Russian Journal of General Chemistry最新文献

Nowadays there is a pressing need for the development of novel anticancer agents that are capable of functioning as theranostics. We report the development of a novel Pt(IV) prodrug with light-controllable mode of antitumor activity. The complex demonstrated absorption in the NIR region >860 nm, which potentially enables fluorescent visualization of deep tumors. The ability of the Pt(IV) prodrug to inhibit tumor cell viability was investigated. The complex was demonstrated efficient intracellular accumulation and absence of cell death via necrosis. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of employing fluorescent dyes with the capacity to absorb deep NIR wavelengths in the development of novel, effective anticancer agents with theranostic mode of action.

In the fields of pharmaceuticals and functional materials, N-alkylation reactions using alcohols as starting materials are crucial for constructing C–N bonds. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress in N-alkylation reactions using alcohols as starting materials, categorizing them into two major groups: transition metals and non-transition metals (including non-metal catalytic systems such as photocatalysis and enzymatic catalysis). It covers not only precious metal catalysts such as palladium, iridium, and ruthenium but also non-precious metal systems like manganese and copper. Additionally, it explores the breakthrough achievements of innovative strategies such as photo-cooperative catalysis and supercritical fluid technology, which are tailored to meet the demands of industrial applications. Special attention is given to the regulatory mechanisms of reaction selectivity through bimetallic synergistic effects and ligand engineering. The review highlights that current systems still face challenges such as poor recyclability and difficulty in chiral control. It proposes future development directions, including the development of sulfur-resistant carriers and intelligent screening technologies, and provides theoretical guidance and technical references for the green and efficient synthesis of N-alkylated products.

The global energy problem and environmental issues have expedited the advancement of alternative energy technology, with solar energy becoming a significant option. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted considerable interest owing to their economic viability, simplicity of production, and versatility. This study provides a detailed review of DSSCs, emphasizing the function of titanium dioxide (TiO₂)-based photoanodes and graphene-based counter electrodes. TiO₂ nanostructures, due to their high surface area, outstanding optoelectronic properties, and effective electron transport characteristics, are utilized as the main photoanode material in DSSCs. Moreover, graphene and its derivatives are examined as potential substitutes for traditional platinum in counter electrode applications, owing to their enhanced electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and catalytic efficiency for the iodide/triiodide redox couple. The discussion encompasses a range of synthesis techniques, structural modifications, and doping strategies for TiO₂ and graphene-based materials, highlighting their influence on the performance of DSSCs. This study also explores the difficulties linked to these materials and possible approaches for enhancing their efficiency and durability over time. The results emphasize that enhancing the interaction among photoanodes, counter electrodes, and electrolytes is essential for progressing DSSC technology towards large-scale commercialization.

A series of novel N-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]acetamide derivatives were synthesized starting from 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile. The starting compound was reacted with hydrazine hydrate to get 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indazol-3-amine. Further reaction with chloroacetic anhydride to get 2-chloro-N-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]acetamide. This compound reacts with thiophenols or piperazines to afford designed ethyl amide-linked trifluoromethyl indazole hybrids. All the final compounds were evaluated for anticancer activity against four human cancer cell lines such as: HeLa-Cervical cancer (CCL-2), COLO 205-Colon cancer (CCL-222), HepG2-Liver cancer (HB-8065), MCF7-Breast cancer (HTB-22), and one normal cell line such as HEK-293 Human Embryonic Kidney cells (CRL-1573) and promising compounds have been identified. Molecular docking interactions were also evaluated.

Due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infection researchers worldwide are trying to discover the new generations of antibiotics. In this study, the antibacterial and antifungal potential of library of dihydronaphthalene based-triazole scaffolds were synthesized and evaluated against the various gram-positive (S. pneumoniae and M. luteus), gram-negative (E. coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumonia and N. mucosa) bacteria strains and fungal (C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. albicans) strains. Among all the synthesized compounds four derivatives exhibited strong activity against the various pathogens like K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, M. luteus, C. glabrata, C. albicans etc.

The reduction of 1-hydroxydimiazole derivatives containing a nitrophenyl substituent was studied. Reduction of either 1-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazole or 1-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]imidazole with sodium dithionite promptly resulted in products of complete reduction, i.e., aniline-containing imidazoles with no additional substituents at the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 3 of the heterocycle. Two synthetic routes to 5-acetylimidazoles containing 2-(4-aminophenyl) or 2-[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethenyl] moieties with no substituents at the nitrogen atoms of the heterocycle were proposed. These compounds were obtained as by-products in the reduction reactions of starting 5-acetyl-1-hydroxyimidazole derivatives with either sodium dithionite in the presence of base in THF–H₂O media or zinc in glacial acetic acid. Otherwise, these aminophenyl-containing 5-acetylimidazoles were synthesized by a two-step procedure including selective reduction of the hydroxyl group in position 1 of nitrophenyl-substituted imidazoles followed by the reduction of the nitro group of the substituent with sodium dithionite. The possibility of the acquisition of 5-acetyl-1-hydroxyimidazole derivatives containing a primary amino group in the aryl substituent was also demonstrated for the first time.

Pyranocoumarins—a mixture of (+)-visnadine and (+)-dihydrosamidine—isolated from the roots of Phlojodicarpus sibiricus were subjected to chemical modification. The reactions of halogenation and selenylation of natural pyranocoumarins were studied, and a mechanism for the observed transformations was proposed. Selective methods for the synthesis of the corresponding 3- and 3,6-halogen- and -organylselanyl-substituted derivatives were developed, and their neuroprotective activity (inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase) was studied. Despite moderate activity, the synthesized 3- and 3,6-substituted pyranocoumarins are promising synthons for further functionalization, aimed at obtaining new neuroprotective drugs based on chemically modified plant material.

Vinyl ethers bearing the fragment RO–CH=CH₂, where R is an alkyl or aryl substituent, are valuable substrates for organic synthesis and polymer chemistry. The double carbon–carbon bond is highly reactive and can be used in a wide variety of organic transformations, including addition processes—particularly cycloaddition and polymerization reactions. Recent investigations in this field have demonstrated the significant potential of subsequent transformations: vinylation of alcohols, cycloaddition of vinyl ethers, and alcohol release. Combination of these processes enables the introduction of a C₂ fragment into a wide range of organic molecules. Due to these advancements, vinylation of alcohols has become a cornerstone in organic synthesis. This review focuses on an overview of important approaches to the vinylation of alcohols and highlights recent achievements in this field.

A review of studies on the biological effects of detergents is presented. The impact of detergents contain- ing synthetic surfactants on lentil sprouts (Lens culinaris) was investigated under biotest conditions. At detergents concentrations of 0.5 and 5 g/L (Persil Color Plus and E Color), the plants died. At 0.05 g/L, plant growth was significantly inhibited. The experiment demonstrated that surfactants and detergents are serious environmental pollutants.

A mathematical model is presented to describe the pollution profile along a river downstream of a discharge point. The model incorporates the nitrification process and is based on nitrogen mass balance. It accounts for both substrates and the products of biochemical transformations, in which ammonium is sequentially converted to nitrite and nitrate. Oxygen availability for nitrifying bacteria is identified as a crucial factor governing the dynamics of ammonium along the river.