M_w, which varies considerably with a modification in C or the polymer end-group. Furthermore, for both Me-PDMS/clay and OH-PDMS/clay composites, the non-linear tests reveal either strain softening-hardening-softening or sustained softening beyond the linear regime, depending on the combination of C and M_w. The critical strains for the onset of softening and hardening vary differently with M_w for different combinations of C and the polymer end-group. Our results suggest that the morphology and rheological behavior of these composites are dictated by a complex interplay of various competing effects, namely, particle agglomeration, interfacial polymer packing and density, entanglements, and bridging interactions. These findings give insight into tailoring the properties of polymer composites by adjusting the combination of C, M_w, and particle-polymer interactions.

Graphical abstract

Techniques for evaluating the micromechanical properties of materials are crucial in engineering fields. In previous studies, many researchers have utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) to address these subjects. However, there are few data on dispersion systems, such as slurries and creams, due to the AFM tip having a nanoscale length. These materials are essential in industrial and engineering settings, requiring an accurate evaluation in a manner similar to AFM. Hence, we focus on ultrahigh accuracy and sensitive spherical nanoindentation (SNI), allowing the measurement of tissue-level features at the surface layer to characterize this soft matter. In this study, we show that SNI potentially measures the local spatial properties of concentrated dispersion fluids, especially oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions with various multilamellar structures. We set the parameter t_e for considering the organization of an equilibrium state consisting of the energy release rate and the work of adhesion on the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) predictions. An important consequence of introducing t_e is that the results obtained by SNI match the theoretical JKR values for large t_e, suggesting that we can evaluate the microscopic properties more accurately using the classical JKR model. We find that the local features are affected by the lamellar bilayers and the work of adhesion Δγ grows monotonically with increases in space occupied by lamellar structures. Since viscosity effects, such as mechanical energy dissipation and interpenetration, appear as a part of Δγ, the behavior of Δγ clearly shows the microscopic characteristics of the O/W emulsions.

Anticipating qualitative changes in the rheological response of complex fluids (e.g., a gelation or vitrification transition) is an important capability for processing operations that utilize such materials in real-world environments. One class of complex fluids that exhibits distinct rheological states are soft glassy materials such as colloidal gels and clay dispersions, which can be well characterized by the soft glassy rheology (SGR) model. We first solve the model equations for the time-dependent, weakly nonlinear response of the SGR model. With this analytical solution, we show that the weak nonlinearities measured via medium amplitude parallel superposition (MAPS) rheology can be used to anticipate the rheological aging transitions in the linear response of soft glassy materials. This is a rheological version of a technique called structural health monitoring used widely in civil and aerospace engineering. We design and train artificial neural networks (ANNs) that are capable of quickly inferring the parameters of the SGR model from the results of sequential MAPS experiments. The combination of these data-rich experiments and machine learning tools to provide a surrogate for computationally expensive viscoelastic constitutive equations allows for rapid experimental characterization of the rheological state of soft glassy materials. We apply this technique to an aging dispersion of Laponite^® clay particles approaching the gel point and demonstrate that a trained ANN can provide real-time detection of transitions in the nonlinear response well in advance of incipient changes in the linear viscoelastic response of the system.