Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110165
Baoru Li , Jie Han , Huijie Gu , Zongzheng Yan , Lei Wang , Bianyin Wang , Xiuwei Liu
Root systems are crucial for soil water uptake in water-limited environments. However, it remains unclear whether winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar renewal in the North China Plain (NCP) has led to adapted root traits in response to changing irrigation practices, particularly stored-soil-water irrigation (W1). A two-year field experiment was conducted using nine historical winter wheat cultivars (released from 1978 to 2021) under two irrigation regimes: conventional full irrigation (W3) and W1. Root traits, grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and evapotranspiration (ET) were analyzed, and the APSIM model was used to simulate the potential for root improvement to enhance grain yield under these regimes. Cultivar renewal significantly increased grain yield by 23 kg·ha−1·yr−1 and WUE by 8.2–8.4 g·m−3·yr−1 under W1 conditions but did not lead to a concurrent improvement in ET and root traits. In contrast, W1 significantly increased root mass density by 24.5–27.3 % and root length density by 9.7–25.6 % in the 50–150 cm soil layer compared to W3. APSIM simulations demonstrated that optimizing root traits for greater deep-water extraction could substantially boost yield under W1, with a projected increase of 37.5 kg·ha−1 per additional millimeter of water absorbed. We conclude that modern cultivars have improved WUE, but breeding has not strategically enhanced deep root systems to match the needs of water-saving irrigation. Targeted breeding for winter wheat cultivars with more efficient deep roots is crucial to fully leverage the benefits of W1.
{"title":"Developing effective deep-rooted winter wheat cultivars improves adaptation to stored-soil-water irrigation in the North China Plain","authors":"Baoru Li , Jie Han , Huijie Gu , Zongzheng Yan , Lei Wang , Bianyin Wang , Xiuwei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Root systems are crucial for soil water uptake in water-limited environments. However, it remains unclear whether winter wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) cultivar renewal in the North China Plain (NCP) has led to adapted root traits in response to changing irrigation practices, particularly stored-soil-water irrigation (W1). A two-year field experiment was conducted using nine historical winter wheat cultivars (released from 1978 to 2021) under two irrigation regimes: conventional full irrigation (W3) and W1. Root traits, grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and evapotranspiration (ET) were analyzed, and the APSIM model was used to simulate the potential for root improvement to enhance grain yield under these regimes. Cultivar renewal significantly increased grain yield by 23 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup> and WUE by 8.2–8.4 g·m<sup>−3</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup> under W1 conditions but did not lead to a concurrent improvement in ET and root traits. In contrast, W1 significantly increased root mass density by 24.5–27.3 % and root length density by 9.7–25.6 % in the 50–150 cm soil layer compared to W3. APSIM simulations demonstrated that optimizing root traits for greater deep-water extraction could substantially boost yield under W1, with a projected increase of 37.5 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup> per additional millimeter of water absorbed. We conclude that modern cultivars have improved WUE, but breeding has not strategically enhanced deep root systems to match the needs of water-saving irrigation. Targeted breeding for winter wheat cultivars with more efficient deep roots is crucial to fully leverage the benefits of W1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110165"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110167
Natasha L. Bell , Lauren M. Garcia Chance , William H.J. Strosnider , Daniel R. Hitchcock , John C. Majsztrik , Sarah A. White
The dynamics of sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen were characterized in a treatment train consisting of a vegetated channel followed by two irrigation reservoirs (RR1 and RR2) at a retail/production plant nursery in South Carolina’s Piedmont Ecoregion. Water quality and hydrologic data (flow rates, rainfall, irrigation events) were collected to evaluate seasonal variation in treatment capacity. Nominal hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were generally longer in winter and shorter during active production months, reducing treatment capacity when irrigation flows and nutrient loads were highest. Irrigation dominated hydrology in summer and fall, while rainfall was the primary driver in winter and spring. Concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), phosphate (PO₄-P), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) declined sequentially from the vegetated channel through RR1 to RR2. Average removal rates in RR1 and RR2 were 189 ± 106 and 32.9 ± 18.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for TSS, 580 ± 310 and 58.7 ± 30.9 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ for DIN, and 51.3 ± 24.4 and 9.19 ± 6.17 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ for PO₄-P, respectively. Removal was highest in spring and summer and lowest in winter, when internal loading and reduced microbial activity likely limited performance. Despite its larger size, RR2 showed more variable treatment, suggesting that treatment efficiency is influenced more by hydraulic design and influent loading than basin size alone. These findings support the dual role of irrigation reservoirs in water quality improvement and water security, emphasizing the need for design strategies that optimize both treatment and storage functions.
