Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.015
Yongxiang Shi, Zhan Wang, Jiahao Zhang, Peiwen He, Minglei Yang, Chenglong Zhao, Bo Li, Ming Qian
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by high metastatic potential and recurrence rates after therapy. The small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptides B and B1 (SNRPB), core components of a spliceosome, have been reported to exhibit up-regulation across several cancer types. However, the precise role of SNRPB in osteosarcoma progression remains poorly elucidated. Herein, we explored SNRPB expression in human osteosarcoma tissues and normal bone tissues by immunohistochemical staining, revealing a notable up-regulation of SNRPB in osteosarcoma, correlating with diminished survival rates. Moreover, the in vitro loss-of-function experiments showed that SNRPB knockdown significantly suppressed the osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration, as well as tubule formation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, while enhancing osteosarcoma cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, we revealed that SNRPB promoted the transcription of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 via E2F transcription factor 1. Further rescue experiments indicated that ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 was required for SNRPB-induced malignant behaviors in osteosarcoma. Additionally, we confirmed that the function of SNRPB in osteosarcoma cell growth and apoptosis was associated with ATM signaling pathway activation. In conclusion, our findings provide initial insights into the underlying mechanisms governing SNRPB-induced osteosarcoma progression, and we proposed SNRPB as a novel therapeutic target in osteosarcoma management.
{"title":"Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Polypeptides B and B1 Promote Osteosarcoma Progression via Activating the ATM Signaling Pathway through Ribonucleotide Reductase Subunit M2.","authors":"Yongxiang Shi, Zhan Wang, Jiahao Zhang, Peiwen He, Minglei Yang, Chenglong Zhao, Bo Li, Ming Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by high metastatic potential and recurrence rates after therapy. The small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptides B and B1 (SNRPB), core components of a spliceosome, have been reported to exhibit up-regulation across several cancer types. However, the precise role of SNRPB in osteosarcoma progression remains poorly elucidated. Herein, we explored SNRPB expression in human osteosarcoma tissues and normal bone tissues by immunohistochemical staining, revealing a notable up-regulation of SNRPB in osteosarcoma, correlating with diminished survival rates. Moreover, the in vitro loss-of-function experiments showed that SNRPB knockdown significantly suppressed the osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration, as well as tubule formation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, while enhancing osteosarcoma cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, we revealed that SNRPB promoted the transcription of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 via E2F transcription factor 1. Further rescue experiments indicated that ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 was required for SNRPB-induced malignant behaviors in osteosarcoma. Additionally, we confirmed that the function of SNRPB in osteosarcoma cell growth and apoptosis was associated with ATM signaling pathway activation. In conclusion, our findings provide initial insights into the underlying mechanisms governing SNRPB-induced osteosarcoma progression, and we proposed SNRPB as a novel therapeutic target in osteosarcoma management.</p>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141892628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.013
Rocio I R Macias, Hiroaki Kanzaki, Carmen Berasain, Matias A Avila, Jose J G Marin, Yujin Hoshida
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors that originate from the biliary tract. They are usually diagnosed in advanced stages, leading to a dismal prognosis for affected patients. As CCA often arises as a sporadic cancer in individuals lacking specific risk factors or with heterogeneous backgrounds, and there are no defined high-risk groups, the implementation of effective surveillance programs for CCA is problematic. The identification and validation of new biomarkers useful for risk stratification, diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response remains an unmet need for patients with CCA, even though numerous studies have been conducted lately to try to discover and validate CCA biomarkers. In this review, we overview the available information about the different types of biomarkers that have been investigated in recent years using minimally invasive biospecimens (blood, serum/plasma, bile, and urine) and their potential usefulness in diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification. It is widely accepted that early detection of CCA will impact patients' outcomes, by improving survival rates, quality of life, and the possibility of less invasive and/or curative treatments; however, challenges to its translation and clinical application for patients with CCA need to be resolved.
