Agricultural Water Management最新文献

Comparative analysis of machine learning models and explainable AI for agriculture drought prediction: A case study of the Ta-pieh mountains 用于农业干旱预测的机器学习模型和可解释人工智能的比较分析：大别山案例研究

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109176

Lichang Xu , Shaowei Ning , Xiaoyan Xu , Shenghan Wang , Le Chen , Rujian Long , Shengyi Zhang , Yuliang Zhou , Min Zhang , Bhesh Raj Thapa

The rising frequency and severity of droughts due to global climate change have posed significant challenges to agriculture, particularly in the Ta-pieh Mountains of China, where the economy relies heavily on agriculture. Accurate drought prediction and understanding mechanisms are essential for reducing drought-related losses. This study proposes a framework that integrates machine learning with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to predict and analyze agricultural droughts in the Ta-pieh Mountains. The framework employs four machine learning models: Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and Backpropagation Neural Networks (BPNN). The models were trained on data from 2000 to 2021, with 2022 serving as an independent case study to evaluate their prediction accuracy. Results indicate that XGBoost and RF models demonstrated high accuracy across all metrics, significantly outperforming the LSTM and BPNN models. Additionally, the framework integrates Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) with RF and XGBoost models to analyze the contributions of various driving factors in agricultural drought events. For example, in the autumn drought of 2019, meteorological features contributed 75.53 %, while soil, topographic, and socio-economic factors contributed 8.86 %, 8.59 %, and 7.03 %, respectively. The analysis examined interactions between key factors and spatial patterns, showing how their contributions varied with drought severity and location. This offers detailed insights into the roles of different factors in drought prediction. In conclusion, this framework has potential for near real-time drought dynamics through data updates and can be applied to similar regions, aiding local decision-makers in effective water resource management strategies.

全球气候变化导致干旱的频率和严重程度不断上升，给农业带来了巨大挑战，尤其是在经济严重依赖农业的中国大别山区。准确的干旱预测和对干旱机理的了解对于减少干旱造成的损失至关重要。本研究提出了一个将机器学习与可解释人工智能（XAI）相结合的框架，用于预测和分析大别山区的农业干旱。该框架采用了四种机器学习模型：极端梯度提升 (XGBoost)、随机森林 (RF)、长短期记忆 (LSTM) 网络和反向传播神经网络 (BPNN)。这些模型在 2000 年至 2021 年的数据上进行了训练，并将 2022 年作为独立案例研究，以评估其预测准确性。结果表明，XGBoost 和 RF 模型在所有指标上都表现出较高的准确性，明显优于 LSTM 和 BPNN 模型。此外，该框架还将 Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) 与 RF 和 XGBoost 模型相结合，以分析农业干旱事件中各种驱动因素的贡献。例如，在 2019 年秋季干旱中，气象特征的贡献率为 75.53%，而土壤、地形和社会经济因素的贡献率分别为 8.86%、8.59% 和 7.03%。分析研究了关键因素与空间模式之间的相互作用，显示了这些因素的贡献如何随干旱严重程度和地点而变化。这为了解不同因素在干旱预测中的作用提供了详尽的见解。总之，该框架具有通过数据更新实现近实时干旱动态的潜力，可应用于类似地区，帮助当地决策者制定有效的水资源管理策略。

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引用次数: 0

Responses of soil microbial community characteristics and enzyme activities to different irrigation modes over four wheat-maize rotation seasons 四个小麦-玉米轮作季节中不同灌溉模式对土壤微生物群落特征和酶活性的影响

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109166

Dongfeng Ning, Qisheng Han, Yingying Zhang, Anzhen Qin, Zhandong Liu, Jiyang Zhang, Yang Gao

