Agricultural Water Management最新文献

{"title":"Experimental and numerical evaluation of soil water and salt dynamics in a corn field with shallow saline groundwater and crop-season drip and autumn post-harvest irrigations","authors":"Shuhao Guo ,&nbsp;Xianyue Li ,&nbsp;Jirí Šimůnek ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Yuehong Zhang ,&nbsp;Ya'nan Wang ,&nbsp;Zhixin Zhen ,&nbsp;Rui He","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In areas with shallow saline groundwater, soil salts inevitably accumulate in the root zone during the growth period due to irrigation and upward movement of salts from the groundwater. In Northern China, autumn irrigation (AIR) with large amounts of water is commonly employed post-harvest to mitigate soil salt stress on crop growth in the subsequent year. Optimizing the total irrigation depth during both crop-growth and non-growth periods is challenging because of the movement of soil salts, which is influenced by their two-dimensional distribution around drippers and the impact of the winter freeze-thaw cycles, significantly affecting water flow and solute transport during winter. In this study, the HYDRUS-1D and HYDRUS-2D models were integrated and calibrated using experimental data collected from 2021 to 2023 in China's Ordos south bank irrigation area. This model integration was conducted to assess soil water and salt dynamics during the non-growth and corn-growth periods under different irrigation strategies: a) AIR with high (A_H) and low (A_L) irrigation depths, and b) drip irrigation (DIR) with high (D_H), medium (D_M), and low (D_L) irrigation depths. The results indicated that HYDRUS effectively modeled the electrical conductivity of the saturation paste extract (<em>EC</em>_e) across different irrigation strategies, yielding an average coefficient of determination (<em>R</em>²) and the root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.87 and 0.53 dS m⁻¹, respectively. Generally, <em>EC</em>_e increased during the growth period with DIR and decreased during the non-growth period with AIR. For the 0–40 cm soil layer, <em>EC</em>_e decreased by 5.7 % and 12 % for every 100 mm increase in the AIR and DIR depths, respectively. Compared with the A_HD_M and A_HD_L treatments, reducing an AIR depth and increasing a DIR depth resulted in lower <em>EC</em>_e in the 0–40 cm layer during the growth period and higher crop yield (<em>CY</em>) and irrigation water productivity (<em>WP</em>_I). Specifically, the average <em>EC</em>_e in the 0–40 cm layer decreased by 4.8 % during the growth period in the A_LD_H treatment compared to the A_HD_M treatment, and <em>CY</em> and <em>WP</em>_I increased by 7.2 % and 10.3 %, respectively. Additionally, the irrigation strategy was the most effective in reducing <em>EC</em>_e when AIR accounted for 35 % of the total irrigation. This study suggested that combining low AIR and high DIR could enhance water and field productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109119"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing the nitrogen application rate and planting density to improve dry matter yield, water productivity and N-use efficiency of forage maize in a rainfed region","authors":"Yongli Lu ,&nbsp;Renshi Ma ,&nbsp;Wei Gao ,&nbsp;Yongliang You ,&nbsp;Congze Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhixin Zhang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Kamran ,&nbsp;Xianlong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilization and planting density management are critical for efficient production of grain maize (<em>Zea mays L.</em>) and for environmental protection. However, the optimal N fertilization and planting density is still not established for forage maize that is cultivated to promote its vegetative growth and utilized for the above-ground vegetative mass. A two-year field experiment was conducted in the rainfed semiarid region of the Chinese Loess Plateau during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The effects of N application rates and planting densities on the dry matter yields and the water- and N-use efficiencies of forage maize were studied. The experiment includes four N application rates (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha⁻¹) and three plant densities (70000, 90000, and 110000 plants ha⁻¹), covering the conventional practices of local farmers. The treatments were organized in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Averaged over the three plant densities, N application rate of 180 kg ha⁻¹ resulted in the maximum average aboveground dry matter yield (18.6 t ha⁻¹), crop N accumulation (228.5 kg ha⁻¹), dry matter water productivity (51.9 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), and dry matter precipitation productivity (62.9 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹) over the two years. Moreover, increasing N application rates significantly increased the soil nitrate-N accumulation (0–200 cm) but reduced the partial factor