胆管癌(CCA)是一类起源于胆道的异质性恶性肿瘤。它们通常在晚期才被确诊,因此患者的预后很差。由于 CCA 通常以散发性癌症的形式出现在缺乏特定风险因素或具有异质性背景的个体中,而且没有明确的高危人群,因此实施有效的 CCA 监测计划很成问题。尽管近来已有大量研究试图发现和验证 CCA 生物标志物,但鉴定和验证有助于风险分层、诊断、预后和治疗反应预测的新生物标志物仍是 CCA 患者尚未满足的需求。在这篇综述中,我们将概述近年来利用微创生物样本(血液、血清/血浆、胆汁、尿液)研究的不同类型生物标志物的现有信息,以及它们在诊断、预后和风险分层方面的潜在作用。人们普遍认为,CCA 的早期检测将提高患者的生存率和生活质量,并有可能采用微创和/或根治性治疗,从而影响患者的预后。
{"title":"The Search for Risk, Diagnostic, and Prognostic Biomarkers of Cholangiocarcinoma and Their Biological and Clinicopathologic Significance.","authors":"Rocio I R Macias, Hiroaki Kanzaki, Carmen Berasain, Matias A Avila, Jose J G Marin, Yujin Hoshida","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors that originate from the biliary tract. They are usually diagnosed in advanced stages, leading to a dismal prognosis for affected patients. As CCA often arises as a sporadic cancer in individuals lacking specific risk factors or with heterogeneous backgrounds, and there are no defined high-risk groups, the implementation of effective surveillance programs for CCA is problematic. The identification and validation of new biomarkers useful for risk stratification, diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response remains an unmet need for patients with CCA, even though numerous studies have been conducted lately to try to discover and validate CCA biomarkers. In this review, we overview the available information about the different types of biomarkers that have been investigated in recent years using minimally invasive biospecimens (blood, serum/plasma, bile, and urine) and their potential usefulness in diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification. It is widely accepted that early detection of CCA will impact patients' outcomes, by improving survival rates, quality of life, and the possibility of less invasive and/or curative treatments; however, challenges to its translation and clinical application for patients with CCA need to be resolved.</p>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141892629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.07.007
Sagar Bhayana, Philip Andreas Schytz, Emma Tina Bisgaard Olesen, Keng Soh, Vivek Das
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its subset diabetic kidney disease are progressive conditions that affect >850 million people worldwide. Diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis are the most common causes of CKD, which is associated with significant patient morbidity and an increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart failure, ultimately leading to premature death. Despite newly approved drugs, increasing evidence shows that patients respond to treatment differently given the complexity of disease heterogeneity and complicated pathophysiology. This review article presents an integrative approach to understanding and addressing CKD through the lens of precision medicine and therapeutics. Leveraging advancements in single-cell omics technologies and artificial intelligence, we can explore the intricate cellular mechanisms underlying CKD and diabetic kidney disease pathogenesis. By dissecting the cellular heterogeneity and identifying rare cell populations using single-cell approaches, it will be possible to uncover novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for personalized treatment strategies. Finally, we discuss the potential of artificial intelligence-driven analyses in predicting disease progression and treatment response, thereby paving the way for tailored interventions.