Water scarcity in arid and semiarid areas highlights the importance of developing water-saving irrigation techniques. Soil extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) and microbes are important for soil biochemical cycles and plant growth. However, little is understood about how soil EEAs, and microbial communities respond to water-saving irrigation systems and levels. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out over four consecutive wheat-maize seasons to explore the effects of surface irrigation (SI) and drip irrigation (DI) coupled with different irrigation levels (i.e. 65, 50, 35 and 20 mm/event, represents sufficient, mild deficit, moderate deficit and serious deficit irrigation, respectively) on the plant biomass, soil properties, soil EEAs, and bacterial community. The results revealed that mild deficit irrigation showed no significant impact on plant biomass, serious and moderate deficit irrigation significantly decreased crop biomass by 49.0 % and 26.6 %, respectively, compared with sufficient irrigation. However, the crop biomass of serious and moderate deficit irrigation under DI were 15.4 % and 17.4 % higher, respectively, than that under SI. Serious and moderate deficit irrigation significantly increased soil available K accumulation and soil urease activity, decreased bacterial richness, and shifted the bacterial community structure. No significant differences were found between mild deficit and sufficient irrigation. The relative abundances of Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadota, and Myxococcota significantly increased under serious deficit irrigation, while Acidobacteriota significantly decreased. Moderate deficit irrigation under DI did not shift bacterial community structure, while under SI did. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available K, and plant biomass were the major factors influencing the bacterial community compositions. Serious deficit irrigation reduced the complexity and stability of the soil bacterial co-occurrence network. The network of DI had more significant interactions among bacteria than the SI. Therefore, DI coupled with moderate deficit irrigation is more beneficial to maintain crop yield and the stability of bacterial community structure than SI.

干旱和半干旱地区的缺水问题凸显了开发节水灌溉技术的重要性。土壤胞外酶活性（EEAs）和微生物对土壤生化循环和植物生长非常重要。然而，人们对土壤 EEAs 和微生物群落如何响应节水灌溉系统和水平知之甚少。因此，在连续四季的小麦-玉米田间试验中，探讨了地表灌溉（SI）和滴灌（DI）结合不同灌溉水平（即 65、50、35 和 20 毫米/次，分别代表充足灌溉、轻度亏缺灌溉、中度亏缺灌溉和严重亏缺灌溉）对植物生物量、土壤性质、土壤 EEAs 和细菌群落的影响。结果表明，与充足灌溉相比，轻度亏缺灌溉对植物生物量没有显著影响，严重亏缺灌溉和中度亏缺灌溉使作物生物量分别显著减少了 49.0% 和 26.6%。然而，在 DI 条件下，严重和中度亏缺灌溉的作物生物量分别比 SI 条件下高 15.4 % 和 17.4 %。严重和中度亏缺灌溉显著增加了土壤可利用钾的积累和土壤脲酶活性，降低了细菌丰富度，并改变了细菌群落结构。轻度亏缺灌溉和充分灌溉之间无明显差异。在严重亏缺灌溉条件下，固氮菌群、革囊菌群和粘球菌群的相对丰度明显增加，而酸性杆菌群则明显减少。DI 条件下的中度亏缺灌溉没有改变细菌群落结构，而 SI 条件下则有所改变。土壤 pH 值、导电率（EC）、可利用钾和植物生物量是影响细菌群落组成的主要因素。严重亏缺灌溉降低了土壤细菌共生网络的复杂性和稳定性。DI 网络中细菌之间的相互作用比 SI 更为显著。因此，直接灌溉加上适度亏缺灌溉比直接灌溉更有利于保持作物产量和细菌群落结构的稳定性。

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引用次数: 0

Intermittent sprinkler irrigation during the establishment of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) bare-root transplants conserves water without loss of yield and fruit quality 在草莓（Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.）裸根移植过程中进行间歇性喷灌，在不损失产量和果实品质的情况下节约用水

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109169

Junaid Mushtaq Lone, Shinsuke Agehara, Amr Abd-Elrahman

Commercial strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) production in Florida relies heavily on bare-root transplants, which typically have 3–5 leaves with partially desiccated roots. Successful establishment requires sprinkler irrigation during daylight hours for the first 10–14 days, leading to substantial water consumption. To address this issue, we evaluated the efficacy of intermittent sprinkler irrigation as a water conservation strategy. We conducted field experiments over two growing seasons [Season 1 (2021–22) and Season 2 (2022–23)] in west-central Florida using three major strawberry cultivars, ‘Florida127’, ‘Florida Brilliance’, and ‘FL 16.30–128’. Plants were subjected to four different intermittent irrigation programs during establishment: 10/0 (continuous irrigation), 10/10, 10/15, and 10/20 min (on/off) from 0800 to 1800 HR for 12 days after transplanting. The impact of intermittent irrigation on marketable yield was cultivar- and season-dependent. 'Florida Brilliance' exhibited a 27 % yield increase in Season 1 but no significant difference in Season 2. By contrast, the other two cultivars exhibited no significant yield response in either season. In ‘Florida Brilliance’, marketable yield was strongly correlated with early canopy growth, suggesting that the yield increase was due partly to accelerated canopy establishment. This surprising result could be explained by the role of stress-induced leaf senescence in enhancing acclimation to adverse environmental conditions. It is speculated that increased heat stress from intermittent irrigation promotes senescence of initial leaves, facilitating nutrient translocation to the crown and subsequently accelerating the formation of new leaves and roots. Our results demonstrate that, without significant yield loss, intermittent sprinkler irrigation can reduce water use by 50–67 % during the establishment of strawberry bare-root transplants, accounting for 322–429 mm of water saving (3.2–4.3 million liters per hectare). Importantly, this water-conservation practice is easy to implement and does not negatively impact fruit quality.