{"title":"Water quality dynamics of irrigation reservoirs in series at a production plant nursery","authors":"Natasha L. Bell , Lauren M. Garcia Chance , William H.J. Strosnider , Daniel R. Hitchcock , John C. Majsztrik , Sarah A. White","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen were characterized in a treatment train consisting of a vegetated channel followed by two irrigation reservoirs (RR1 and RR2) at a retail/production plant nursery in South Carolina’s Piedmont Ecoregion. Water quality and hydrologic data (flow rates, rainfall, irrigation events) were collected to evaluate seasonal variation in treatment capacity. Nominal hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were generally longer in winter and shorter during active production months, reducing treatment capacity when irrigation flows and nutrient loads were highest. Irrigation dominated hydrology in summer and fall, while rainfall was the primary driver in winter and spring. Concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), phosphate (PO₄-P), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) declined sequentially from the vegetated channel through RR1 to RR2. Average removal rates in RR1 and RR2 were 189 ± 106 and 32.9 ± 18.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for TSS, 580 ± 310 and 58.7 ± 30.9 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ for DIN, and 51.3 ± 24.4 and 9.19 ± 6.17 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ for PO₄-P, respectively. Removal was highest in spring and summer and lowest in winter, when internal loading and reduced microbial activity likely limited performance. Despite its larger size, RR2 showed more variable treatment, suggesting that treatment efficiency is influenced more by hydraulic design and influent loading than basin size alone. These findings support the dual role of irrigation reservoirs in water quality improvement and water security, emphasizing the need for design strategies that optimize both treatment and storage functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110167"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110175
Mengxuan Shao , Haijun Liu , Wenwen Ju
Drip fertigation technology combined with optimal plant density (PD) and nitrogen application rate (Nrate) management is a critical strategy for closing the yield gap in arid regions of Northwest China. A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted in Hetao Irrigation District (HID) to determine the effects of PD and Nrate on crop growth, grain yield (GY), water productivity (WP), radiation use efficiency (RUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of drip-fertigated spring maize (Zea mays L.). Four plant densities (D1: 60,000 plants hm−2, D2: 75,000 plants hm−2, D3: 90,000 plants hm−2, D4: 105,000 plants hm−2) and three N application rates (N1: 200 kg hm−2, N2: 250 kg hm−2, N3: 300 kg hm−2) were considered. Separate annual analyses indicated PD as the main factor governing population establishment and resource utilization, with a greater effect size than Nrate and their interaction. Increasing density from D1 to D3 significantly enhanced plant height (HVT), leaf area index (LAIVT), population-level aboveground dry matter (DMP), and nitrogen uptake (NutP) by 6.30 %, 52.8 %, 21.0 %, and 11.2 %, respectively, ultimately rising GY by 28.9 %. The D3N3 achieved the highest DMP and NutP, exceeding other combinations by 17.0 % and 16.4 %, while D3N2 resulted in optimal GY, WP, and RUE, exceeding other combinations by 14.5 %, 16.5 %, and 10.2 %. However, a further increase to D4 induced negative effects, reducing DMP, NutP, GY, WP, and RUE by 6.80 %, 14.0 %, 4.33 %, 8.98 %, and 5.19 %, respectively, although NUE improved by 11.2 %. Linear mixed models also confirmed the dominant role of density. Although the PD×Nrate interaction was not statistically significant, the Nrate effect varied with PD environment. Specifically, N3 suppressed plant growth at D1, limiting HVT, LAIVT, and DMP. Moderate N2 resulted in optimal GY, WP, and RUE at densities from D1 to D3, whereas at D4, increasing Nrate exhibited a consistently positive effect. On the basis of bivariate regression analysis, the optimal combination was 93,000 plants hm−2 with 264 kg N hm−2, which could achieve a GY and a WP of 20.5 t hm−2 and 4.31 kg m−3, respectively, and reduce the yield gap from 72.0 % to 18.0 %. Overall, these findings show that prioritizing planting density and implementing density-specific nitrogen management are the pivotal strategies for closing the yield gap and achieving high resource use efficiency in drip-fertigated spring maize of Northwest China.