{"title":"Single-Cell Advances in Investigating and Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Sagar Bhayana, Philip Andreas Schytz, Emma Tina Bisgaard Olesen, Keng Soh, Vivek Das","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its subset diabetic kidney disease are progressive conditions that affect >850 million people worldwide. Diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis are the most common causes of CKD, which is associated with significant patient morbidity and an increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart failure, ultimately leading to premature death. Despite newly approved drugs, increasing evidence shows that patients respond to treatment differently given the complexity of disease heterogeneity and complicated pathophysiology. This review article presents an integrative approach to understanding and addressing CKD through the lens of precision medicine and therapeutics. Leveraging advancements in single-cell omics technologies and artificial intelligence, we can explore the intricate cellular mechanisms underlying CKD and diabetic kidney disease pathogenesis. By dissecting the cellular heterogeneity and identifying rare cell populations using single-cell approaches, it will be possible to uncover novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for personalized treatment strategies. Finally, we discuss the potential of artificial intelligence-driven analyses in predicting disease progression and treatment response, thereby paving the way for tailored interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141888198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.011
Pierre Isnard, Dian Li, Qiao Xuanyuan, Haojia Wu, Benjamin D Humphreys
The application of spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies is booming and has already yielded important insights across many different tissues and disease models. In nephrology, ST technologies have helped to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms at work in kidney diseases and have allowed the recent creation of spatially anchored human kidney atlases in healthy and diseased kidney tissues. During ST data analysis, the obtained computationally annotated clusters are often superimposed on a histologic image without their initial identification being based on the morphologic and spatial analyses of the tissues and lesions. In this study, we conduct a histopathologic-based analysis of ST data on a human kidney sample corresponding as closely as possible to the reality of the interpretation of a kidney biopsy sample in a health care or research context. This study shows the feasibility of a morphology-based approach to interpreting ST data, helping to improve our understanding of the lesion phenomena at work in chronic kidney disease at both the cellular and the molecular level. Finally, we show that our newly identified pathology-based clusters can be accurately projected onto other slides from nephrectomy or needle biopsy samples. They thus serve as a reference for analyzing other kidney tissues, paving the way for the future of molecular microscopy and precision pathology.
空间转录组(ST)技术的应用正在蓬勃发展,已经在许多不同的组织和疾病模型中产生了重要的见解。在肾脏病学领域,空间转录组技术有助于破译肾脏疾病的细胞和分子机制,并在最近建立了健康和患病肾脏组织的空间锚定人类肾脏图谱。在 ST 数据分析过程中,计算标注的集群往往被叠加到组织学图像上,而没有根据组织和病变的形态和空间分析对其进行初步识别。在本研究中,我们对人类肾脏样本的空间转录组学数据进行了基于组织病理学的分析,尽可能贴近医疗保健或研究背景下肾脏活检的实际解读。我们的工作证明了用基于形态学的方法解读 ST 数据的可行性,有助于我们从细胞和分子两个层面加深对慢性肾脏病病变现象的理解。最后,我们的研究表明,我们新发现的基于病理学的集群可以准确地投射到来自肾切除术或针刺活检样本的其他切片上,从而作为分析其他肾组织的参考,为未来的分子显微镜和精确病理学铺平道路。
{"title":"Histopathological-Based Analysis of Human Kidney Spatial Transcriptomics Data: Toward Precision Pathology.","authors":"Pierre Isnard, Dian Li, Qiao Xuanyuan, Haojia Wu, Benjamin D Humphreys","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The application of spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies is booming and has already yielded important insights across many different tissues and disease models. In nephrology, ST technologies have helped to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms at work in kidney diseases and have allowed the recent creation of spatially anchored human kidney atlases in healthy and diseased kidney tissues. During ST data analysis, the obtained computationally annotated clusters are often superimposed on a histologic image without their initial identification being based on the morphologic and spatial analyses of the tissues and lesions. In this study, we conduct a histopathologic-based analysis of ST data on a human kidney sample corresponding as closely as possible to the reality of the interpretation of a kidney biopsy sample in a health care or research context. This study shows the feasibility of a morphology-based approach to interpreting ST data, helping to improve our understanding of the lesion phenomena at work in chronic kidney disease at both the cellular and the molecular level. Finally, we show that our newly identified pathology-based clusters can be accurately projected onto other slides from nephrectomy or needle biopsy samples. They thus serve as a reference for analyzing other kidney tissues, paving the way for the future of molecular microscopy and precision pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141888197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.005
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a sex-biased disease with female sex as a significant risk factor. Increased expression of the long noncoding RNA X-inactive–specific transcript (Xist), as induced by an intersectin-1s protein fragment with proliferative potential (EHITSN), may explain the sexual dimorphism of female pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ECs) and at least in part, the imbalance sex/ratio of PAH. Xist is essential for X-chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation of X-linked genes. Herein, increased Xist expression was detected in a subset of ECs and lung tissue samples of male patients with PAH. The role of different Xist expression levels in ECs of male patients with PAH (ECPAH) was studied in several lines of male ECPAH in conjunction with molecular, biochemical, morphologic, and functional approaches. Male ECPAH showed on average 10.3-fold increase in high Xist versus low Xist, a significant association between Xist levels and their proliferative potential, and a heterogeneous methylation of the Xist/XIST antisense RNA (Tsix) locus. Interestingly, Xist up-regulation in male ECPAH decreased the expression of Krueppel-like factor 2 (Klf2), via EHITSN interaction with enhancer of zeste polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2. Moreover, the studies demonstrate that EHITSN-triggered p38/ETS domain-containing protein Elk1/AP-1 transcription factor subunit (c-Fos) signaling is a pathologic mechanism central to ECPAH proliferation and the dynamic crosstalk with cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin A1/cyclin D2 and Xist-EZH2-Klf2 interaction participate directly and differentially in establishing the proliferative profile of male ECPAH.