佛罗里达州的商业草莓（Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.）生产主要依赖裸根移植，裸根移植的草莓通常只有 3-5 片叶子，根系部分干枯。要想成功移栽，在最初的 10-14 天内，需要在白天进行喷灌，从而导致大量耗水。为了解决这个问题，我们评估了间歇喷灌作为一种节水策略的效果。我们在佛罗里达州中西部进行了两个生长季（第 1 季（2021-22 年）和第 2 季（2022-23 年））的田间试验，使用了三个主要的草莓栽培品种 "Florida127"、"Florida Brilliance "和 "FL 16.30-128"。植物在生长期间接受了四种不同的间歇灌溉方案：10/0（连续灌溉）、10/10、10/15 和 10/20 分钟（开/关），从 0800 到 1800 HR，移栽后持续 12 天。间歇灌溉对上市产量的影响取决于栽培品种和季节。佛罗里达 Brilliance "在第 1 季增产 27%，但在第 2 季没有显著差异。相比之下，其他两个品种在任何一季都没有明显的产量反应。在'佛罗里达之光'中，可销售的产量与早期冠层生长密切相关，这表明产量的增加部分归因于冠层的加速形成。这一令人惊讶的结果可以用胁迫引起的叶片衰老在增强对不利环境条件的适应性方面所起的作用来解释。据推测，间歇灌溉造成的热应力增加会促进最初叶片的衰老，从而促进养分向树冠转移，随后加速新叶和新根的形成。我们的研究结果表明，在草莓裸根移植过程中，间歇喷灌可减少 50-67 % 的用水量，节水 322-429 毫米（每公顷 320-430 万升），但产量不会明显下降。重要的是，这种节水方法易于实施，而且不会对果实质量产生负面影响。

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引用次数: 0

Biochar enhances soil hydrological function by improving the pore structure of saline soil 生物炭通过改善盐碱地的孔隙结构增强土壤的水文功能

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109170

Angyuan Jia , Xiaojun Song , Shengping Li , Zhipeng Liu , Xiaotong Liu , Zixuan Han , Huizhou Gao , Qiqi Gao , Yan Zha , Ying Liu , Xueping Wu , Gang Wang

The poor soil structure caused by salinization is a major factor affecting crop growth and soil structure will further affect hydrological function. Biochar is widely used to improve soil physical structure because of its special porous material. However, the mechanism of soil pore structure on hydrological function (e.g., soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, plant available water, least limiting water range) after biochar incorporation in saline soil remains unclear. Therefore, the present study examined the response of soil structural properties of different biochar addition in saline clay loam, and subsequently assessed how the pore structure influence soil hydrological function. The study involved four treatments: CK (Control)、C₁ (7.5 t ha⁻¹ biochar)、C₂ (15 t ha⁻¹ biochar)、C₃ (30 t ha⁻¹ biochar). Soil aggregate stability increased from 15 % to 30 % when the amount of biochar addition increased from 7.5 t ha⁻¹ to 30 t ha⁻¹. The highest connectivity index (2.36) and the highest fractal dimension (2.56) were found at the biochar addition of 30 t ha⁻¹. Biochar addition reduced the proportion of small pores (<50 µm pore size) at both soil depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, whereas increased the proportion of large pores (>300 µm pore size). Biochar amendment reduced the soil penetration resistance, with the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, plant available water and the least limiting water range were measured 46 %, 27 % and 40 % greater in rate of 30 t ha⁻¹ biochar addition as compared with those of the CK, respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis and redundancy analysis revealed that the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity was positively correlated with large pores (diameter >300 μm) and pore connectivity (p < 0.05). The lowest least limiting water range of the CK was primarily constrained by a relatively higher penetration resistance. The improved pore connectivity and elongated pore structures were the key responsible for the reduced penetration resistance in biochar-amended soil, which subsequently increased the least limiting water range. These quantitative estimates highlight the positive effects of biochar amendment-induced soil pore structure alternations towards improving soil hydrological functionalities. These findings are essential for devising effective strategies to enhance sustainable agriculture in saline soils.

