Agricultural Water Management最新文献

{"title":"Deficit irrigation enhances yield and water productivity of apples by inhibiting excessive vegetative growth and improving photosynthetic performance","authors":"Shenglin Wen ,&nbsp;Ningbo Cui ,&nbsp;Yaosheng Wang ,&nbsp;Daozhi Gong ,&nbsp;Liwen Xing ,&nbsp;Zongjun Wu ,&nbsp;Yixuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhihui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excessive irrigation in orchards can lead to wastage of water resources and instability or reduction in fruit yield. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively explore the relationships among growth indicators, photosynthetic parameters, apple yield, and water productivity (WP) based on structural equation modeling (SEMD), and develop the appropriate irrigation management strategy for sustainable apple production. A two-year apple irrigation management experiment was carried out with 17 deficit drip irrigation (DDI) treatments, including a control treatment (CK, 100 % ET_c) and 4 water deficit degree (W15 %, 85 % ET_c; W30 %,70 % ET_c; W45 %, 55 % ET_c; W60 %, 40 % ET_c) during four growth stages: bud burst to leafing stage (I), flowering to fruit set stage (II), fruit expansion stage (III), and fruit maturation stage (IV). Results indicated that transpiration rate (T_r) was more sensitive to water deficit than net photosynthesis rate (P_n), leading to greater instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i). Compared to the CK, the W15 % DDI treatments at different growth stages slightly reduced P_n and significantly decreased T_r, thereby enhancing WUE_i by 14.5 %-14.9 %. W15 % DDI treatments during the early growth stage restrained excessive growth while enhancing fruit development. SEMD analysis revealed that LAI had a significant positive effect on ET with a standardized path coefficient of 0.312 (P &lt; 0.05) in 2021 and 0.498 (P &lt; 0.001) in 2022, and fruit volume had a significant positive effect on ET with a standardized path coefficient of 1.03 (P &lt; 0.001) in 2021 and 1.313 (P &lt; 0.001) in 2022. The stomatal conductance (g_s) was identified as the key factor influencing apple yield and WP using SEMD. The g_s had an extremely significant positive effect on apple yield, with a standardized path coefficient of 0.356 in 2022 (P &lt; 0.001). The indirect negative effect of leaf area index (LAI) on WP was mainly through its positive effect on water consumption (ET) and ET's subsequent negative effect on WP. Severe water deficits (W60 %) at stage III are inadvisable, as they may lead to apple yield losses exceeding 20 %. The I-W15 %, II-W15 %, II-W30 %, and IV-W15 % treatments synergistically improve both apple yield and WP, suggesting that these DDI treatments could be recommended for growers aiming to achieve sustainable apple production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 109220"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Change of crop structure intensified water supply-demand imbalance in China’s Black Soil Granary” [Agric. Water Manag. 306 (2024) 109199]","authors":"Ying Feng ,&nbsp;Ying Guo ,&nbsp;Yanjun Shen ,&nbsp;Guangxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanfang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaolu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109267","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 109267"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canopy humidity and irrigation regimes interactively affect rice physiology, grain filling and yield during grain filling period","authors":"Le Chen ,&nbsp;Xueyun Deng ,&nbsp;Hongxia Duan ,&nbsp;Xueming Tan ,&nbsp;Xiaobing Xie ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Pan ,&nbsp;Lin Guo ,&nbsp;Tao Luo ,&nbsp;Xinbiao Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Gao ,&nbsp;Haiyan Wei ,&nbsp;Hongcheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongjun Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice growth and yield performance are closely related to climate variables and soil water regimes. Therefore, in this study, normal humidity (NH) and high humidity (HH) treatments of rice canopy were performed and combined with continuous flooding (CF), alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and drought cultivation (DC). The changes in crop physiology were monitored in a 2-year artificial intelligence greenhouse experiment. Creating HH lowered the seed setting rate, grains per panicle and yield relative both under AWD and CF, but was rather beneficial under DC. The HH decreased the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) parameter and net photosynthetic rate while leaf surface temperature, antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level got increased. Additionally, HH increased the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA₃) and jasmonic acid (JA) and the activities of key starch synthase, increasing the grain filling rate while shortening the active filling duration. The rice yield of AWD treatment under HH condition was the highest, mainly because the net photosynthetic rate, pollen viability and key starch synthase activity were maintained at a higher level. The AWD measures can be adopted to maintain high rice yields under high humidity conditions, while yields can be improved by increasing canopy humidity under persistent drought conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 