{"title":"Dysregulation of the Long Noncoding RNA X-Inactive–Specific Transcript Expression in Male Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a sex-biased disease with female sex as a significant risk factor. Increased expression of the long noncoding RNA X-inactive–specific transcript (Xist), as induced by an intersectin-1s protein fragment with proliferative potential (EH<sub>ITSN</sub>), may explain the sexual dimorphism of female pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ECs) and at least in part, the imbalance sex/ratio of PAH. Xist is essential for X-chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation of X-linked genes. Herein, increased Xist expression was detected in a subset of ECs and lung tissue samples of male patients with PAH. The role of different Xist expression levels in ECs of male patients with PAH (EC<sub>PAH</sub>) was studied in several lines of male EC<sub>PAH</sub> in conjunction with molecular, biochemical, morphologic, and functional approaches. Male EC<sub>PAH</sub> showed on average 10.3-fold increase in high Xist versus low Xist, a significant association between Xist levels and their proliferative potential, and a heterogeneous methylation of the Xist/XIST antisense RNA (Tsix) locus. Interestingly, Xist up-regulation in male EC<sub>PAH</sub> decreased the expression of Krueppel-like factor 2 (Klf2), via EH<sub>ITSN</sub> interaction with enhancer of zeste polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2. Moreover, the studies demonstrate that EH<sub>ITSN</sub>-triggered p38/ETS domain-containing protein Elk1/AP-1 transcription factor subunit (c-Fos) signaling is a pathologic mechanism central to EC<sub>PAH</sub> proliferation and the dynamic crosstalk with cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin A1/cyclin D2 and Xist-EZH2-Klf2 interaction participate directly and differentially in establishing the proliferative profile of male EC<sub>PAH</sub>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11284765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140846738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.002
Adoptive cellular therapy using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has transformed immunotherapy by engineering T cells to target specific antigens on tumor cells. As the field continues to advance, pathology laboratories will play increasingly essential roles in the complicated multi-step process of CAR T-cell therapy. These include detection of targetable tumor antigens by flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry at the time of disease diagnosis and the isolation and infusion of CAR T cells. Additional roles include: i) detecting antigen loss or heterogeneity that renders resistance to CAR T cells as well as identifying alternative targetable antigens on tumor cells, ii) monitoring the phenotype, persistence, and tumor infiltration properties of CAR T cells and the tumor microenvironment for factors that predict CAR T-cell therapy success, and iii) evaluating side effects and biomarkers of CAR T-cell cytotoxicity such as cytokine release syndrome. This review highlights existing technologies that are applicable to monitoring CAR T-cell persistence, target antigen identification, and loss. Also discussed are emerging technologies that address new challenges such as how to put a brake on CAR T cells. Although pathology laboratories have already provided companion diagnostic tests important in immunotherapy (eg, programmed death-ligand 1, microsatellite instability, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing), it draws attention to the exciting new translational research opportunities in adoptive cellular therapy.