盐碱化造成的土壤结构不良是影响作物生长的主要因素，而土壤结构又会进一步影响水文功能。生物炭因其特殊的多孔性材料而被广泛用于改善土壤物理结构。然而，在盐碱土壤中掺入生物炭后，土壤孔隙结构对水文功能（如土壤饱和导水率、植物可用水量、最小限制水量范围）的影响机制仍不清楚。因此，本研究考察了盐碱粘壤土中不同生物炭添加量对土壤结构特性的影响，并随后评估了孔隙结构对土壤水文功能的影响。研究涉及四个处理：CK（对照）、C1（7.5 吨/公顷生物炭）、C2（15 吨/公顷生物炭）、C3（30 吨/公顷生物炭）。当生物炭添加量从 7.5 吨/公顷增加到 30 吨/公顷时，土壤团聚稳定性从 15% 增加到 30%。生物炭添加量为 30 吨/公顷时，连通指数（2.36）最高，分形维数（2.56）最高。生物炭的添加降低了 0-10 厘米和 10-20 厘米土壤深度的小孔隙（孔径 50 微米）比例，而增加了大孔隙（孔径 300 微米）比例。生物炭添加剂降低了土壤渗透阻力，与 CK 相比，添加 30 吨/公顷生物炭的土壤饱和导水率、植物可用水量和最小极限水量范围分别增加了 46%、27% 和 40%。皮尔逊相关分析和冗余分析表明，土壤饱和导水率与大孔隙（直径 300 微米）和孔隙连通性呈正相关（p <0.05）。CK 的最低最小极限水量范围主要受制于相对较高的渗透阻力。孔隙连通性的改善和孔隙结构的拉长是生物炭改良土壤渗透阻力降低的主要原因，而渗透阻力的降低又增加了最低限度水分范围。这些定量估算强调了生物炭改良引起的土壤孔隙结构变化对改善土壤水文功能的积极作用。这些发现对于制定有效战略，促进盐碱地的可持续农业发展至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Temporal dynamics of soil salinization due to vertical and lateral saltwater intrusion at an onshore aquaculture farm 陆上水产养殖场垂直和横向盐水入侵导致土壤盐碱化的时间动态变化

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109179

Xuan Yu , Beiyuan Xu , Rongjiang Yao , Junhong Wei , Tongbi Tu , Zi Chen

Saltwater intrusion (SWI) on low-lying coastal farms causes soil salinization, which may gradually render the land unsuitable for cultivation. Many studies on SWI focus on groundwater flow and salt transport, where the temporal dynamic of consequent soil salinization is understudied. To understand the effects of SWI on soil salinity, we gathered multi-scale field datasets on water level and salinity during an aquaculture impoundment, which resulted in both vertical and lateral groundwater salinization. By comparing continuous field data before and after impoundment, we captured lateral SWI and vertical SWI processes and the resulting soil salinity variation. In the vertical SWI process, soils from the surface to 0.2 m-deep were salinized immediately after saltwater irrigation due to the downward hydraulic gradient. A relatively slow salinization was formed at a depth below 0.3 m. In the lateral SWI process, the hydraulic conductivity of the sediments was doubled, which resulted in a more significant variability of salinity. Our findings illustrate that the temporal agricultural water management associated with transforming cropland into aquaculture ponds can alter soil physical characteristics and hydrological conditions at different locations. The resulting soil salinization showed multi-scale variability, which was much more complex than groundwater salinization. Therefore, studying the complete transformation process of coastal land use can contribute to an improved understanding of soil and groundwater salinization due to agricultural activities, which is essential to protecting and managing coastal soils and the associated agroecosystem services.

盐水入侵（SWI）会导致沿海低洼农场的土壤盐碱化，使土地逐渐不适合耕种。许多关于盐水入侵的研究都集中在地下水流和盐分迁移方面，而对随之而来的土壤盐碱化的时间动态研究不足。为了了解 SWI 对土壤盐度的影响，我们收集了水产养殖蓄水过程中水位和盐度的多尺度野外数据集，该蓄水过程导致了垂直和横向的地下水盐化。通过比较蓄水前后的连续实地数据，我们捕捉到了横向 SWI 和纵向 SWI 过程以及由此产生的土壤盐度变化。在垂直 SWI 过程中，由于水力梯度向下，从地表到 0.2 米深的土壤在盐水灌溉后立即盐化。0.3 米以下的土壤盐渍化相对缓慢。在横向 SWI 过程中，沉积物的水力传导性增加了一倍，从而导致盐度变化更加显著。我们的研究结果表明，将耕地改造成水产养殖池塘所带来的农业用水管理时间性会改变不同地点的土壤物理特征和水文条件。由此导致的土壤盐碱化呈现多尺度变化，比地下水盐碱化复杂得多。因此，研究沿海土地利用的完整转变过程有助于更好地了解农业活动导致的土壤和地下水盐碱化，这对保护和管理沿海土壤及相关的农业生态系统服务至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