滴灌施肥技术与最佳种植密度（PD）和氮肥施用量（Nrate）管理相结合是缩小西北干旱区产量差距的重要策略。为了研究PD和Nrate对滴灌春玉米（Zea mays L.）作物生长、产量、水分生产力、辐射利用效率（RUE）和氮素利用效率（NUE）的影响，在河套灌区（HID）进行了为期3年的田间试验（2021-2023）。考虑了4种植物密度（D1: 60000株hm−2，D2: 75000株hm−2，D3: 90000株hm−2，D4: 105000株hm−2）和3种施氮量（N1: 200 kg hm−2,N2: 250 kg hm−2,N3: 300 kg hm−2）。单独的年度分析表明，PD是控制种群建立和资源利用的主要因素，其效应量大于Nrate及其相互作用。从D1到D3增加密度可显著提高株高（HVT）、叶面积指数（LAIVT）、种群水平地上干物质（DMP）和氮素吸收率（NutP），分别提高6.30 %、52.8 %、21.0 %和11.2 %，最终使GY提高28.9 %。D3N3的DMP和NutP最高，分别比其他组合高17.0 %和16.4 %，而D3N2的GY、WP和RUE最佳，分别比其他组合高14.5 %、16.5 %和10.2 %。然而，进一步增加D4诱导了负面影响，DMP、NutP、GY、WP和RUE分别降低了6.80 %、14.0 %、4.33 %、8.98 %和5.19 %，尽管NUE提高了11.2 %。线性混合模型也证实了密度的主导作用。虽然PD×Nrate相互作用无统计学意义，但Nrate效应随PD环境而变化。具体来说，N3在D1时抑制植物生长，限制HVT、LAIVT和DMP。在D1至D3密度范围内，适度的N2导致最佳的GY、WP和RUE，而在D4密度范围内，增加Nrate呈现出一致的正效应。双变量回归分析结果表明，最优组合为93000株hm - 2, 264 kg N hm - 2，可实现GY和WP分别为20.5 t hm - 2和4.31 kg m - 3，可将产量差距从72.0 %缩小到18.0 %。综上所述，优化种植密度和实施按密度施氮管理是缩小西北滴灌春玉米产量差距、实现资源高效利用的关键策略。
{"title":"Closing the yield gap of spring maize by synergizing drip nitrogen-fertigation with plant density in the arid region of Northwest China","authors":"Mengxuan Shao , Haijun Liu , Wenwen Ju","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drip fertigation technology combined with optimal plant density (PD) and nitrogen application rate (Nrate) management is a critical strategy for closing the yield gap in arid regions of Northwest China. A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted in Hetao Irrigation District (HID) to determine the effects of PD and Nrate on crop growth, grain yield (GY), water productivity (WP), radiation use efficiency (RUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of drip-fertigated spring maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.). Four plant densities (D1: 60,000 plants hm<sup>−2</sup>, D2: 75,000 plants hm<sup>−2</sup>, D3: 90,000 plants hm<sup>−2</sup>, D4: 105,000 plants hm<sup>−2</sup>) and three N application rates (N1: 200 kg hm<sup>−2</sup>, N2: 250 kg hm<sup>−2</sup>, N3: 300 kg hm<sup>−2</sup>) were considered. Separate annual analyses indicated PD as the main factor governing population establishment and resource utilization, with a greater effect size than Nrate and their interaction. Increasing density from D1 to D3 significantly enhanced plant height (H<sub>VT</sub>), leaf area index (LAI<sub>VT</sub>), population-level aboveground dry matter (DM<sub>P</sub>), and nitrogen uptake (Nut<sub>P</sub>) by 6.30 %, 52.8 %, 21.0 %, and 11.2 %, respectively, ultimately rising GY by 28.9 %. The D3N3 achieved the highest DM<sub>P</sub> and Nut<sub>P</sub>, exceeding other combinations by 17.0 % and 16.4 %, while D3N2 resulted in optimal GY, WP, and RUE, exceeding other combinations by 14.5 %, 16.5 %, and 10.2 %. However, a further increase to D4 induced negative effects, reducing DM<sub>P</sub>, Nut<sub>P</sub>, GY, WP, and RUE by 6.80 %, 14.0 %, 4.33 %, 8.98 %, and 5.19 %, respectively, although NUE improved by 11.2 %. Linear mixed models also confirmed the dominant role of density. Although the PD×Nrate interaction was not statistically significant, the Nrate effect varied with PD environment. Specifically, N3 suppressed plant growth at D1, limiting H<sub>VT</sub>, LAI<sub>VT</sub>, and DM<sub>P</sub>. Moderate N2 resulted in optimal GY, WP, and RUE at densities from D1 to D3, whereas at D4, increasing Nrate exhibited a consistently positive effect. On the basis of bivariate regression analysis, the optimal combination was 93,000 plants hm<sup>−2</sup> with 264 kg N hm<sup>−2</sup>, which could achieve a GY and a WP of 20.5 t hm<sup>−2</sup> and 4.31 kg m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively, and reduce the yield gap from 72.0 % to 18.0 %. Overall, these findings show that prioritizing planting density and implementing density-specific nitrogen management are the pivotal strategies for closing the yield gap and achieving high resource use efficiency in drip-fertigated spring maize of Northwest China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110175"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146047931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110190
Ruben T. Brouwer , Kim C.I. van Etten , Perry G.B. de Louw , Jakob Wallinga , Julian Helfenstein
Draining peatlands and other wetlands for agricultural use triggers several environmental problems, including greenhouse gas emissions, land subsidence, and biodiversity loss. Paludiculture, farming on rewetted land, is a strategy that can help restore some of the natural functions of wetlands while maintaining agricultural use. However, little is known about where paludiculture is feasible or with which crops. In this study, we address this knowledge gap by assessing the biophysical suitability of 12 potential paludicultural crops for the Netherlands. Selected crops include both native wetland crops as well as East Asian paddy crops. We first identified areas with potential for paludiculture based on groundwater levels, seepage and available water capacity. Around a quarter of the Netherlands has the hydrological potential for paludiculture. We then successfully expanded the crop suitability model EcoCrop (Hijmans et al., 2001) with a water balance function. Our study shows that current (drained) conditions limit suitability for many paludicultural crops. However, under raised water conditions most investigated crops—including cattail (Typha latifolia and angustifolia), reed (Phragmites australis), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), rice (Oryza sativa), water cress (Nasturtium officinale), European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)--were predicted to have at least moderate suitability in some parts of the Netherlands. The impact of climate change on the suitability of the selected crops was minimal, with 8 out of 12 crops experiencing no relevant change in mean suitability; however some East Asian crops will benefit from temperature increase. Our findings complement existing field trials with paludicultural crops by providing the first spatial paludicultural suitability analysis on a national scale. These results support evidence-based discussions on the potential of paludiculture in temperate lowland areas, not only in the Netherlands but also surrounding regions.