使用嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的适应性细胞疗法通过改造 T 细胞来靶向肿瘤细胞上的特异性抗原,从而改变了免疫疗法。随着该领域的不断进步,病理实验室将在 CAR-T 疗法复杂的多步骤过程中发挥越来越重要的作用。其中包括在疾病诊断时通过流式细胞术或免疫组化方法检测可靶向的肿瘤抗原,以及分离和输注 CAR-T 细胞。其他作用还包括:(1) 检测导致 CAR-T 抗药性的抗原缺失或异质性,以及识别肿瘤细胞上的替代性可靶向抗原;(2) 监测 CAR T 细胞的表型、持久性和肿瘤浸润特性以及肿瘤微环境,以寻找预测 CAR-T 成功的因素;(3) 评估副作用和 CAR-T 细胞毒性的生物标志物,如细胞因子释放综合征。在本综述中,我们将重点介绍适用于监测 CAR-T 细胞持久性、靶抗原识别和丢失的现有技术。我们还讨论了应对新挑战的新兴技术,如如何抑制 CAR T 细胞。病理实验室已经提供了对免疫疗法非常重要的辅助诊断检测,如 PD-L1、MSI 和 HER2 检测,同时我们也提请大家注意领养细胞疗法中令人兴奋的新转化研究机会。
{"title":"Finding Your CAR","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adoptive cellular therapy using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has transformed immunotherapy by engineering T cells to target specific antigens on tumor cells. As the field continues to advance, pathology laboratories will play increasingly essential roles in the complicated multi-step process of CAR T-cell therapy. These include detection of targetable tumor antigens by flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry at the time of disease diagnosis and the isolation and infusion of CAR T cells. Additional roles include: i) detecting antigen loss or heterogeneity that renders resistance to CAR T cells as well as identifying alternative targetable antigens on tumor cells, ii) monitoring the phenotype, persistence, and tumor infiltration properties of CAR T cells and the tumor microenvironment for factors that predict CAR T-cell therapy success, and iii) evaluating side effects and biomarkers of CAR T-cell cytotoxicity such as cytokine release syndrome. This review highlights existing technologies that are applicable to monitoring CAR T-cell persistence, target antigen identification, and loss. Also discussed are emerging technologies that address new challenges such as how to put a brake on CAR T cells. Although pathology laboratories have already provided companion diagnostic tests important in immunotherapy (eg, programmed death-ligand 1, microsatellite instability, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing), it draws attention to the exciting new translational research opportunities in adoptive cellular therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11284763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.009
Collagen 17A1 (COL17A1), an epidermal hemidesmosome component, is ectopically induced in the urothelium of mouse and human renal pelvis (RP) in parallel with urinary tract–associated lymphoid structure development. Here, COL17A1 was induced in obstructive uropathy–prone ureter of humans and cats. To ascertain its function, murine urinary organs with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) were analyzed during 1 week after surgery. One day after UUO, COL17A1 expression increased in urothelial cells of RP and ureter, and was positively correlated with renal tubulointerstitial lesions. A portion of RP where the smooth muscle layer from the ureter was interrupted was sensitive to urothelium deciduation and COL17A1 induction, showing urine leaked from the RP lumen into the parenchyma. After urine stimulation, cultured immune cells expressed Cxcl2, also up-regulated in CD11b+ cells following COL17A1 stimulation. One day after UUO, CXCL2+ CD11b+ cells infiltrated the urothelium-disrupted area. However, these numbers were significantly lower in Col17a1-deficient mice. COL17A1+ urothelial cells partially co-expressed cytokeratin-14, a progenitor cell marker for urothelium, whereas Col17a1-deficient mice had lower numbers of cytokeratin-14+ cells. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that expression of epithelial- and immune-associated genes was up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, in the ureter of Col17a1-deficient mice 4 days after UUO. Thus, COL17A1 maintains urothelium integrity by regulating urothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and activates local immune responses during obstructive uropathy in mammals.
