Deficit irrigation and biochar are important strategies for conserving freshwater resources and improving soil quality in arid, saline-alkaline irrigation districts, yet their effects on the molecular composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) remains insufficiently studied. This study quantified the effects of three biochar rates (0, 15, and 30 t ha⁻¹) and two drip irrigation regimes—full (100 % ETc) and deficit (60 % ETc)—on soil moisture (SM), bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity, pH, total nitrogen (TN), and SOC fractions in sunflower soils. Under deficit irrigation, 15 t ha⁻¹ biochar produced the greatest improvement in soil conditions—raising SM by 20.7 %–30.8 %, water storage by 9.7 %–46.4 %, TN by 5.6 %–16.1 %, and SOC by 16.0 %–59.1 %, while reducing BD by 1.2 %–14.6 %. In contrast, 30 t ha⁻¹ primarily altered SOC fractions, increasing particulate organic carbon (POC) by 1.3 %–59.2 %, causing an initial rise subsequent 11.1 %–35.9 % decline in easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), and producing a short-term increase followed by a decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Under full irrigation, SOC and POC increased with biochar rates, with 30 t ha⁻¹ achieving 21.2 %–95.1 % and 53.4 %–62.8 % higher levels, respectively, than no-biochar soils. Random forest and structural equation modeling showed that biochar rate was the main driver of POC and soil chemical properties exerted stronger controls on EOC and DOC than physical properties. Deficit irrigation combined with biochar improved soil physicochemical properties and enhanced labile carbon stability, with 15 t ha⁻¹ optimizing soil conditions and 30 t ha⁻¹ promoting labile carbon accumulation.
亏缺灌溉和生物炭是干旱盐碱灌区节约淡水资源和改善土壤质量的重要策略，但对土壤有机碳（SOC）分子组成的影响研究尚不充分。本研究量化了三种生物炭率（0、15和30 - 1 - 1）和两种滴灌方式——满（100 %等）和亏（60 %等）对向日葵土壤水分（SM）、容重（BD）、电导率、pH值、总氮（TN）和有机碳组分的影响。亏灌溉下,15 t ha⁻¹ 生物炭生产最大的改善土壤conditions-raising SM 20.7 % % -30.8,水储存9.7 % % -46.4,TN 5.6 % % -16.1,16.0和SOC % % -59.1,同时减少BD 1.2 % % -14.6。相反，30 t ha 主要改变了土壤有机碳（SOC）组分，增加了颗粒物有机碳（POC） 1.3 % -59.2 %，导致易氧化碳（EOC）的初始上升，随后11.1 % -35.9 %下降，并产生短期增加后溶解有机碳（DOC）的减少。在充分灌溉条件下，土壤有机碳和POC随生物炭添加量的增加而增加，30 t ha⁻¹ 的土壤有机碳和POC水平分别比无生物炭土壤高21.2% % - 95.1% %和53.4 % -62.8 %。随机森林模型和结构方程模型表明，生物炭率是POC的主要驱动因素，土壤化学性质对EOC和DOC的控制强于物理性质。亏缺灌溉与生物炭相结合，改善了土壤理化性质，增强了不稳定碳的稳定性，15 t ha⁻¹ 优化了土壤条件，30 t ha⁻¹ 促进了不稳定碳的积累。
{"title":"Synergistic effects of biochar and deficit irrigation on soil properties and organic carbon fractions in arid sunflower farmlands","authors":"Yibo Zhao , Wei Yang , Dongliang Zhang , Zhongyi Qu , Ruxin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deficit irrigation and biochar are important strategies for conserving freshwater resources and improving soil quality in arid, saline-alkaline irrigation districts, yet their effects on the molecular composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) remains insufficiently studied. This study quantified the effects of three biochar rates (0, 15, and 30 t ha⁻¹) and two drip irrigation regimes—full (100 % ETc) and deficit (60 % ETc)—on soil moisture (SM), bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity, pH, total nitrogen (TN), and SOC fractions in sunflower soils. Under deficit irrigation, 15 t ha⁻¹ biochar produced the greatest improvement in soil conditions—raising SM by 20.7 %–30.8 %, water storage by 9.7 %–46.4 %, TN by 5.6 %–16.1 %, and SOC by 16.0 %–59.1 %, while reducing BD by 1.2 %–14.6 %. In contrast, 30 t ha⁻¹ primarily altered SOC fractions, increasing particulate organic carbon (POC) by 1.3 %–59.2 %, causing an initial rise subsequent 11.1 %–35.9 % decline in easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), and producing a short-term increase followed by a decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Under full irrigation, SOC and POC increased with biochar rates, with 30 t ha⁻¹ achieving 21.2 %–95.1 % and 53.4 %–62.8 % higher levels, respectively, than no-biochar soils. Random forest and structural equation modeling showed that biochar rate was the main driver of POC and soil chemical properties exerted stronger controls on EOC and DOC than physical properties. Deficit irrigation combined with biochar improved soil physicochemical properties and enhanced labile carbon stability, with 15 t ha⁻¹ optimizing soil conditions and 30 t ha⁻¹ promoting labile carbon accumulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 110115"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110095
Congze Jiang , Kaiquan Wei , Kaiyun Xie , An Yan , Xingfa Lai , Yuying Shen , Xianlong Yang
Improving agroecosystem sustainability requires optimizing water and nitrogen use efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. A two-year field study (2022–2023) was conducted on China’s Loess Plateau to investigate the effects of three mulching practices (black film, white film, and no mulching) combined with four nitrogen management strategies (conventional urea at 270 kg N ha⁻¹, optimized urea at 200 kg N ha⁻¹, and controlled-release urea at 170 and 140 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil hydrothermal dynamics, total dry matter production (DMP), evapotranspiration (ETc act), water productivity (WP), and nitrogen use efficiency. White film mulching significantly improved the early-season soil thermal environment compared to no mulching. Crucially, film mulching substantially enhanced DMP and