109143"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142936015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term Cd remediation mechanisms and potential risks in soil with biochar application under dry-wet cycling at different soil moisture levels","authors":"Shuang Huang,&nbsp;Zhuowen Meng,&nbsp;Jingwei Wu,&nbsp;Lei Xin,&nbsp;Qin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dry-wet cycling and soil moisture are key factors affecting cadmium (Cd) remediation in soils by biochar; however, their long-term effects on the transport of Cd between soil and biochar, Cd fraction distribution, and Cd potential risks are still unclear. To reveal the long-term Cd remediation mechanisms and potential risks in soil under biochar treatment, 180 days of artificial dry-wet cycling was conducted at four soil moisture levels (40 % θ_s, 60 % θ_s, 80 % θ_s, and 100 % θ_s; θ_s, saturated water content, W/W) based on local meteorological data to simulate 30 years of natural dry-wet processes. The results showed that Cd adsorbed by biochar in soils during long-term ageing first underwent rapid adsorption (over 0–5 years of simulated ageing), then equilibrium stabilization (over 5–20 years of simulated ageing), and finally slight re-released (over 20–30 years of simulated ageing). Compared with the total Cd adsorbed by biochar in the 20th year of simulated ageing, Cd adsorption by biochar accounted for 85.28 %, 14.72 %, and −3.22 % during 0–5, 5–20, and 20–30 years of simulated ageing, respectively, in the soil at 100 % θ_s. Similarly, the available Cd slightly increased in 20–30 years of simulated ageing. The greater the soil moisture was, the more effective the adsorption and immobilization of Cd by biochar. At the 20th year of simulated ageing, the Cd adsorption by biochar at 100 % θ_s was 1.51 times that at 40 % θ_s; the available Cd in the soil with biochar at 100 % θ_s was 0.91 times that at 40 % θ_s. The contribution of nonmineral components in biochar to Cd adsorption was greater in 0–1 years of the simulation, but the contribution of mineral components dominated and slightly decreased during 1–30 years of the simulation. This study highlighted that biochar was fairly effective in the long-term remediation of Cd in contaminated soils, but there was some risk of Cd activation in the later stages due to the ageing of biochar. Agricultural irrigation management has a significant effect on the long-term effectiveness of biochar remediation of Cd pollution. To prevent Cd reactivation, a high field moisture level is recommended, and excessive dry-wet cycling should be avoided through water management practices such as frequent irrigation with small amounts of water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 109212"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal sequential cross-modal transformer for predicting plant available water capacity (PAWC) from time series of weather and crop biological data","authors":"Dung Nguyen ,&nbsp;Peter de Voil ,&nbsp;Andries Potgieter ,&nbsp;Yash P. Dang ,&nbsp;Thomas G. Orton ,&nbsp;Duc Thanh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Thanh Thi Nguyen ,&nbsp;Scott C. Chapman","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) have been applied widely to satellite data of vegetation indices to infer indirect features associated with soil characteristics that affect crop performance in rain-fed environments. In this paper, we propose a DL model for prediction of plant available water capacity (PAWC) of the soil from sequential multi-modal data including time series of biomass, leaf area index (LAI), normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), and cumulative weather variables. By initiating large numbers of simulations with different soil PAWC, weather and management parameters, we explore combinations of the simulation outputs and the weather to estimate the PAWC and to determine the factors that impede the accuracy of the prediction model. Experimental results demonstrate the significant potential of our method compared with traditional ML methods. Specifically, our method increases the prediction accuracy in situations where each PAWC profile is grouped into two or five classes of PAWC. For more classes (10 classes), the model achieves more than 60% for the overall accuracy and performs well on the lowest five PAWC classes. The utilisation of sequential multi-modal data to predict soil water level provides a direction for future work to translate onto empirical datasets and also to explore the boundaries of the prediction ability of DL models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 109124"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural GDP exposure to drought and its machine learning-based prediction in the Jialing River Basin, China","authors":"Xinzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Qingxia Lin ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Wu ,&nbsp;Yuliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Changwen Li ,&nbsp;Ji Liu ,&nbsp;Shinan Zhang ,&nbsp;Songyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating agricultural exposure to drought and enabling its long-term predictions are critical for climate adaptation and cropland management. This study integrates hydrological modeling, machine learning methods, and long-term agricultural economic data from 1991 to 2020 in the Jialing River Basin (JRB) to detect and forecast meteorological and agricultural droughts, as well as their impact on cropland. Initially, a soil moisture dataset with 