胶原蛋白 17A1(COL17A1)是表皮半球的一种成分,它在小鼠和人类肾盂(RP)的尿路上皮细胞中异位诱导,与尿路相关淋巴结构的发育同步进行。在这里,我们发现 COL17A1 在人类和猫的易发梗阻性尿路病的输尿管中被诱导。为了确定其功能,我们在单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)的小鼠泌尿器官术后一周内对其进行了分析。术后一天,COL17A1在RP和输尿管尿路上皮细胞中的表达增加,并与肾小管间质病变呈正相关。输尿管平滑肌层中断的部分 RP 对尿路胶质细胞脱落和 COL17A1 诱导敏感,显示尿液从 RP 管腔渗漏到实质组织。尿液刺激后,培养的免疫细胞表达了 Cxcl2,在 COL17A1 刺激后,CD11b+ 细胞也上调了 Cxcl2。UUO 一天后,CXCL2+ CD11b+ 细胞浸润了尿路上皮破坏区域;但在 Col17a1 基因缺陷小鼠中,这些细胞的数量明显减少。COL17A1+尿路上皮细胞部分共同表达尿路上皮祖细胞标记物CK14,而Col17a1缺陷小鼠的CK14+细胞数量较少。基因本体分析表明,在UUO四天后,Col17a1缺陷小鼠输尿管中上皮相关基因和免疫相关基因的表达分别上调和下调。因此,COL17A1通过调节尿路上皮细胞的粘附、增殖和分化来维持尿路上皮细胞的完整性,并在哺乳动物发生梗阻性尿路病变时激活局部免疫反应。
{"title":"Collagen 17A1 in the Urothelium Regulates Epithelial Cell Integrity and Local Immunologic Responses in Obstructive Uropathy","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Collagen 17A1 (COL17A1), an epidermal hemidesmosome component, is ectopically induced in the urothelium of mouse and human renal pelvis (RP) in parallel with urinary tract–associated lymphoid structure development. Here, COL17A1 was induced in obstructive uropathy–prone ureter of humans and cats. To ascertain its function, murine urinary organs with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) were analyzed during 1 week after surgery. One day after UUO, COL17A1 expression increased in urothelial cells of RP and ureter, and was positively correlated with renal tubulointerstitial lesions. A portion of RP where the smooth muscle layer from the ureter was interrupted was sensitive to urothelium deciduation and COL17A1 induction, showing urine leaked from the RP lumen into the parenchyma. After urine stimulation, cultured immune cells expressed <em>Cxcl2</em>, also up-regulated in CD11b<sup>+</sup> cells following COL17A1 stimulation. One day after UUO, CXCL2<sup>+</sup> CD11b<sup>+</sup> cells infiltrated the urothelium-disrupted area. However, these numbers were significantly lower in <em>Col17a1</em>-deficient mice. COL17A1<sup>+</sup> urothelial cells partially co-expressed cytokeratin-14, a progenitor cell marker for urothelium, whereas <em>Col17a1</em>-deficient mice had lower numbers of cytokeratin-14<sup>+</sup> cells. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that expression of epithelial- and immune-associated genes was up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, in the ureter of <em>Col17a1</em>-deficient mice 4 days after UUO. Thus, COL17A1 maintains urothelium integrity by regulating urothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and activates local immune responses during obstructive uropathy in mammals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141070125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.008
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a fatal interstitial lung disease, is characterized by fibroblast activation and aberrant extracellular matrix accumulation. Effective therapeutic development is limited because of incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which fibroblasts become aberrantly activated. Here, we show aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in fibroblasts as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis. A decrease in ALDH2 expression was observed in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bleomycin-treated mice. ALDH2 deficiency spontaneously induces collagen accumulation in the lungs of aged mice. Furthermore, young ALDH2 knockout mice exhibited exacerbated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and increased mortality compared with that in control mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 induction and ALDH2 depletion constituted a positive feedback loop that exacerbates fibroblast activation. TGF-β1 down-regulated ALDH2 through a TGF-β receptor 1/Smad3-dependent mechanism. The subsequent deficiency in ALDH2 resulted in fibroblast dysfunction that manifested as impaired mitochondrial autophagy and senescence, leading to fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix production. ALDH2 overexpression markedly suppressed fibroblast activation, and this effect was abrogated by PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) knockdown, indicating that the profibrotic effects of ALDH2 are PINK1- dependent. Furthermore, ALDH2 activated by N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide (Alda-1) reversed the established pulmonary fibrosis in both young and aged mice. In conclusion, ALDH2 expression inhibited the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Strategies to up-regulate or activate ALDH2 expression could be potential therapies for pulmonary fibrosis.