multifunctional water WP without increasing seasonal ETc act. White film, in particular, achieved the highest DMP and water productivity metrics among all treatments. The 170 kg N ha⁻¹ controlled-release urea fertilization maintained yield while reducing N input by 37 %, decreasing soil nitrate N accumulation by over 60 %, and enhancing partial factor productivity of N (PFPN). Structural equation modeling indicated that improving soil hydrothermal conditions and regulating evapotranspiration were key factors associated with synergistic improvements in WP and PFPN. The combination of white film mulching and reduced-dose controlled-release urea (170 kg N ha⁻¹) offers an effective strategy to enhance WP and support yield stability in water-limited agroecosystems. These results provide a practical management strategy for sustainable agricultural intensification in semi-arid, rainfed agroecosystems.
提高农业生态系统的可持续性需要优化水和氮的利用效率，同时尽量减少对环境的影响。在中国黄土高原进行了为期两年的实地研究（2022-2023），研究了三种覆盖方式（黑膜、白膜和不覆盖）与四种氮素管理策略（常规尿素270 kg N ha⁻¹，优化尿素200 kg N ha⁻¹，控释尿素170和140 kg N ha⁻¹）对土壤热液动力学、总干物质产量（DMP）、蒸散发（ETc act）、水分生产力（WP）和氮利用效率的影响。与不覆盖相比，覆盖白膜显著改善了季前土壤热环境。重要的是，覆膜显著提高了DMP和多功能水WP，而不增加季节性ETc行为。在所有处理中，白膜的DMP和水分生产力指标达到最高。170 kg N ha⁻¹ 控释尿素在保持产量的同时，减少了37 %的N输入，减少了60 %以上的土壤硝态氮积累，提高了N的部分要素生产率（PFPN）。结构方程模型表明，改善土壤热液条件和调节土壤蒸散量是土壤水分和土壤养分协同改善的关键因素。白膜覆盖与减少剂量控释尿素（170 kg N ha⁻1）相结合，是在水资源有限的农业生态系统中提高WP和支持产量稳定的有效策略。这些结果为半干旱、雨养农业生态系统的可持续农业集约化提供了切实可行的管理策略。
{"title":"White film mulching combined with controlled-release urea boosts yield, water productivity and N-use efficiency of forage maize in semi-arid agroecosystems","authors":"Congze Jiang , Kaiquan Wei , Kaiyun Xie , An Yan , Xingfa Lai , Yuying Shen , Xianlong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving agroecosystem sustainability requires optimizing water and nitrogen use efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. A two-year field study (2022–2023) was conducted on China’s Loess Plateau to investigate the effects of three mulching practices (black film, white film, and no mulching) combined with four nitrogen management strategies (conventional urea at 270 kg N ha⁻¹, optimized urea at 200 kg N ha⁻¹, and controlled-release urea at 170 and 140 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil hydrothermal dynamics, total dry matter production (DMP), evapotranspiration (ET<sub>c act</sub>), water productivity (WP), and nitrogen use efficiency. White film mulching significantly improved the early-season soil thermal environment compared to no mulching. Crucially, film mulching substantially enhanced DMP and multifunctional water WP without increasing seasonal ET<sub>c act</sub>. White film, in particular, achieved the highest DMP and water productivity metrics among all treatments. The 170 kg N ha⁻¹ controlled-release urea fertilization maintained yield while reducing N input by 37 %, decreasing soil nitrate N accumulation by over 60 %, and enhancing partial factor productivity of N (PFP<sub>N</sub>). Structural equation modeling indicated that improving soil hydrothermal conditions and regulating evapotranspiration were key factors associated with synergistic improvements in WP and PFP<sub>N</sub>. The combination of white film mulching and reduced-dose controlled-release urea (170 kg N ha⁻¹) offers an effective strategy to enhance WP and support yield stability in water-limited agroecosystems. These results provide a practical management strategy for sustainable agricultural intensification in semi-arid, rainfed agroecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110095"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110090
Chenyang Wang , Liqiong Yang , Fengxian Chen
Understanding microbial transport in the vadose zone under transient flow conditions (such as irrigation and rainfall) is crucial for quantifying soil microbial behaviors, regulating the microbe-mediated belowground processes, and reducing the spread of pathogenic bacteria in soil environment. In this study, we investigated the impact of transient flow on the co-transport of a model bacterium (E. coli 652T7) and a model virus (MS2) in unsaturated soils. More E. coli 652T7 and MS2 broke through the soil under the transient flow condition than under the steady-state flow conditions. At low ionic strength (5 mM), the facilitating transient flow effect was 1.5 times larger for the microsized E. coli 652T7 than for the nanosized MS2 in terms of the maximum relative concentrations of the microorganisms in the effluent. However, this particle size dependent effect of transient flow diminished after the solution ionic strength increased from 5 mM to 20 mM with the increased size of the microorganisms (from 0.74 ± 0.09 µm to 1.54 ± 0.19 µm for E. coli 652T7 and from 0.28 ± 0.09 µm to 0.54 ± 0.09 µm for MS2). This result is attributed to the counteracting effects of electrostatic forces (increasing microbial retention as ionic strength increases) and hydrodynamic forces (decreasing microbial retention due to scouring by mobile air-water interfaces). In addition, the transient flow facilitated transport was 1.8 times larger for the aggregated MS2 under 20 mM than the non-aggregated MS2 under 5 mM. The data indicate that the mobility of colloids with size of 560 nm is most sensitive to the change in hydrodynamic forces. Our research results imply that wetting and drying cycles could significantly change the spatial patterns of microbial community in soils.
