Agricultural Water Management最新文献

{"title":"Overcoming the salinity and nitrate leaching paradox in soil-grown pepper in mediterranean greenhouses","authors":"M. Gallardo ,&nbsp;J. Salinas ,&nbsp;M.T. Peña-Fleitas ,&nbsp;M. López-Martín ,&nbsp;F.M. Padilla ,&nbsp;R.B. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The salinity-nitrate (NO₃^-) leaching paradox is an increasingly important issue in soil-grown intensive vegetable production systems in drier regions. Traditional management of either salinity or NO₃^- leaching promotes the other. This is an issue in the greenhouse vegetable production system of Almeria where legislation requires reduced NO₃^- leaching and on-going salinisation of aquifer water, used for irrigation, is an increasingly serious problem. In this cropping system, complete nutrient solutions (NS) are applied in every irrigation (every 1–4 days), most N is applied as NO₃^-. A management strategy, called Leaching Fraction of Water and Reduced N (LF-W&amp;RN) developed to deal with this paradox was examined in two greenhouse-grown sweet pepper crops. After the EC of the soil solution (EC_ss) had increased to a specified maximum threshold value, a leaching fraction (LF) of water was applied immediately prior to each irrigation with NS. Concurrently, the [NO₃^-] of the NS was reduced to 50 %. This was restored to 100 % when monitoring of crop N status, using petiole sap [NO₃^-], indicated imminent N deficiency. This management strategy was compared with: (i) application of a LF of water before every irrigation with NS throughout the crop (CLF-W), (ii) application of a LF of NS with all NS irrigations after the threshold EC_ss was reached (LF-NS), and (iv) the control where no LF was applied (CT). With LF-W&amp;RN unlike other strategies, EC_ss was always within or very close to the threshold EC_ss, and appreciably less N was applied. Additionally, appreciably less N was leached and accumulated in soil as mineral N. Yield and fruit quality were very similar for the four strategies in the two crops. The results with the LF-W&amp;RN strategy incorporating on-going monitoring of soil salinity and crop N status can be regarded as “proof of concept” of an effective general approach for dealing with the salinity-NO₃^- leaching paradox in intensive vegetable production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 110112"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal regulation pattern of water resources in a multi-source irrigation system in southern China","authors":"Xueyin Zhao ,&nbsp;Sihang Zhou ,&nbsp;Chi Tang ,&nbsp;Zumei Chen ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Conglin Wu ,&nbsp;Yuanlai Cui ,&nbsp;Yufeng Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing water management patterns significantly enhances water−use efficiency in multi-source irrigation districts. Current research remains limited on optimizing multi-water source allocation within irrigation systems. Therefore, taking a typical multi-source irrigation district (Yangshudang watershed) in southern China as a case study, a ditch−canal−pond−reservoir system water balance simulation model (Ds-WBM) was constructed to quantitatively analyze the difference in water source use between 2021 and 2022, and a simulation−optimization framework based on the Ds-WBM was developed to optimize the regulation pattern of multiple water sources in the irrigation district. The results revealed significant spatial differences in the use of irrigation water sources in the irrigation district, which were primarily driven by topographic conditions and irrigation water source configuration. Optimized allocation under varying conditions reduced irrigation costs by up to 30.95 % and increased return flow reuse by up to 14.30 %, with future rainfall scenarios outperforming current conditions. The proposed optimal regulation pattern of water resources can provide a practical option for local irrigation district managers and farmers to improve irrigation water use efficiency and reduce irrigation costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 110121"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing water management in paddy fields can simultaneously reduce methane emissions and cadmium accumulation in rice","authors":"Zhiwei Tang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiangcheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Aixing Deng ,&nbsp;Haotian Chen ,&nbsp;Kees Jan van Groenigen ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Fu Chen ,&nbsp;Weijian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water management significantly impacts methane (CH₄) emissions from paddy fields and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice grains through often opposing mechanisms, presenting a complex challenge in optimizing practices to simultaneously mitigate both issues. Through comprehensive field observations across four irrigation regimes over three consecutive planting seasons (i.e., the late rice, early rice, and late rice), along with a pot experiment, we developed an innovative strategy that effectively reduces CH₄ emissions and Cd levels while maintaining optimal rice yields. The CTFG treatment—an optimized approach combining controlled irrigation (CI) during rice tillering stage with continuous flooding (CF) during rice grain-filling stage—demonstrated remarkable consistent efficacy over the three seasons. Compared to high-yielding irrigation practice, this regime achieved a 33 % reduction in CH₄ emissions and a 42 % decrease in Cd content in brown rice, without compromising rice yield. Furthermore, when benchmarked against specialized irrigation regimes, CTFG outperformed a Cd-minimizing regime by reducing CH₄ emissions by 39 % and surpassed a CH₄-reducing regime by lowering Cd levels in brown rice by 40 %, while maintaining comparable performance in each targeted area. Mechanistic studies revealed that the tillering and grain-filling stages play