An inclusive approach to crop soil moisture estimation: Leveraging satellite thermal infrared bands and vegetation indices on Google Earth engine 作物土壤湿度估算的包容性方法：利用卫星热红外波段和谷歌地球引擎上的植被指数

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109172

Fatima Imtiaz , Aitazaz A. Farooque , Gurjit S. Randhawa , Xiuquan Wang , Travis J. Esau , Bishnu Acharya , Seyyed Ebrahim Hashemi Garmdareh

Soil moisture estimation is critical for environmental and agricultural sustainability, with its spatial and temporal variation playing a key role in drought monitoring and understanding climate change. The region of Prince Edward Island (PEI), Atlantic Canada's largest potato producer, is facing irregular precipitation patterns that stress crop water supplies. This study aims to estimate field-scale soil moisture utilizing satellite-based reflective and thermal infrared bands from Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI)/Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) and Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over the cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The GEE data catalog's pre-processed data endured to calculate various indicators for the agricultural seasons of 2021 and 2022 across three designated plots: A, B, and C. The indicators are land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), and normalized difference moisture index (NDMI). NDVI and LST were used to calculate the soil moisture index (SMI), representing the real-time soil moisture at the field scale. The soil moisture data was validated using in situ measurements. The analysis showed good Root Mean Square Error values of 1.43 % (Plot A), 2.12 % (Plot B), and 2.60 % (Plot C). A weak negative association between LST and NDVI was noticed in the study, with R² values of 0.25, 0.38 and 0.26 for Plots A, B and C, respectively. As the LST rises, vegetation declines due to the elevated temperatures in the study area. Second, a significant (p < 0.05) negative correlation (R² =1) existed between SMI and LST in both the 2021 and 2022 seasons, showing a decrease in the top layer soil moisture with LST. The NDWI exhibited a significant inverse correlation with soil moisture, while NDMI and NDVI are effective predictors. Hence, based on the current study, optical and thermal remote sensing offers valuable insights into soil moisture dynamics and can be a good tool for irrigation control and water conservation.

土壤水分估算对环境和农业可持续性至关重要，其空间和时间变化在干旱监测和了解气候变化方面发挥着关键作用。爱德华王子岛（PEI）是加拿大大西洋地区最大的马铃薯生产地，该地区正面临着不规则的降水模式，给作物供水带来了压力。本研究旨在通过基于云的谷歌地球引擎（GEE）平台，利用Landsat-8业务陆地成像仪（OLI）/热红外传感器（TIRS）和中分辨率成像分光仪（MODIS）的卫星反射和热红外波段估算田间土壤湿度。经 GEE 数据目录预处理的数据用于计算 2021 年和 2022 年农季三个指定地块的各项指标：指标包括地表温度（LST）、归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）、归一化差异水分指数（NDWI）和归一化差异湿度指数（NDMI）。NDVI 和 LST 用于计算土壤水分指数 (SMI)，代表田间尺度的实时土壤水分。土壤水分数据通过现场测量进行了验证。分析结果显示，均方根误差值分别为 1.43 %（地块 A）、2.12 %（地块 B）和 2.60 %（地块 C）。研究发现，最低温度与植被指数之间存在微弱的负相关，A、B 和 C 地块的 R² 值分别为 0.25、0.38 和 0.26。随着 LST 的升高，研究区域的温度升高导致植被减少。其次，2021 年和 2022 年两季的 SMI 与 LST 之间存在明显的负相关（P < 0.05）（R2 =1），表明表层土壤水分随着 LST 的升高而减少。NDWI 与土壤水分呈显著的反相关，而 NDMI 和 NDVI 则是有效的预测因子。因此，根据目前的研究，光学和热学遥感为了解土壤水分动态提供了宝贵的信息，可作为灌溉控制和水资源保护的良好工具。