{"title":"Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Deficiency Aggravates Lung Fibrosis through Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aging in Fibroblasts","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a fatal interstitial lung disease, is characterized by fibroblast activation and aberrant extracellular matrix accumulation. Effective therapeutic development is limited because of incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which fibroblasts become aberrantly activated. Here, we show aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in fibroblasts as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis. A decrease in ALDH2 expression was observed in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bleomycin-treated mice. ALDH2 deficiency spontaneously induces collagen accumulation in the lungs of aged mice. Furthermore, young ALDH2 knockout mice exhibited exacerbated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and increased mortality compared with that in control mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 induction and ALDH2 depletion constituted a positive feedback loop that exacerbates fibroblast activation. TGF-β1 down-regulated ALDH2 through a TGF-β receptor 1/Smad3-dependent mechanism. The subsequent deficiency in ALDH2 resulted in fibroblast dysfunction that manifested as impaired mitochondrial autophagy and senescence, leading to fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix production. ALDH2 overexpression markedly suppressed fibroblast activation, and this effect was abrogated by PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) knockdown, indicating that the profibrotic effects of ALDH2 are PINK1- dependent. Furthermore, ALDH2 activated by N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide (Alda-1) reversed the established pulmonary fibrosis in both young and aged mice. In conclusion, ALDH2 expression inhibited the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Strategies to up-regulate or activate ALDH2 expression could be potential therapies for pulmonary fibrosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002944024001767/pdfft?md5=b5e5b8a0c835e080ddd14f1c08f4de98&pid=1-s2.0-S0002944024001767-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.011
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by pulmonary fibroblast overactivation, resulting in the accumulation of abnormal extracellular matrix and lung parenchymal damage. Although the pathogenesis of IPF remains unclear, aging was proposed as the most prominent nongenetic risk factor. Propionate metabolism undergoes reprogramming in the aging population, leading to the accumulation of the by-product methylmalonic acid (MMA). This study aimed to explore alterations in propionate metabolism in IPF and the impact of the by-product MMA on pulmonary fibrosis. It revealed alterations in the expression of enzymes involved in propionate metabolism within IPF lung tissues, characterized by an increase in propionyl-CoA carboxylase and methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase expression, and a decrease in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase expression. Knockdown of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, the key enzyme in propionate metabolism, induced a profibrotic phenotype and activated co-cultured fibroblasts in A549 cells. MMA exacerbated bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis and induced a profibrotic phenotype in both epithelial cells and fibroblasts through activation of the canonical transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway. Overall, these findings unveil an alteration of propionate metabolism in IPF, leading to MMA accumulation, thus exacerbating lung fibrosis through promoting profibrotic phenotypic transitions via the canonical transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling pathway.