pivotal roles in regulating CH₄ emissions and Cd content, respectively. CI implementation during tillering stage effectively suppressed methanogen activity while enhancing methanotroph populations, thereby significantly reducing CH₄ emissions. Conversely, CF during grain-filling stage decreased soil redox potential and promoted sulfate-reducing bacteria, consequently limiting Cd mobility and its subsequent uptake by rice plants. The results of pot experiments further demonstrated the positive effect of CTFG regime in reducing emissions and cadmium levels, thereby confirming the efficacy of this approach. These findings provide valuable scientific insights for developing more sustainable rice production systems through optimized water management strategies. The CTFG approach represents a significant advancement in balancing environmental protection and food safety concerns in rice cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110098"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary evaluation of remote sensing evapotranspiration models for field-scale agricultural water management in arid central Iran","authors":"Somayeh Sima ,&nbsp;Iman Raissi Dehkordi ,&nbsp;Mohammadhosein Taghikhani ,&nbsp;Neamat Karimi","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate estimation of actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) is crucial for effective water resource management and optimizing agricultural yields. While satellite-based surface energy balance ET_a models are widely adopted, their field-scale accuracy in under-researched regions, such as Iran, remains a critical knowledge gap. This study assesses five prominent models—PySEBAL, PyMETRIC, SSEBop, PyTSEB, and ETLook (from FAO’s WaPOR v.2, L1 product)—for daily ET_a estimation over an alfalfa field in the arid central part of Iran. Models were adjusted for the field using in situ weather data and Landsat-8 images, and validated against the scintillometer data. Results showed SSEBop provided the most accurate ET_a estimates (KGE = 0.83), closely followed by PyMETRIC, TSEB, and PySEBAL (KGEs ≥ 0.73). Conversely, ETLook performed poorly and failed to capture spatial ET_a variations. A significant performance enhancement was achieved (RMSE= 0.34 mm day⁻¹ and KGE= 0.90) by an ensemble mean of models. We further demonstrate that two-source ET_a models do not inherently outperform one-source models, likely due to greater parameter uncertainty. We emphasize the importance of considering irrigation, harvest, and oasis effects for accurate model application. All evaluated models, except ETLook, were found to meet the recommended accuracies for on-farm irrigation management. This study sheds light on the selection of sophisticated field-scale ET_a models for agricultural water management, while considering the dynamism of irrigation and harvest. Our findings provide critical insights for the operational application of remote sensing ET_a models and promoting smart agriculture in arid agricultural settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110084"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling water - use and yield of selected irrigated subtropical crops using machine learning and hybrid models in north - eastern South Africa","authors":"Prince Dangare ,&nbsp;Paul J.R. Cronje ,&nbsp;Zama E. Mashimbye ,&nbsp;Joseph Masanganise ,&nbsp;Zanele Ntshidi ,&nbsp;Shaeden Gokool ,&nbsp;Vivek Naiken ,&nbsp;Tendai Sawunyama ,&nbsp;Sebinasi Dzikiti","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Inkomati-Usuthu Water Management Area in Mpumalanga, South Africa, is a main producer of subtropical crops. These crops are mainly produced under irrigation, yet water resources in this catchment are nearly fully allocated. This calls for improved irrigation efficiency in the region to save water needed for supporting agricultural expansion. Accurate derivation of crop coefficients (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and yield response factors (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) is vital for irrigation management and yield prediction. In this study, transpiration (<span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span>) for the crops was measured using the heat ratio method of monitoring sap flow while evapotranspiration (<span><math><mi>ET</mi></math></span>) was quantified using eddy covariance and surface renewal techniques. Leaf area index for the fields was derived from Landsat 8 imagery. Light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), Random Forest (RF) and Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning models was investigated for predicting the crop <span><math><mi>ET</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span> of banana, grapefruit, litchi, mango and sugarcane. The best performing <span><math><mi>ET</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span> machine learning-based models were used for developing the crop coefficients (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and a hybrid model for predicting <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, respectively. The LightGBM achieved the highest accuracy in predicting banana, grapefruit, litchi and sugarcane <span><math><mi>ET</mi></math></span>. The XGBoost achieved the highest accuracy in predicting mango <span><math><mi>ET</mi></math></span>. The LightGBM achieved the highest accuracy in predicting the grapefruit, litchi and mango <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span>. All the <span><math><mi>ET</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span> models produced coefficient of determination in the range 0.83–0.96, root mean square error ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 mm/h, mean absolute error ranging from 0.01 to 0.06 mm/h and Kling-Gupta efficiency in the range 0.88–0.97. The grapefruit, litchi and mango produced <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> values of 2.70, 2.50, and 