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引用次数: 0

Horizontal ridging with mulching as the optimal tillage practice to reduce surface runoff and erosion in a Mollisol hillslope 水平垄作加覆盖是减少莫利溶岩山坡地表径流和水土流失的最佳耕作方法

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109165

Yucheng Wang , Dayong Guo , Zheng Li , Wuliang Shi , Bin Li , Liyuan Hou , Yi Zhang , Jinhu Cui , Ning Cao , Yubin Zhang

Soil erosion is amplified by the increased precipitation and rainfall erosivity caused by the changing climate, particularly for global mid-high latitude areas. Yet soil erosion processes and proper tillage practices are not well understood at the crop seedling stage, when the annual precipitation is usually concentrated in these regions. Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted at the rainfall intensities of 50- and 100-mm h⁻¹ to investigate the differences in soil erosion of a 5° hillslope during the maize seedling stage between conservation and conventional tillage measures, including cornstalk mulching (Cm), horizontal ridging (Hr), horizontal ridging + mulching (Hr+Cm), vertical ridging + mulching (Vr+Cm), vertical ridging (Vr) and flat-tillage (CK). The results demonstrated that crops, at the seedling stage, can reduce soil erosion by altering the distribution of raindrops and reduce its kinetic energy. Conservation tillage measures significantly reduced total runoff (11.7 %–100 %) and sediment yield (71.1 %–100 %), delayed runoff-yield start time (85 s–26.1 min), decreased runoff velocity (71.5 %–96.7 %), and reduced runoff and soil loss rates, compared to conventional tillage measures. Mulching showed better performance than Hr. It reduced sediment concentration (∼70.6 %–100 %) by reducing runoff velocity and soil particle filtration. The contour ridge ruptured earlier at 100 mm h⁻¹ than at 50 mm h⁻¹ and changed the characteristics of the soil erosion by providing a larger source of sediment for surface runoff. Runoff rate, rather than soil erodibility, was the key factor affecting soil erosion. Decreasing runoff velocity was more important than controlling the amount of runoff. The Hr + Cm treatment exhibited the lowest soil erosion and is recommended for adoption at the maize seedling stage in sloping farmland. Our findings provide an optimized tillage method to mitigate soil erosion in spring in Northeast China.

气候变化导致降水量和降雨侵蚀性增加，加剧了土壤侵蚀，尤其是在全球中高纬度地区。然而，在作物幼苗期，这些地区的年降水量通常比较集中，人们对土壤侵蚀过程和适当的耕作方法还不甚了解。在降雨强度为 50 毫米/小时和 100 毫米/小时的条件下进行了模拟降雨试验，以研究玉米苗期保护性耕作和常规耕作措施（包括玉米秸秆覆盖（Cm）、水平垄作（Hr）、水平垄作+覆盖（Hr+Cm）、垂直垄作+覆盖（Vr+Cm）、垂直垄作（Vr）和平耕（CK））对 5° 山坡土壤侵蚀的影响差异。结果表明，作物在幼苗期可以通过改变雨滴的分布和降低其动能来减少土壤侵蚀。与传统耕作措施相比，保护性耕作措施大大减少了径流总量（11.7%-100%）和沉积物产量（71.1%-100%），推迟了径流-产量开始时间（85 秒-26.1 分钟），降低了径流速度（71.5%-96.7%），并减少了径流和土壤流失率。地膜覆盖比 Hr 效果更好。它通过降低径流速度和土壤颗粒过滤，减少了泥沙浓度（70.6 % ∼ 100 %）。等高线山脊在 100 mm h-1 时比 50 mm h-1 时更早断裂，为地表径流提供了更大的沉积物来源，从而改变了土壤侵蚀的特征。影响土壤侵蚀的关键因素是径流速度，而不是土壤的可侵蚀性。降低径流速度比控制径流量更重要。Hr + Cm 处理的土壤侵蚀程度最低，建议在坡耕地的玉米苗期采用。我们的研究结果为减轻中国东北地区春季土壤侵蚀提供了一种优化的耕作方法。

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引用次数: 0

Straw return rearranges soil pore structure improving soil moisture memory in a maize field experiment under rainfed conditions 在雨水灌溉条件下进行的玉米田间试验中，秸秆还田重新排列了土壤孔隙结构，改善了土壤水分记忆能力

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109164

Junkai Wang , Caixia Sun , Yulan Zhang , Junyao Xiao , Yueping Ma , Jialin Jiang , Zhengde Jiang , Lili Zhang