0.083-degree resolution was generated using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. Subsequently, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and standardized soil moisture index (SSMI) were applied to analyze the spatial-temporal patterns of droughts. Additionally, cropland exposure to drought was evaluated using gridded agricultural GDP data derived from pixel interpolation. Finally, four machine learning methods (Bayesian, BiGRU, CLA, and MLP) were employed to predict hydrometeorological variables from 2021 to 2030, and the agricultural economic exposures to drought under five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) were also predicted. The results indicate that: (1) The JRB experienced a decline in drought severity and an increase in drought frequency from 1991 to 2020, with the drought centroid highly overlapping with cropland in the central and southern regions. (2) Over the past three decades, the proportion of high-exposure grids for agricultural GDP has increased, whereas the exposure of cropland area to high risks has decreased. Cropland has shifted from higher exposure to long-term drought to higher exposure to short-term, frequency drought. (3) Among the four machine learning models, the Bayesian model demonstrated superior performance in precipitation and temperature predictions, respectively, while the BiGRU model exhibited the best performance in long-term predictions of evaporation and soil moisture. (4) The central and southern regions will further increase in agricultural GDP exposure to both meteorological and agricultural droughts from 2021 to 2030, with exposures anticipated to increase by 20.2–34.8 % compared to the period from 2011 to 2020. Comprehensively, these findings underscore the necessity for precise drought monitoring and agricultural water management in the south-central JRB, providing vital scientific support for addressing drought management in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 109265"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An interval bilateral regulation framework of water resources supply and demand in irrigation area under water sources uncertainty","authors":"Zhan Shu ,&nbsp;Yan Kang ,&nbsp;Ying Gao ,&nbsp;Xuemai Shi ,&nbsp;Wanxue Li ,&nbsp;Shuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Songbai Song ,&nbsp;Lingjie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change and human activities have diminished the stability of the water resources system, leading to multiple uncertainties in the prediction of incoming water, reservoir operation optimization on the water supply side, and adaptive adjustments of the water-use structure on the water demand side. In response to quantify uncertainty and match the water supply-demand in water resources regulation, we developed a novel \"ensemble inflow prediction—reserve operation strategy—interval bilateral regulation—water supply risk analysis\" framework by coupling the interval prediction methods of incoming water, the bilayer model of reservoir multi-objective optimal operation, and the optimization model of planting structure in irrigation area. In the proposed framework, the NGBoost and Bootstrap methods were employed to assess the uncertainty of runoff and groundwater based on the varying sample sizes. A bilayer model of reservoir multi-objective operation was proposed under uncertain runoff to optimize reservoir operation rules for different sequences of reservoir water storage and supply. An interval bilateral regulation model of water supply and demand was developed to optimize crop planting structures for adapting to uncertain water supply scenarios. We applied this framework to the Baojixia Irrigation Area (BIA) of Northwest China. The results show that the NGboost model achieves satisfactory prediction results for the monthly runoff. The reservoir group, following the sequence of water storage [II, III, IV, V, VI] and the sequence of water supply [VI, V, IV, III, II], can reduce water supply risks under uncertain runoff. Compared to the current scenario, annual average economic benefit has been increased by 19.6 %-24.9 %, irrigation water has been reduced by 10.3 %-12.5 %, and water shortage rates have been reduced to 2.1 %-2.9 % under water supply scenarios A-W, A-N, A-D, and A-E in the interval bilateral regulation framework. This study provides a new perspective to address the interaction of water supply-demand and multiple uncertainties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 109266"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing water saving, market attractiveness, and pollution control in crop spatial planting structure planning of arid regions","authors":"Longbin Hao ,&nbsp;Shouhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yufei Ren ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In arid regions, agricultural production and ecological health heavily depend on limited water resources, necessitating the implementation of additional water-saving measures to promote sustainable development. Crop spatial planting structure optimization, as an effective water-saving measure, has been widely utilized to enhance water-use efficiency by aligning the supply and demand of different crops. Besides water-saving benefits, crop planting also offers advantages in terms of market proximity and pollution control. Therefore, this study endeavors to integrate the Von Thunen's agricultural location theory, an agricultural non-point source