productivity of applied N fertilizer. Across the three plant densities, the two-year average soil nitrate-N accumulation was 12.6, 32.1, and 75.7 % higher with 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha⁻¹ compared to no N treatment, respectively. The highest soil nitrate accumulation under 270 kg ha⁻¹ N application rate in 2021 (229.5 kg ha⁻¹) and in 2022 (329.7 kg ha⁻¹) may cause severe nitrate leaching loss and potential soil water contamination, driven by intensive rainfalls. Averaged over the four N rates, planting density of 110000 plants ha⁻¹ increased the crop N accumulation and PFP by 21.2 % and 15.8 % in 2021, compared to 70000 plants ha⁻¹, respectively. The interaction of N application and planting density significantly affected the aboveground dry matter yield, crop water consumption, dry matter precipitation productivity, and crop N accumulation in 2021, but the effect was non-significant in 2022. Based on these findings, application of 180 kg N ha⁻¹ and planting density of 110000 plants ha⁻¹ are suggested as an efficient management strategy for improving productivity of forage maize and soil water and N resources utilization in the arid region of the Loess Plateau and similar areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109125"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing wheat supplementary irrigation: Integrating soil stress and crop water stress index for smart scheduling","authors":"Arti Kumari ,&nbsp;D.K. Singh ,&nbsp;A. Sarangi ,&nbsp;Murtaza Hasan ,&nbsp;Vinay Kumar Sehgal","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A two-year field experiment was conducted to integrate soil moisture stress with the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) for optimizing irrigation in winter wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum L</em>.) under varying irrigation regimes. The study took place at the Water Technology Centre (WTC-02) of ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, where the climate shows a blend of monsoon-influenced humid subtropical and semi-arid conditions. Using a randomized block design (RBD), five irrigation treatments were applied: full irrigation and deficit irrigation (DI) at 15 %, 30 %, 45 %, and 60 % levels. Canopy and ambient air temperature data, along with vapor pressure deficit (VPD), were recorded using a developed integrated sensing device to empirically determine the lower baseline equations and upper threshold for CWSI computation at pre-heading and post-heading stages. The slope (m), intercept (c) of the lower baseline equation, and upper threshold (UL) for pre-heading and post-heading were found: m: −1.94, c: −1.33, UL: 1.92°C and m: −1.30, c: −2.37, UL: 2.0°C, respectively. Results showed that increasing water deficit levels led to significant reductions in grain yield, biomass production, and harvest index. A strong negative correlation (R² = 0.95 and 0.93) between mean seasonal CWSI and yield attributes highlighted the utility of CWSI in yield prediction under varying irrigation regimes. It is recommended to schedule irrigation based on the CWSI approach when CWSI ≥0.35 for optimum wheat yields. Integrating CWSI with soil moisture stress provides valuable real-time insights into crop water status, enabling more precise and smart irrigation scheduling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109104"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term effects of combining reclaimed and freshwater on mandarin tree performance","authors":"C. Romero-Trigueros ,&nbsp;J.M. Mirás-Avalos ,&nbsp;J.M. Bayona ,&nbsp;P.A. Nortes ,&nbsp;J.J. Alarcón ,&nbsp;E. Nicolás","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current scenario of water scarcity leads to a seek for new irrigation strategies that maintain agricultural productivity while reducing the pressure on freshwater resources, especially in the Mediterranean region, which has a structural deficit of water sources. In this study, the effects of irrigation with water from different origins were assessed over six consecutive years in soil salinity indicators, tree physiology and yield of mandarin trees in south east Spain. The following treatments were considered: i) freshwater from the “Tagus-Segura” water-transfer canal (TW or Control); ii) reclaimed water from a wastewater-treatment plant (RW); iii) irrigation with TW, except in stage II of fruit development when RW was used (TW_c); and iv) irrigation with RW except in stage II when TW was used (RW_c). Soil salinity indicators increased in all treatments with respect to Control, except for TW_c in winter. However, this increase only led to reductions in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in the RW treatment, while gas exchange parameters of trees from TW_c and RW_c were not negatively affected. Tree vegetative growth was only affected in the long-term, with trees from the RW_c treatment having greater canopies. Yield was increased in the TW_c and RW_c treatments by 23.1 % and 29.5 %, respectively; while it was reduced by 23.5 % in RW when compared to TW. Likewise, differences among treatments in fruit quality traits were also detected. Our results suggest that combining water from different sources could be a viable alternative for irrigating mandarin trees under semiarid conditions with savings of approximately 50 % of fresh water, although the sustainability of soil health should be ensured. In addition, further research is needed to adapt these strategies to other species and cultivar-rootstock combinations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109113"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing irrigation strategies to improve the soil microenvironment and enhance cotton water productivity under deep drip irrigation","authors":"Nannan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Shi ,&nbsp;Humei Zhang ,&nbsp;Feng Shi ,&nbsp;Hongxia Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Liang ,&nbsp;Xianzhe Hao ,&nbsp;Honghai Luo ,&nbsp;Jun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subsurface drip irrigation in arid areas has the potential to replace traditional mulched drip irrigation to achieve green and sustainable cotton production. However, the suitable irrigation amount and frequency are still unclear, which seriously limits the ability of this model to improve water productivity and water-saving potential. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out from 2021 to 2023; a split plot experimental design was adopted with two irrigation amounts (W1, 3177 m³ ha⁻¹; W2, 3840 m³ ha⁻¹) and three irrigation frequencies (F1, 9; F2, 8; F3, 7). The effects of different irrigation strategies on the soil microenvironment, moisture content, biomass, and water use efficiency (WUE) of cotton organs were evaluated. The W2 treatment improved the soil moisture content, increased the soil temperature gradient, and reduced the soil conductivity, thereby increasing the moisture content and biomass of various organs. Moreover, compared with the F1 treatment, the F2 and F3 treatments were more likely to increase the soil moisture content, soil temperature gradient, WUE_Stem, WUE_Leaf and WUE_Boll. In addition, the water consumption of the F2 and F3 treatments decreased by 3.9 % and 0.9 %, respectively, compared with that of the F1 treatment. These findings indicate that W2F2 can reduce water consumption while increasing boll biomass and WUE_Boll. Further analysis revealed that under W2F2, WUE_Boll was positively correlated with soil temperature gradient and soil conductivity and negatively correlated with leaf moisture content (LMC) and water consumption. In summary, with an irrigation amount of 3840 m³ ha⁻¹, delaying the initial irrigation event and increasing the irrigation quota (8 irrigation events) improve the water environment in cotton fields, reducing soil temperature fluctuations and surface salt accumulation and synergistically increasing the boll biomass of cotton organs and WUE_Boll. This irrigation strategy represents an effective cotton cultivation method to maximize cotton yield and improve resource utilization efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109095"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significant changes in global maize yield sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit during 1983–2010","authors":"Lubin Han ,&nbsp;Guoyong Leng","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is a critical factor in crop growth, and low yields are often associated with high VPD. The adverse effects of VPD on crop yield have been well-documented; however, whether and where yield sensitivity to VPD (S_VPD) changes over time across global cropping areas remain elusive. Based on the observed maize yield and VPD at the grid scale, the S_VPD calculated using least-squares linear regression for 27.5 % and 25.9 % of the global maize-growing areas, respectively, showed a significant (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) decreasing and increasing trend from 1983 to 2010. Spatially, a statistically negative trend in S_VPD was found in southeastern Brazil, the central United States, most of Europe, and northeastern China, whereas a positive trend was observed in the eastern United States and northern China. In particular, negative S_VPD was alleviated in 23.2 % of global maize areas, primarily in the northeastern United States and northern China, but was aggravated in 18.4 % of maize areas in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, the sign of S_VPD was reversed in 34.4 % of the global maize areas, notably in the central United States, northern China, and southern Brazil. The results of the random forest model show that shortwave radiation was identified as the primary co-varying factor that modulated the pattern of changing S_VPD in about 26 % of the global maize area, followed by maximum temperature (24.3 %) and minimum relative humidity (21.5 %). By assessing the 14 process-based crop models, we found that their