2.90 respectively. The derived <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> information can assist irrigation managers optimize irrigation to promote productive water use in the water scarce regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 110113"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of biochar and deficit irrigation on soil properties and organic carbon fractions in arid sunflower farmlands","authors":"Yibo Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Dongliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongyi Qu ,&nbsp;Ruxin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deficit irrigation and biochar are important strategies for conserving freshwater resources and improving soil quality in arid, saline-alkaline irrigation districts, yet their effects on the molecular composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) remains insufficiently studied. This study quantified the effects of three biochar rates (0, 15, and 30 t ha⁻¹) and two drip irrigation regimes—full (100 % ETc) and deficit (60 % ETc)—on soil moisture (SM), bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity, pH, total nitrogen (TN), and SOC fractions in sunflower soils. Under deficit irrigation, 15 t ha⁻¹ biochar produced the greatest improvement in soil conditions—raising SM by 20.7 %–30.8 %, water storage by 9.7 %–46.4 %, TN by 5.6 %–16.1 %, and SOC by 16.0 %–59.1 %, while reducing BD by 1.2 %–14.6 %. In contrast, 30 t ha⁻¹ primarily altered SOC fractions, increasing particulate organic carbon (POC) by 1.3 %–59.2 %, causing an initial rise subsequent 11.1 %–35.9 % decline in easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), and producing a short-term increase followed by a decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Under full irrigation, SOC and POC increased with biochar rates, with 30 t ha⁻¹ achieving 21.2 %–95.1 % and 53.4 %–62.8 % higher levels, respectively, than no-biochar soils. Random forest and structural equation modeling showed that biochar rate was the main driver of POC and soil chemical properties exerted stronger controls on EOC and DOC than physical properties. Deficit irrigation combined with biochar improved soil physicochemical properties and enhanced labile carbon stability, with 15 t ha⁻¹ optimizing soil conditions and 30 t ha⁻¹ promoting labile carbon accumulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 110115"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"White film mulching combined with controlled-release urea boosts yield, water productivity and N-use efficiency of forage maize in semi-arid agroecosystems","authors":"Congze Jiang ,&nbsp;Kaiquan Wei ,&nbsp;Kaiyun Xie ,&nbsp;An Yan ,&nbsp;Xingfa Lai ,&nbsp;Yuying Shen ,&nbsp;Xianlong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving agroecosystem sustainability requires optimizing water and nitrogen use efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. A two-year field study (2022–2023) was conducted on China’s Loess Plateau to investigate the effects of three mulching practices (black film, white film, and no mulching) combined with four nitrogen management strategies (conventional urea at 270 kg N ha⁻¹, optimized urea at 200 kg N ha⁻¹, and controlled-release urea at 170 and 140 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil hydrothermal dynamics, total dry matter production (DMP), evapotranspiration (ET_{c act}), water productivity (WP), and nitrogen use efficiency. White film mulching significantly improved the early-season soil thermal environment compared to no mulching. Crucially, film mulching substantially enhanced DMP and multifunctional water WP without increasing seasonal ET_{c act}. White film, in particular, achieved the highest DMP and water productivity metrics among all treatments. The 170 kg N ha⁻¹ controlled-release urea fertilization maintained yield while reducing N input by 37 %, decreasing soil nitrate N accumulation by over 60 %, and enhancing partial factor productivity of N (PFP_N). Structural equation modeling indicated that improving soil hydrothermal conditions and regulating evapotranspiration were key factors associated with synergistic improvements in WP and PFP_N. The combination of white film mulching and reduced-dose controlled-release urea (170 kg N ha⁻¹) offers an effective strategy to enhance WP and support yield stability in water-limited agroecosystems. These results provide a practical management strategy for sustainable agricultural intensification in semi-arid, rainfed agroecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110095"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial particle size mediated effects of transient flow on the transport of bacteria and viruses through unsaturated soil","authors":"Chenyang Wang ,&nbsp;Liqiong Yang ,&nbsp;Fengxian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding microbial transport in the vadose zone under transient flow conditions (such as irrigation and rainfall) is crucial for quantifying soil microbial behaviors, regulating the microbe-mediated belowground processes, and reducing the spread of pathogenic bacteria in soil environment. In this study, we investigated the impact of transient flow on the co-transport of a model bacterium (<em>E. coli</em> 652T7) and a model virus (MS2) in unsaturated soils. More <em>E. coli</em> 652T7 and MS2 broke through the soil under the transient flow condition than under the steady-state flow conditions. At low ionic strength (5 mM), the facilitating transient flow effect was 1.5 times larger for the microsized <em>E. coli</em> 652T7 than for the nanosized MS2 in terms of the maximum relative concentrations of the microorganisms in the effluent. However, this particle size dependent effect of transient flow diminished after the solution ionic strength increased from 5 mM to 20 mM with the increased size of the microorganisms (from 0.74 ± 0.09 µm to 1.54 ± 0.19 µm for <em>E. coli</em> 652T7 and