{"title":"Modeling crop suitability for rewetting landscapes in the Netherlands across present and future climate scenarios","authors":"Ruben T. Brouwer , Kim C.I. van Etten , Perry G.B. de Louw , Jakob Wallinga , Julian Helfenstein","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Draining peatlands and other wetlands for agricultural use triggers several environmental problems, including greenhouse gas emissions, land subsidence, and biodiversity loss. Paludiculture, farming on rewetted land, is a strategy that can help restore some of the natural functions of wetlands while maintaining agricultural use. However, little is known about where paludiculture is feasible or with which crops. In this study, we address this knowledge gap by assessing the biophysical suitability of 12 potential paludicultural crops for the Netherlands. Selected crops include both native wetland crops as well as East Asian paddy crops. We first identified areas with potential for paludiculture based on groundwater levels, seepage and available water capacity. Around a quarter of the Netherlands has the hydrological potential for paludiculture. We then successfully expanded the crop suitability model EcoCrop (Hijmans et al., 2001) with a water balance function. Our study shows that current (drained) conditions limit suitability for many paludicultural crops. However, under raised water conditions most investigated crops—including cattail (Typha latifolia and angustifolia), reed (Phragmites australis), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), rice (Oryza sativa), water cress (Nasturtium officinale), European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)--were predicted to have at least moderate suitability in some parts of the Netherlands. The impact of climate change on the suitability of the selected crops was minimal, with 8 out of 12 crops experiencing no relevant change in mean suitability; however some East Asian crops will benefit from temperature increase. Our findings complement existing field trials with paludicultural crops by providing the first spatial paludicultural suitability analysis on a national scale. These results support evidence-based discussions on the potential of paludiculture in temperate lowland areas, not only in the Netherlands but also surrounding regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110190"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110199
Yi Lv , Shaobo Wang , Xiaowen Xu , Yecheng Zhang , Jingyi Shao , Xinkun Liu , Ruxin Li , Qisong Gao , Fiston Bizimana , Huifang Han , Ling Liu , Rui Zong
Subsoiling effectively enhances crop water productivity (CWP) by optimizing soil structure. Nevertheless, the effects of different subsoiling depths on cross-seasonal soil water utilization and CWP remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate effects of four tillage methods (conventional tillage at 25 cm depth (CT25); subsoiling at 30 cm (ST30); 35 cm (ST35); and 40 cm depths (ST40)) on soil structure, hydraulic properties, and CWP during 2016–2018 winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. Results revealed that all subsoiling depths improved soil structure and hydraulic properties compared to conventional tillage. ST35 and ST40 increased total porosity by 4.83–7.78 % while reducing bulk density by 3.11–8.17 % compared to CT25. Soil water infiltration rates were significantly higher under subsoiling than CT25. At maize maturity, ST30, ST35 and ST40 maintained significantly higher soil water storage (SWS) in the 0–40 cm layer compared to CT25, with increases of 16.78 %, 0.65 %, and 7.97 %, respectively. The Partial Least Squares Path modeling revealed that SWS at maize harvest significantly enhanced subsequent wheat-sowing SWS (p < 0.01), demonstrating cross-seasonal water carryover. Consequently, subsoiling increased CWP by 10.9–15.9 % and 9.8–11.9 % during the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, compared to CT25. ST35 optimized 0–40 cm soil structure while enhancing maize-season SWS. The stored water alleviated subsequent wheat-season water deficits, thereby increasing annual CWP in the wheat-maize system. ST35 is recommended as an optimal tillage practice for sustainable plough layer construction in eastern Shandong Province, China. The findings provide new insights for water-efficient tillage systems to enhance annual crop productivity in the North China Plain.