Straw return is commonly used to improve soil fertility and quality, thereby contributing to improved crop production; however, the influence of different straw management on soil moisture variation, its response to precipitation, and soil pore properties remains largely inadequate, let alone the relationships between these factors. To fill this knowledge gap, the temporal dynamics of soil moisture were monitored during the maize growing season from 2022 to 2023 in a fixed-site field experiment on straw return, including straw removal (CK), straw direct incorporation (SD) and straw-derived biochar incorporation (BC), in Northeast China. In contrast to CK, BC was observed to have a significant impact on soil moisture, increasing the monthly average of September by 30.3 % and the annual average by 5.90 % in 2022 (P < 0.05). In addition, SD significantly increased the average for June by 28.5 % (P < 0.05) and exhibited a more pronounced linear correlation between soil moisture and rainfall amount with the greatest slope (y = 0.2061x + 0.0026, R² = 0.3098). The results indicated that the soil water storage capacity was enhanced when straw was returned, with a more effective impact in BC in 2022 but in SD in 2023, partially attributing to the discrepancies in precipitation quantity, intensity, and frequency between the two years. Furthermore, BC significantly reduced the dissipated precipitation fraction and enhanced the soil water memory in both 2022 (P < 0.05) and 2023 (P < 0.01), based on the evaluation of the capacity of soil to retain water. The results of X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning showed that straw return resulted in the reconstruction of a relatively intricate pore network, which was characterized by an increase in porosity and macropore number in SD, an increase in pore circularity, a reduction in pore diameter and maccropore number in BC, which was associated with soil layer depth. It is concluded that the improvement of soil water and pore properties, as evidenced by an enhanced soil moisture memory and an increased porosity, contributed to the enhancement of soil nutrients under straw return conditions. This study provides valuable insights for selecting a suitable mode of straw return, thereby facilitating the effective utilization of straw and water resources in agricultural systems, particularly in arid regions.

秸秆还田通常用于提高土壤肥力和质量，从而提高作物产量；然而，不同的秸秆管理方式对土壤水分变化、土壤水分对降水的响应以及土壤孔隙性质的影响仍然很不充分，更不用说这些因素之间的关系了。为了填补这一知识空白，我们在中国东北地区开展了一项固定地点秸秆还田试验，包括秸秆清除（CK）、秸秆直接还田（SD）和秸秆生物炭还田（BC），监测了2022年至2023年玉米生长季期间土壤水分的时间动态变化。与秸秆还田相比，秸秆生物炭还田对土壤水分有显著影响，2022 年 9 月的月平均墒情增加了 30.3%，年平均墒情增加了 5.90%（P <0.05）。此外，SD 使 6 月份的月平均降雨量明显增加了 28.5 %（P < 0.05），土壤水分与降雨量之间的线性相关关系更加明显，斜率最大（y = 0.2061x + 0.0026，R² = 0.3098）。结果表明，秸秆还田提高了土壤的蓄水能力，在 2022 年对 BC 产生了更有效的影响，但在 2023 年对 SD 产生了更有效的影响，部分原因是这两年的降水量、降水强度和降水频率存在差异。此外，根据对土壤保水能力的评估，BC 在 2022 年（P < 0.05）和 2023 年（P < 0.01）都明显减少了降水耗散部分，增强了土壤水分记忆。X 射线计算机断层扫描（CT）结果表明，秸秆还田重建了相对复杂的孔隙网络，其特点是：SD 的孔隙度和大孔数量增加，孔隙圆度增加，BC 的孔隙直径和大孔数量减少，这与土层深度有关。结论是，在秸秆还田条件下，土壤水分和孔隙性质的改善（表现为土壤水分记忆增强和孔隙度增加）有助于提高土壤养分。这项研究为选择合适的秸秆还田模式提供了宝贵的启示，从而促进农业系统，特别是干旱地区秸秆和水资源的有效利用。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable water management in wheat farming: Insights from diverse water environments 小麦种植中的可持续水资源管理：不同水环境的启示