from 0.28 ± 0.09 µm to 0.54 ± 0.09 µm for MS2). This result is attributed to the counteracting effects of electrostatic forces (increasing microbial retention as ionic strength increases) and hydrodynamic forces (decreasing microbial retention due to scouring by mobile air-water interfaces). In addition, the transient flow facilitated transport was 1.8 times larger for the aggregated MS2 under 20 mM than the non-aggregated MS2 under 5 mM. The data indicate that the mobility of colloids with size of 560 nm is most sensitive to the change in hydrodynamic forces. Our research results imply that wetting and drying cycles could significantly change the spatial patterns of microbial community in soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110090"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How vertical stand structure shapes transpiration in larch plantations: Implications for the integrated forest-water management","authors":"Songping Yu ,&nbsp;Yanhui Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Zebin Liu ,&nbsp;Lihong Xu ,&nbsp;Yang Chao ,&nbsp;Xin Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An accurate quantification of forest vertical transpiration (T) is essential for sustainable forestry in water-limited areas. This study established 72 temporary plots of larch plantations to characterise the site and vegetation attributes (i.e., elevation, slope aspect, stand age, and stand density) and to measure the stratified (i.e., tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer) leaf area index (LAI). Additionally, three permanent plots were established to monitor stratified transpiration during the growing season of 2021 and 2022, together with reference evapotranspiration (ET_o), relative soil water content (RSWC), and LAIs of each vertical layer. The results showed that the developed stratified LAI models, coupling elevation, slope aspect, age, density, and upper shading, could effectively capture layer relationships and site-stand influences. Accordingly, stratified T models incorporating these LAI effects were further developed. Integrating these models enabled quantification of vertical stand structure effects on T. Simulations across three permanent plots with varying site and vegetation characteristics revealed that maintaining an identical stand T (e.g., 0.8 mm·d⁻¹) required different stand densities across plots due to divergent site and stand attributes. Under climate change (e.g., 15 % ET_o rise), site-specific LAI stratification became essential to maintain the target T. Although a 31 %–32 %, 27 %–28 %, and 15 %–16 % reduction in stand density achieved LAI control under current, 25 % reduced, and 50 % reduced soil water conditions, respectively, the optimal vertical distribution of LAI still varied significantly across plots, underscoring the need for precise, location-specific management strategies. This study elucidates how dynamics of vertical stand structure modulate forest transpiration under different site/vegetation conditions and provides a theoretical basis for the site- and stand-specific forest-water management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110111"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High spatiotemporal resolution monitoring of crop water stress across the contiguous United States using Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data","authors":"Na Chen ,&nbsp;Yanlei Feng ,&nbsp;Na Wang ,&nbsp;Jevan Yu ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Alizadeh ,&nbsp;Yifeng Cui ,&nbsp;Ning Ye ,&nbsp;Wenzhe Jiao ,&nbsp;Joshua B. Fisher ,&nbsp;César Terrer","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and timely monitoring of crop water stress is essential for efficient agricultural water management, ultimately maintaining and improving crop productivity. While Landsat has been used for this purpose, its temporal resolution hampers timely detection of crop water stress. The recently released Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 Version 2.0 dataset, which enables a higher-frequency time series of satellite observations (2–3 days, 30 m), offers a promising solution to this challenge. However, its potential for crop stress monitoring remained unexplored. In this study, we utilized 923 HLS satellite tiles to assess crop water stress across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Crop water stress was monitored by analyzing normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) time series through applying the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend Monitor (BFAST monitor) and random forest models. We used HLS data from 2016 to 2019 as the historical period, and data from 2020, a year marked by intense droughts, as the monitoring period. We used stratified random points interpreted from Standardized Precipitation Index based drought products to validate the crop water stress alerts. Our results show that HLS data enables near-real-time alerts of crop water stress with an overall accuracy of water stress of 74.0 % and kappa coefficient of 0.48. We mapped approximately 12.3 Mha of water-stressed crops across the CONUS from March to August 2020, identifying around 3.8 million crop water stress events. Among these events, nearly 41.8 % affected areas smaller than 0.5 ha. Major crop water stress events (≥ 5 ha) were the least frequent, making up 10.0 % of events, yet they dominated in terms of area, affecting 74.2 % of the total mapped extent. For temporal accuracy, the mean time lag of detected crop water stress across the CONUS using HLS data is approximately 9 days. Our detected crop water stress demonstrates the feasibility of HLS data for providing timely crop water stress monitoring at a national scale. This highlights the potential of HLS-based monitoring to inform precision irrigation and support sustainable agricultural water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110094"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}