{"title":"Optimizing subsoiling depth to enhance soil water storage and annual crop water productivity in wheat-maize cropping system","authors":"Yi Lv , Shaobo Wang , Xiaowen Xu , Yecheng Zhang , Jingyi Shao , Xinkun Liu , Ruxin Li , Qisong Gao , Fiston Bizimana , Huifang Han , Ling Liu , Rui Zong","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subsoiling effectively enhances crop water productivity (CWP) by optimizing soil structure. Nevertheless, the effects of different subsoiling depths on cross-seasonal soil water utilization and CWP remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate effects of four tillage methods (conventional tillage at 25 cm depth (CT25); subsoiling at 30 cm (ST30); 35 cm (ST35); and 40 cm depths (ST40)) on soil structure, hydraulic properties, and CWP during 2016–2018 winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. Results revealed that all subsoiling depths improved soil structure and hydraulic properties compared to conventional tillage. ST35 and ST40 increased total porosity by 4.83–7.78 % while reducing bulk density by 3.11–8.17 % compared to CT25. Soil water infiltration rates were significantly higher under subsoiling than CT25. At maize maturity, ST30, ST35 and ST40 maintained significantly higher soil water storage (SWS) in the 0–40 cm layer compared to CT25, with increases of 16.78 %, 0.65 %, and 7.97 %, respectively. The Partial Least Squares Path modeling revealed that SWS at maize harvest significantly enhanced subsequent wheat-sowing SWS (<em>p</em> < 0.01), demonstrating cross-seasonal water carryover. Consequently, subsoiling increased CWP by 10.9–15.9 % and 9.8–11.9 % during the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, compared to CT25. ST35 optimized 0–40 cm soil structure while enhancing maize-season SWS. The stored water alleviated subsequent wheat-season water deficits, thereby increasing annual CWP in the wheat-maize system. ST35 is recommended as an optimal tillage practice for sustainable plough layer construction in eastern Shandong Province, China. The findings provide new insights for water-efficient tillage systems to enhance annual crop productivity in the North China Plain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110199"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110198
Eman I.R. EMARA , Abdullateef M. Al-SAEED , Lamy M.M. HAMED
Sandy soils in Egypt's newly reclaimed lands face multiple challenges due to their low water-holding capacity, nutrient leaching, and high evapotranspiration, all of which threaten sustainable crop production. This study evaluated an artificial intelligence-driven decision support system (AI-DSS) for managing irrigation and fertilization in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) over three consecutive seasons (2022–2025). The AI-DSS integrated real-time soil moisture, nutrient, and weather data using Random Forest and LSTM models to optimize input scheduling. Compared to conventional farmer practices (CFP), AI-DSS led to yield increases of up to 13.1 % and improvements in water use efficiency (WUE) by up to 15.5 %, particularly in sugar beet during 2024. Partial factor productivity (PFP) also increased significantly, especially in maize. Post-harvest soil analysis indicated higher residual levels of nitrogen (+13.6–19.3 %), phosphorus (+22.7–25.0 %), and organic matter (+17.9–22.0 %), along with a 13–19 % reduction in soil salinity. Economic assessments showed an 8.5–15.0 % increase in the benefit–cost ratio (BCR). Additionally, nitrate leaching was substantially reduced under AI-DSS, mitigating environmental risks. These results underscore the potential of AI-driven management to enhance productivity, input-use efficiency, and soil sustainability in coarse-textured soils of arid regions.
{"title":"AI-driven decision support system enhances productivity, water use efficiency, and soil sustainability of strategic crops in sandy soils","authors":"Eman I.R. EMARA , Abdullateef M. Al-SAEED , Lamy M.M. HAMED","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sandy soils in Egypt's newly reclaimed lands face multiple challenges due to their low water-holding capacity, nutrient leaching, and high evapotranspiration, all of which threaten sustainable crop production. This study evaluated an artificial intelligence-driven decision support system (AI-DSS) for managing irrigation and fertilization in wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.), maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.), and sugar beet (<em>Beta vulgaris</em> L.) over three consecutive seasons (2022–2025). The AI-DSS integrated real-time soil moisture, nutrient, and weather data using Random Forest and LSTM models to optimize input scheduling. Compared to conventional farmer practices (CFP), AI-DSS led to yield increases of up to 13.1 % and improvements in water use efficiency (WUE) by up to 15.5 %, particularly in sugar beet during 2024. Partial factor productivity (PFP) also increased significantly, especially in maize. Post-harvest soil analysis indicated higher residual levels of nitrogen (+13.6–19.3 %), phosphorus (+22.7–25.0 %), and organic matter (+17.9–22.0 %), along with a 13–19 % reduction in soil salinity. Economic assessments showed an 8.5–15.0 % increase in the benefit–cost ratio (BCR). Additionally, nitrate leaching was substantially reduced under AI-DSS, mitigating environmental risks. These results underscore the potential of AI-driven management to enhance productivity, input-use efficiency, and soil sustainability in coarse-textured soils of arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110198"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110133
Chuantao Wang , Yinglei Wang , Shuqin Qiao , Tamir Kamai , Huijie Li , Hongchen Li , Bingcheng Si
Water stored in the weathered rock layers beneath shallow soils is essential for deep-rooted plants, particularly under limited precipitation and irrigation, and becomes even critical during drought. However, the influence of weathering degree on water supply capacity and tree transpiration remains poorly understood. We selected three apple orchards with different weathering degrees (WWP: weaker; SWP: stronger; FWP: fully weathered) and monitored soil moisture, tree transpiration, and root water uptake sources over three years using thermal diffusion probes, TDR, and stable isotopes. Results indicated that bulk density in the weathered layers exceeded 1.8 g cm−3 for WWP and SWP, significantly higher than FWP (1.4 g cm−3). WWP exhibited higher gravel content (over 30 %) and lower clay (below 10 %) compared to SWP and FWP, resulting in greater hydraulic conductivity but reduced water retention. Consequently, water storage in WWP profiles (0–2 m depth) was markedly lower than in SWP and FWP. Groundwater levels under WWP responded faster to water inputs, indicating rapid percolation. Tree transpiration rates followed the order SWP, FWP, WWP, highlighting differences in water availability across profiles. Stable isotope analyses revealed that trees in FWP orchards utilized water flexibly across layers. Notably, the average utilization rate of weathered rock water (80–200 cm) in SWP was only 16.62 %, while WWP showed a significantly higher utilization rate of 36.50 %. These findings suggest that orchards on weakly weathered rock with poor surface water-holding capacity should adopt reduced irrigation volumes with increased frequency to improve water use efficiency in shallow-soil hilly areas.