pollution model, and 0–1 integer multi-objective programming into a unified framework to optimize crop spatial planting structure in arid regions. This approach is applied to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River in northwest China. Results indicate that: (1) The grid-based 0–1 integer multi-objective approach can effectively make tradeoff among market attractiveness, pollution control, and crop suitability for crop planting structure planning in arid regions. (2) Optimal crop planting structure can increase agricultural planting profits by 4.679 billion CNY, while reduces system agricultural non-point source pollution and total water allocation by 34.72 % and 10.19 %, respectively. (3) The multi-objective approach shows better performance than single-objective models by comparing the Synthetic Degree (SD), Sustainability Index (SI), and Approximation Degree (AD). The advantages and successful application of proposed approach indicate that it is universality and effectiveness in addressing agricultural resource management issues in arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 109348"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of regulated deficit irrigation regime based on individual fruit weight and quality response to water deficit duration: A case study in tomato","authors":"Xianbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Hui Yang ,&nbsp;Taisheng Du","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water resources scarcity is an important factor limiting agricultural development in arid and semi-arid areas. In addition, arid and semi-arid regions are often accompanied by soil salinization. This suggests that water-saving irrigation is necessary in salinized soils. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is an important water-saving irrigation technology. However, for tomato, which has prolonged flowering period and whose yield and quality are both sensitive to water deficit and salt stress, RDI regime for stabilizing yield and improving quality needs to be further explored, especially for salinized soils. In this study, two soil salinity treatments: S3 (mixed salt was added to the soil at 3 g Kg⁻¹ dry soil) and S5 (mixed salt was added to the soil at 5 g Kg⁻¹ dry soil), and two RDI treatments: W1, 60 % <em>θ</em>_<em>f</em> was set as the upper limit of soil water content during the reproductive growth period; W2, 60 % <em>θ</em>_<em>f</em> was set as the upper limit of soil water content during fruit ripening. The effect of RDI on water consumption, fruit yield and fruit quality of tomato was studied in mildly and moderately salinized soils. The effect of the period water deficit suffered by fruits in salinized soils on their weight and quality was quantified. Clarified the effectiveness of the single crop coefficient approach in the application of RDI for tomato in salinized soils. Water productivity (WP), fruit dry weight (DW), tatal soluble solids (TSS), sugar-acid ratio (SAR), lycopene (Ly) and color index (CI) of tomato were obtained under different RDI scenarios in salinized soils based on tomato flowering pattern, single crop coefficient approach and quantitative relationship between the period water deficit suffered by fruits and their weight and quality. Different RDI scenarios were evaluated to determine the optimal RDI regime through the CRITIC-TOPSIS integrated evaluation method using tomato WP, DW TSS, SAR, Ly, and CI as evaluation indexes. The results of the CRITIC-TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation showed that water deficit carried out 45–75 days after flowering facilitates water saving and quality improvement with yield assurance in mildly and moderately saline soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 109232"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural and energy products trade intensified the water scarcity in the grain and energy base in northern China","authors":"H.W. Huang ,&nbsp;S. Jiang ,&nbsp;S.Y. Zhang ,&nbsp;Y.M. Wang ,&nbsp;J.C. Wang ,&nbsp;X.N. Zhao ,&nbsp;X.R. Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an energy and agricultural product export region that plays a crucial role in Chinese grain and energy security, the grain and energy base in northern China is a widely known ecologically fragile region, suffering from severe water scarcity. This study introduced the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus to assess the impact of agriculture and energy trade on the water stress in the study area. We find that the study area is a virtual water (VW) net outflow area, and the VW outflow with trading of agriculture and energy industry accounts for more than 85 %. The VW mainly flows to economically developed regions or water-abundant regions, which presents a \"poor to rich\" and \"lack to abundant\" situation. Although the implementation of water-saving techniques has improved the water use efficiency of nine research departments in the study area during 2012–2017, it is still lower than the national average, especially in agriculture. The contribution of VW outflow through agriculture trade to water stress is 20 %, while that through energy trade is 5 %. Approaches, such as VW compensation and inter-regional joint production, may be useful to balance national WEF safety. Otherwise, the water shortage in the study area is likely to worsen in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 109208"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}