{"title":"Aging-Associated Metabolite Methylmalonic Acid Increases Susceptibility to Pulmonary Fibrosis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by pulmonary fibroblast overactivation, resulting in the accumulation of abnormal extracellular matrix and lung parenchymal damage. Although the pathogenesis of IPF remains unclear, aging was proposed as the most prominent nongenetic risk factor. Propionate metabolism undergoes reprogramming in the aging population, leading to the accumulation of the by-product methylmalonic acid (MMA). This study aimed to explore alterations in propionate metabolism in IPF and the impact of the by-product MMA on pulmonary fibrosis. It revealed alterations in the expression of enzymes involved in propionate metabolism within IPF lung tissues, characterized by an increase in propionyl-CoA carboxylase and methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase expression, and a decrease in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase expression. Knockdown of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, the key enzyme in propionate metabolism, induced a profibrotic phenotype and activated co-cultured fibroblasts in A549 cells. MMA exacerbated bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis and induced a profibrotic phenotype in both epithelial cells and fibroblasts through activation of the canonical transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway. Overall, these findings unveil an alteration of propionate metabolism in IPF, leading to MMA accumulation, thus exacerbating lung fibrosis through promoting profibrotic phenotypic transitions via the canonical transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling pathway.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141287604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.03.016
The phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase delta isoform (Pik3cd), usually considered immune-specific, was unexpectedly identified as a gene potentially related to either regeneration and/or differentiation in animals lacking hepatocellular Integrin Linked Kinase (ILK). Since a specific inhibitor (Idelalisib, or CAL101) for the catalytic subunit encoded by Pik3cd (p110δ) has reported hepatotoxicity when used for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphomas, the authors aimed to elucidate whether there is a role for p110δ in normal liver function. To determine the effect on normal liver regeneration, partial hepatectomy (PHx) was performed using mice in which p110δ was first inhibited using CAL101. Inhibition led to over a 50% decrease in proliferating hepatocytes in the first 2 days after PHx. This difference correlated with phosphorylation changes in the HGF and EGF receptors (MET and EGFR, respectively) and NF-κB signaling. Ingenuity Pathway Analyses implicated C/EBPβ, HGF, and the EGFR heterodimeric partner, ERBB2, as three of the top 20 regulators downstream of p110δ signaling because their pathways were suppressed in the presence of CAL101 at 1 day post-PHx. A regulatory role for p110δ signaling in mouse and rat hepatocytes through MET and EGFR was further verified using hepatocyte primary cultures, in the presence or absence of CAL101. Combined, these data support a role for p110δ as a downstream regulator of normal hepatocytes when stimulated to proliferate.
{"title":"A Novel Role for the Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Delta Isoform in Hepatocellular Proliferation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.03.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.03.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase delta isoform (<em>Pik3cd</em>), usually considered immune-specific, was unexpectedly identified as a gene potentially related to either regeneration and/or differentiation in animals lacking hepatocellular Integrin Linked Kinase (ILK). Since a specific inhibitor (Idelalisib, or CAL101) for the catalytic subunit encoded by <em>Pik3cd</em> (p110δ) has reported hepatotoxicity when used for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphomas, the authors aimed to elucidate whether there is a role for p110δ in normal liver function. To determine the effect on normal liver regeneration, partial hepatectomy (PHx) was performed using mice in which p110δ was first inhibited using CAL101. Inhibition led to over a 50% decrease in proliferating hepatocytes in the first 2 days after PHx. This difference correlated with phosphorylation changes in the HGF and EGF receptors (MET and EGFR, respectively) and NF-κB signaling. Ingenuity Pathway Analyses implicated C/EBPβ, HGF, and the EGFR heterodimeric partner, ERBB2, as three of the top 20 regulators downstream of p110δ signaling because their pathways were suppressed in the presence of CAL101 at 1 day post-PHx. A regulatory role for p110δ signaling in mouse and rat hepatocytes through MET and EGFR was further verified using hepatocyte primary cultures, in the presence or absence of CAL101. Combined, these data support a role for p110δ as a downstream regulator of normal hepatocytes when stimulated to proliferate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7623,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002944024001688/pdfft?md5=58a04846e124f9df9840ba2646f96f63&pid=1-s2.0-S0002944024001688-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140846855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}