储存在浅层土壤下风化岩层中的水对深根植物是必不可少的，特别是在降水和灌溉有限的情况下，在干旱期间甚至变得至关重要。然而，风化程度对供水量和树木蒸腾的影响尚不清楚。我们选择了3个不同风化程度的苹果园（WWP：较弱，SWP：较强，FWP：完全风化），利用热扩散探针、TDR和稳定同位素对土壤水分、树木蒸腾和根系吸收源进行了3年的监测。结果表明：风化层中WWP和SWP的体积密度均大于1.8 g cm−3，显著高于FWP(1.4 g cm−3)；与SWP和FWP相比，WWP表现出更高的砾石含量（超过30 %）和更低的粘土含量（低于10 %），从而提高了水力导电性，但降低了保水率。因此，WWP剖面（0-2 m深度）的储水量明显低于SWP和FWP。WWP下的地下水位对水输入的响应更快，表明快速渗透。树木蒸腾速率依次为SWP、FWP、WWP，突出了不同剖面水分有效性的差异。稳定同位素分析表明，FWP果园树木对水分的利用是灵活的。值得注意的是，SWP对80 ~ 200 cm的风化岩石水的平均利用率仅为16.62 %，而WWP的平均利用率为36.50 %。这些结果表明，在浅层土壤丘陵区，地表持水能力较差的弱风化岩石上的果园应减少灌溉量，增加灌溉频率，以提高水分利用效率。
{"title":"Degree of subsoil rock weathering alters soil water storage and tree water uses in irrigated apple orchards","authors":"Chuantao Wang , Yinglei Wang , Shuqin Qiao , Tamir Kamai , Huijie Li , Hongchen Li , Bingcheng Si","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water stored in the weathered rock layers beneath shallow soils is essential for deep-rooted plants, particularly under limited precipitation and irrigation, and becomes even critical during drought. However, the influence of weathering degree on water supply capacity and tree transpiration remains poorly understood. We selected three apple orchards with different weathering degrees (WWP: weaker; SWP: stronger; FWP: fully weathered) and monitored soil moisture, tree transpiration, and root water uptake sources over three years using thermal diffusion probes, TDR, and stable isotopes. Results indicated that bulk density in the weathered layers exceeded 1.8 g cm<sup>−3</sup> for WWP and SWP, significantly higher than FWP (1.4 g cm<sup>−3</sup>). WWP exhibited higher gravel content (over 30 %) and lower clay (below 10 %) compared to SWP and FWP, resulting in greater hydraulic conductivity but reduced water retention. Consequently, water storage in WWP profiles (0–2 m depth) was markedly lower than in SWP and FWP. Groundwater levels under WWP responded faster to water inputs, indicating rapid percolation. Tree transpiration rates followed the order SWP, FWP, WWP, highlighting differences in water availability across profiles. Stable isotope analyses revealed that trees in FWP orchards utilized water flexibly across layers. Notably, the average utilization rate of weathered rock water (80–200 cm) in SWP was only 16.62 %, while WWP showed a significantly higher utilization rate of 36.50 %. These findings suggest that orchards on weakly weathered rock with poor surface water-holding capacity should adopt reduced irrigation volumes with increased frequency to improve water use efficiency in shallow-soil hilly areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110133"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110176
Hanaa Darouich , Tiago B. Ramos , Luís Santos Pereira
Orchards present challenges for water management due to their anisotropic and heterogeneous canopy geometries. Over the past decade, the expansion of intensive and super-intensive olive orchards worldwide, and particularly in the Alentejo region, southern Portugal, has underscored the need for clear guidelines to accurately estimate crop water requirements for profitable yield, water saving, and environmental adequateness of these complex systems. To address these issues, multiple scenarios were developed based on the characteristics of a typical irrigation district in the region, incorporating relevant factors such as crop density, soil type, climate demand, and water saving irrigation (WSI) strategies. The Allen and Pereira (2009) approach was used for computing the actual basal crop coefficient (Kcb) based on observations of the fraction of ground cover by vegetation (fc), plant height (h), and degree of stomatal adjustment (Fr). The SIMDualKc water balance model was then used to compute all terms of the daily soil water balance, i.e., actual crop evapotranspiration, percolation, and runoff. The results demonstrate how Kcb values respond to these various factors and highlight the significant water savings achievable through WSI strategies. Climate change projections for the region, where temperatures and rainfall were generated using eight different global circulation models, predict future increasing imbalances between water availability and demand. Considering present and future scenarios, these findings contribute to the development of effective coping strategies that contribute to the sustainability of intensive and super-intensive olive production systems.