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109161

Maryam Sharifzadeh, Sanaz Golabvand, Maryam Afereydouni

Agricultural water conservation is crucial for sustainable development, particularly in water-scarce regions. This study examines the factors that influence water conservation behaviors among wheat farmers, comparing those in water-deficient areas to those in water-endowed regions. Utilizing a non-experimental causal-comparative approach, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 132 randomly selected farmers. The validated instrument demonstrated reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.87. Results indicated significant differences in economic, socio-cultural, attitudinal, demographic, and farm-related factors between the two groups. Three distinct profiles emerged: “Conservation Novices,” “Balanced Practitioners,” and “Conservation Champions,” each displaying varying levels of engagement and attitudes toward water conservation. The significant influence of utilitarian beliefs and environmental awareness underscores the necessity for tailored interventions. For water-deficient farmers, targeted education, financial incentives, and peer-to-peer networks could significantly enhance conservation efforts. Conversely, water-endowed farmers can benefit from experience-based workshops and personalized advisory services. Insights from this study provide valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to improve water management strategies in similarly water-scarce agricultural regions worldwide, emphasizing the need for adaptive approaches that consider the diverse characteristics of farming communities.

农业节水对可持续发展至关重要，尤其是在缺水地区。本研究比较了缺水地区和水资源丰富地区小麦种植者的节水行为，探讨了影响小麦种植者节水行为的因素。研究采用非实验性因果比较方法，通过对随机抽取的 132 位农民进行结构化问卷调查来收集数据。经过验证的问卷具有可靠性，Cronbach's alpha 系数为 0.61 至 0.87。结果表明，两组农民在经济、社会文化、态度、人口统计和农场相关因素方面存在明显差异。出现了三种截然不同的特征："节水新手"、"平衡实践者 "和 "节水倡导者"，他们对节水的参与程度和态度各不相同。功利主义信念和环境意识的重大影响强调了有针对性干预的必要性。对于缺水的农民来说，有针对性的教育、经济激励和同侪网络可以极大地促进节水工作。相反，水资源丰富的农民则可以从基于经验的研讨会和个性化咨询服务中获益。本研究的启示为决策者和利益相关者提供了宝贵的指导，这些决策者和利益相关者的目标是改善全球类似缺水农业地区的水资源管理策略，并强调需要采用考虑农业社区不同特点的适应性方法。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainability of collective irrigation under water competition between agriculture and civil uses: The case study of Alanya Water Users Association (Türkiye) 农业和民用用水竞争下集体灌溉的可持续性：阿兰亚用水者协会（土耳其）案例研究

IF 5.9 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Agricultural Water Management

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109167

Fırat Arslan , Francisco Alcon , Sinan Kartal , Kubilay Erdoğan , Demetrio Antonio Zema

This study explores the patterns of sustainable use and management of competing water sectors in the Alanya Water Users Association (WUA) in Southern Türkiye, over eight years (2013–2020) before the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic, focusing on the impacts of the recorded huge growth of tourism. Performance indicators of collective irrigation services are used to identify performance patterns and trends over time. The analysis has revealed a notable increase in water consumption for agricultural activities (+30 %), driven by the cultivation of tropical fruits, without a proportional rise in crop production. Concurrently, effective financial management is observed in the WUA, with a consistent reduction in unit Management, Operation and Maintenance costs (-40–70 %). Additionally, the total water demand has surged (+100 %) due to population growth and tourist flux. However, this increase has tensioned water delivery to crops, indicating higher pressures over water availability for all uses. The study has identified three distinct patterns in the technical, financial, and socio-economic performance of the WUA, particularly highlighting the last four years of increased water usage and the disruption caused by the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic in 2020. Despite the current adequacy of water resources, optimized strategies for water management are advocated to address anticipated demographic growth, the introduction of tropical crops and the environmental impacts of climate change.

本研究探讨了图尔基耶南部阿兰亚用水者协会（WUA）在 SARS-CoV-19 大流行之前的八年内（2013-2020 年）对相互竞争的水行业进行可持续利用和管理的模式，重点关注旅游业大幅增长所带来的影响。集体灌溉服务的绩效指标用于确定绩效模式和随时间变化的趋势。分析表明，在热带水果种植的推动下，农业活动用水量显著增加（+30%），但作物产量并未相应增加。与此同时，用水户协会还进行了有效的财务管理，单位管理、运行和维护成本持续下降（-40-70%）。此外，由于人口增长和游客增多，总需水量激增（+100%）。然而，这种增长对农作物的供水造成了压力，表明所有用途的供水压力都在增大。研究发现了用水户协会在技术、财务和社会经济绩效方面的三种不同模式，尤其突出了过去四年用水量的增加和 2020 年 SARS-CoV-19 大流行造成的干扰。尽管目前水资源充足，但仍提倡优化水资源管理战略，以应对预期的人口增长、热带作物的引进和气候变化对环境的影响。

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引用次数: 0