ensemble mean could reproduce the annual patterns of S_VPD well but failed to capture its decadal change trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109107"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating coefficient of soil moisture content uniformity of sprinkler irrigation systems using a COMSOL-3D model","authors":"Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yichuan Liu ,&nbsp;Delan Zhu ,&nbsp;Pute Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water distribution uniformity is important for assessing the hydraulic performance of sprinkler nozzles and designing sprinkler irrigation systems. However, current studies rarely consider the redistribution abilities of sprinkler water in the soil and judge whether a sprinkler system is qualified based only on the coefficient of uniformity on the ground (<em>CU</em>_<em>g</em>), which leads to a serious underestimation of the actual irrigation effect of sprinkler irrigation projects. Hence, this study establishes and validates a COMSOL-3D model to simulate the movement of soil water during sprinkler irrigation. Moreover, the effects of the soil hydraulic and irrigation parameters on the coefficient of soil moisture content uniformity (<em>CU</em>_<em>s</em>) were explored. The results showed that 1) the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (<em>NSE</em>) of the vertical wetting front (<em>VWF</em>) and soil moisture content (<em>SMC</em>) in the two sets of validation experiments was 0.965 and 0.862 and 0.867 and 0.900, respectively. 2) Owing to the differences in soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, after the end of irrigation, the <em>VWF</em> transport rates in vertical direction differed among the three textured soils, with loam exhibiting the highest rate, followed clay loam and silty clay. However, their <em>CU</em>_<em>s</em> increased with increasing water transport time, indicating that the water distribution within the sprinkler-wetted zone became increasingly homogeneous as the sprinkler irrigation water was transported and diffused from the top to bottom in the soil. 3) Dimensional analyses showed that <em>CU</em>_<em>s</em> were strongly influenced by the initial soil moisture content, irrigation time, and water transport time. 4) In Case 4, when <em>CU</em>_<em>g</em> was reduced from 81.9 % to 60 %, <em>CU</em>_<em>s</em> only decreased from 83.2 % to 81.4 % after 48 h of irrigation, indicating that the sprinkler irrigation water had good redistributive ability. This study provides a reference for rationally reducing the <em>CU</em>_<em>s</em> of sprinkler irrigation projects and maximising project investments and planting interest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109116"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uniting agricultural water management, economics, and policy for climate adaptation through a new assessment of water markets for arid regions","authors":"Shanelle M. Trail ,&nbsp;Frank A. Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible policies aimed at irrigated agriculture are essential to adapt to climate change. Despite the importance of this goal, little published work has conceptualized, formulated, developed, and applied an integrated optimization framework for irrigated agriculture to guide adaptation to climate-related water stress. This research addresses the question: how can water management plans for irrigated agriculture be designed to minimize economic losses caused by adapting to climate-induced water stress? The study answers this by developing an optimization approach that identifies water use patterns to minimize farm income losses during water shortages, considering three water shortage sharing programs. An optimization model, calibrated using positive mathematical programming, is applied to replicate historical land use while adapting to future water supplies that deviate from the historical pattern. The analysis focuses on two irrigated regions in North America’s Rio Grande Basin, illustrating land use, water use, and cropping patterns that minimize regional farm economic losses to shortages. These losses are assessed under three water-sharing strategies: intercrop and interdistrict trading (IIT), intercrop and intradistrict trading (IRT), and no trading (NT). The results demonstrate that IIT yields an average economic gain of $2.824 million per year, while IRT results in an average gain of $2.600 million per year compared to NT. These findings offer valuable insights for water managers, scientists, stakeholders, and policymakers tasked with developing irrigation management strategies in arid regions facing future water supply challenges. The methods developed and results shown here highlight a path forward, using scientific, economic, and policy innovations to strengthen agricultural livelihoods in regions facing uncertain water availability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109101"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar decreased N loss from paddy ecosystem under alternate wetting and drying in the Lower Liaohe River Plain, China","authors":"Feng Zhang ,&nbsp;Taotao Chen ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Wanting Zhang ,&nbsp;Wanning Dai ,&nbsp;Daocai Chi ,&nbsp;Guimin Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar addition to soil is widely utilized to enhance carbon sequestration and reduce fertilizer N losses. However, little research has been studied on the effect of biochar on reactive gaseous N losses, N leaching and grain yield in paddy ecosystems under water stress, especially in the Lower Liaohe River Plain with a higher water percolation. Our experiment was carried out in 2020 and 2021 utilizing a split-plot design with continuously flooding irrigation and alternate wetting and drying irrigation as main plots and without biochar addition and with 20 t·ha⁻¹ rice husk-derived biochar addition as sub-plots. The results showed that alternate wetting and drying irrigation respectively, decreased N leaching and reactive N losses by 15.9 % and 11.3 % but also respectively, increased seasonal cumulative NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions by 5.0 % and 210 % on average. Rice husk-derived biochar addition significantly mitigated seasonal cumulative NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions by 8.8 % and 19.7 % in 2020, 20.7 % and 19.2 % in 2021, respectively, and decreased inorganic N leaching and reactive N losses by 8.3 % and 14.1 % in 2021. Biochar addition coupling with alternate wetting and drying respectively, mitigated cumulative NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions by 7.3 % and 19.3 % in 2020, and, 22.7 % and 22.0 % in 2021 as compared to that without biochar. Biochar did not differ from without biochar in inorganic N leaching under alternate wetting and drying irrigation in both years but significantly reduced reactive N losses by 17.8 % in 2021, which efficiently inhibited the alternate wetting and drying induced negative effects on the increase in reactive N losses. Therefore, biochar addition to paddy ecosystems under alternate wetting and drying could realize sustainable utilization of water resources, increase soil N fixation, and mitigate N losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109108"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme rainfall and soil water consumption differences increase yield shedding at lower fruiting branches, reducing cotton water productivity under different sowing dates","authors":"Fengqi Wu ,&nbsp;Simeng Guo ,&nbsp;Weibin Huang ,&nbsp;Zhenggui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingchun Han ,&nbsp;Zhanbiao Wang ,&nbsp;Guoping Wang ,&nbsp;Lu Feng ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Li ,&nbsp;Yaping Lei ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Zhi ,&nbsp;Beifang Yang ,&nbsp;Shijie Zhang ,&nbsp;Shiwu Xiong ,&nbsp;Yahui Jiao ,&nbsp;Minghua Xin ,&nbsp;Yabing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improvement of cultivated cotton adaptability to extreme climate events under climate change promotes sustainable cotton production. Extreme rainfall leads to a significant decrease in cotton yield, which may be related to changes in soil water consumption (SWC) and the vertical distribution of yield, but relevant research is still scarce. Here, a two-year cotton sowing date experiment was conducted in which geostatistics, sensor technology, the spatial grid method, and principal component analysis were combined to analyze cotton utilization of soil water during extreme rainfall (2021) and normal (2022) years. The reasons for cotton yield reduction under extreme rainfall and strategies to improve cotton production adaptability to extreme rainfall were discussed. Under extreme rainfall, the morphogenesis and reproductive organ development of cotton were inhibited. The accumulation of SWC and its relationship with the biomass accumulation of cotton on different sowing dates under extreme rainfall exhibited nearly opposite characteristics to those in a normal year. Simultaneously, the two-year yield showed the opposite trend with the change in sowing date. There existed a trade-off strategy for the vertical distribution (i.e., on the upper, middle and lower fruiting branches) of cotton yield. Extreme rainfall reduced the yield at lower fruiting branches and increased the boll-forming rate of the upper fruiting branches, which was closely related to seed cotton yield, lint yield and water productivity (WP). Optimizing the cotton sowing date (early sowing should be appropriate in this study) may improve the adaptability of cotton production under extreme rainfall, but further long-term studies are needed. This study highlights the critical practice of climate-smart agriculture and has reference value for the sustainable development of cotton production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 109115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}