{"title":"Towards sustainable water use in intensive and super-intensive olive orchards of Alentejo across multiple scenarios for present and future climate","authors":"Hanaa Darouich , Tiago B. Ramos , Luís Santos Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Orchards present challenges for water management due to their anisotropic and heterogeneous canopy geometries. Over the past decade, the expansion of intensive and super-intensive olive orchards worldwide, and particularly in the Alentejo region, southern Portugal, has underscored the need for clear guidelines to accurately estimate crop water requirements for profitable yield, water saving, and environmental adequateness of these complex systems. To address these issues, multiple scenarios were developed based on the characteristics of a typical irrigation district in the region, incorporating relevant factors such as crop density, soil type, climate demand, and water saving irrigation (WSI) strategies. The Allen and Pereira (2009) approach was used for computing the actual basal crop coefficient (K<sub>cb</sub>) based on observations of the fraction of ground cover by vegetation (f<sub>c</sub>), plant height (h), and degree of stomatal adjustment (F<sub>r</sub>). The SIMDualKc water balance model was then used to compute all terms of the daily soil water balance, i.e., actual crop evapotranspiration, percolation, and runoff. The results demonstrate how K<sub>cb</sub> values respond to these various factors and highlight the significant water savings achievable through WSI strategies. Climate change projections for the region, where temperatures and rainfall were generated using eight different global circulation models, predict future increasing imbalances between water availability and demand. Considering present and future scenarios, these findings contribute to the development of effective coping strategies that contribute to the sustainability of intensive and super-intensive olive production systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110176"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110152
Tong Heng , Yingjie Ma , Mingjiang Deng , Pengrui Ai , Zhenghu Ma , Jiawen Yu
Water scarcity constrains cotton production in arid regions, while film mulching and magnetized irrigation have demonstrated agronomic potential individually, their combined effects on rhizosphere dynamics and soil aeration remain unclear. A two-year field study (2023–2024) employed a two-factor completely randomized design with three replicate units (106 × 200 m) per treatment. The impacts of magnetized irrigation (0.3 T) and three film mulched widths (1.4, 2.05, and 4.4 m) were evaluated. Outcomes assessed included soil oxygen (O₂) and moisture dynamics, rhizosphere microbial, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Ultra-width mulched with magnetized irrigation (W3A) synergistically optimized soil O₂ (15.7–20.0 %) and enhanced moisture retention by 20.4 % compared to narrower mulches. This combination boosted microbial diversity and metabolic activity, increasing actinobacteria abundance (17.1–25.5 %) and elevating predicted carbohydrate metabolism pathway abundance based on 16S rRNA profiling (1961 ± 175 reads) by 1.5-fold versus non-magnetized treatments. W3A maximized root dry weight (35.9 g plant⁻¹) and seed cotton yield (7950 ± 364 kg hm⁻² in 2024), significantly outperforming non-magnetized (6600 ± 460 kg hm⁻²) while achieving IWUE of 1.74 ± 0.3 kg m⁻³. This study provides novel evidence that integrating magnetized irrigation with wide mulching enhances yield by creating a favorable soil water-oxygen environment, optimizing rhizosphere processes, and predicting microbial function, thereby offering a sustainable technological framework for arid agriculture.
{"title":"Ultra-width film mulched with magnetized irrigation boosts soil rhizosphere processes and cotton yield in arid regions","authors":"Tong Heng , Yingjie Ma , Mingjiang Deng , Pengrui Ai , Zhenghu Ma , Jiawen Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water scarcity constrains cotton production in arid regions, while film mulching and magnetized irrigation have demonstrated agronomic potential individually, their combined effects on rhizosphere dynamics and soil aeration remain unclear. A two-year field study (2023–2024) employed a two-factor completely randomized design with three replicate units (106 × 200 m) per treatment. The impacts of magnetized irrigation (0.3 T) and three film mulched widths (1.4, 2.05, and 4.4 m) were evaluated. Outcomes assessed included soil oxygen (O₂) and moisture dynamics, rhizosphere microbial, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Ultra-width mulched with magnetized irrigation (W3A) synergistically optimized soil O₂ (15.7–20.0 %) and enhanced moisture retention by 20.4 % compared to narrower mulches. This combination boosted microbial diversity and metabolic activity, increasing actinobacteria abundance (17.1–25.5 %) and elevating predicted carbohydrate metabolism pathway abundance based on 16S rRNA profiling (1961 ± 175 reads) by 1.5-fold versus non-magnetized treatments. W3A maximized root dry weight (35.9 g plant⁻¹) and seed cotton yield (7950 ± 364 kg hm⁻² in 2024), significantly outperforming non-magnetized (6600 ± 460 kg hm⁻²) while achieving IWUE of 1.74 ± 0.3 kg m⁻³. This study provides novel evidence that integrating magnetized irrigation with wide mulching enhances yield by creating a favorable soil water-oxygen environment, optimizing rhizosphere processes, and predicting microbial function, thereby offering a sustainable technological framework for arid agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110152"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-31Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110205
Shihao Shan , Xichen Lin , Hongzhen Ni , Chaomeng Ma , Jie Wang
The intrinsic interlinkages among water, food, energy, and carbon emissions have become a critical factor of regional sustainable development. Under the low-carbon transition, the demand for coordinated policy supply to ensure water, food, and energy security has increased substantially. However, existing general equilibrium analyses of Water–Food–Energy–Carbon (WFEC) nexus policies often lack sufficient policy specificity and systemic coverage, as they tend to overlook dynamic linkages and cross-sectoral transmission processes.To address this gap, this study extends a multi-regional dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model by explicitly representing substitution effects among multiple types of water and energy inputs, disaggregating grain production from the agricultural sector, and incorporating a carbon emissions linkage module. Oriented toward prospective policy demands in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, the model is used to design and evaluate water-saving, food production enhancement, energy conservation and carbon reduction, as well as integrated policy scenarios, and to assess their WFEC nexus interaction effects across the three regions.The results indicate that: (1) Single-resource policies targeted at specific objectives involve substantial trade-offs, whereas the integrated scenario (S4) achieves the most synergistic effects across water saving, food production, and energy–carbon mitigation. By 2035, S4 reduces total regional water use by 3.06 %, energy consumption by 0.55 %, and carbon emissions by 2.57 %, while increasing grain produciotn by 0.41 %, at a marginal GDP loss of only 0.02 %.(2)Hebei exhibits the strongest WFEC nexus coupling,with a Policy Comprehensive Impact(PCI) gap between the integrated scenario and single-policy scenarios averages 0.366, compared with 0.447 in Beijing and 0.373 in Tianjin, and further narrows to 0.273 by 2035.(3)Effective WFEC nexus governance in the BTH megaregions requires synergistic, region-differentiated coordination framework, in which Hebei serves as the primary adjustment area for integrated regulation, while Beijing and Tianjin play complementary and stabilizing roles within the coordinated policy portfolio.
{"title":"Synergistic management of the water-food-energy-carbon nexus in resource-constrained megaregions: A dynamic general equilibrium assessment for Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei","authors":"Shihao Shan , Xichen Lin , Hongzhen Ni , Chaomeng Ma , Jie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intrinsic interlinkages among water, food, energy, and carbon emissions have become a critical factor of regional sustainable development. Under the low-carbon transition, the demand for coordinated policy supply to ensure water, food, and energy security has increased substantially. However, existing general equilibrium analyses of Water–Food–Energy–Carbon (WFEC) nexus policies often lack sufficient policy specificity and systemic coverage, as they tend to overlook dynamic linkages and cross-sectoral transmission processes.To address this gap, this study extends a multi-regional dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model by explicitly representing substitution effects among multiple types of water and energy inputs, disaggregating grain production from the agricultural sector, and incorporating a carbon emissions linkage module. Oriented toward prospective policy demands in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, the model is used to design and evaluate water-saving, food production enhancement, energy conservation and carbon reduction, as well as integrated policy scenarios, and to assess their WFEC nexus interaction effects across the three regions.The results indicate that: (1) Single-resource policies targeted at specific objectives involve substantial trade-offs, whereas the integrated scenario (S4) achieves the most synergistic effects across water saving, food production, and energy–carbon mitigation. By 2035, S4 reduces total regional water use by 3.06 %, energy consumption by 0.55 %, and carbon emissions by 2.57 %, while increasing grain produciotn by 0.41 %, at a marginal GDP loss of only 0.02 %.(2)Hebei exhibits the strongest WFEC nexus coupling,with a Policy Comprehensive Impact(PCI) gap between the integrated scenario and single-policy scenarios averages 0.366, compared with 0.447 in Beijing and 0.373 in Tianjin, and further narrows to 0.273 by 2035.(3)Effective WFEC nexus governance in the BTH megaregions requires synergistic, region-differentiated coordination framework, in which Hebei serves as the primary adjustment area for integrated regulation, while Beijing and Tianjin play complementary and stabilizing roles within the coordinated policy portfolio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 110205"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号