{"title":"Microbial particle size mediated effects of transient flow on the transport of bacteria and viruses through unsaturated soil","authors":"Chenyang Wang , Liqiong Yang , Fengxian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding microbial transport in the vadose zone under transient flow conditions (such as irrigation and rainfall) is crucial for quantifying soil microbial behaviors, regulating the microbe-mediated belowground processes, and reducing the spread of pathogenic bacteria in soil environment. In this study, we investigated the impact of transient flow on the co-transport of a model bacterium (<em>E. coli</em> 652T7) and a model virus (MS2) in unsaturated soils. More <em>E. coli</em> 652T7 and MS2 broke through the soil under the transient flow condition than under the steady-state flow conditions. At low ionic strength (5 mM), the facilitating transient flow effect was 1.5 times larger for the microsized <em>E. coli</em> 652T7 than for the nanosized MS2 in terms of the maximum relative concentrations of the microorganisms in the effluent. However, this particle size dependent effect of transient flow diminished after the solution ionic strength increased from 5 mM to 20 mM with the increased size of the microorganisms (from 0.74 ± 0.09 µm to 1.54 ± 0.19 µm for <em>E. coli</em> 652T7 and from 0.28 ± 0.09 µm to 0.54 ± 0.09 µm for MS2). This result is attributed to the counteracting effects of electrostatic forces (increasing microbial retention as ionic strength increases) and hydrodynamic forces (decreasing microbial retention due to scouring by mobile air-water interfaces). In addition, the transient flow facilitated transport was 1.8 times larger for the aggregated MS2 under 20 mM than the non-aggregated MS2 under 5 mM. The data indicate that the mobility of colloids with size of 560 nm is most sensitive to the change in hydrodynamic forces. Our research results imply that wetting and drying cycles could significantly change the spatial patterns of microbial community in soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110090"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110111
Songping Yu , Yanhui Wang , Qi Wang , Zebin Liu , Lihong Xu , Yang Chao , Xin Ma
An accurate quantification of forest vertical transpiration (T) is essential for sustainable forestry in water-limited areas. This study established 72 temporary plots of larch plantations to characterise the site and vegetation attributes (i.e., elevation, slope aspect, stand age, and stand density) and to measure the stratified (i.e., tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer) leaf area index (LAI). Additionally, three permanent plots were established to monitor stratified transpiration during the growing season of 2021 and 2022, together with reference evapotranspiration (ETo), relative soil water content (RSWC), and LAIs of each vertical layer. The results showed that the developed stratified LAI models, coupling elevation, slope aspect, age, density, and upper shading, could effectively capture layer relationships and site-stand influences. Accordingly, stratified T models incorporating these LAI effects were further developed. Integrating these models enabled quantification of vertical stand structure effects on T. Simulations across three permanent plots with varying site and vegetation characteristics revealed that maintaining an identical stand T (e.g., 0.8 mm·d−1) required different stand densities across plots due to divergent site and stand attributes. Under climate change (e.g., 15 % ETo rise), site-specific LAI stratification became essential to maintain the target T. Although a 31 %–32 %, 27 %–28 %, and 15 %–16 % reduction in stand density achieved LAI control under current, 25 % reduced, and 50 % reduced soil water conditions, respectively, the optimal vertical distribution of LAI still varied significantly across plots, underscoring the need for precise, location-specific management strategies. This study elucidates how dynamics of vertical stand structure modulate forest transpiration under different site/vegetation conditions and provides a theoretical basis for the site- and stand-specific forest-water management.
{"title":"How vertical stand structure shapes transpiration in larch plantations: Implications for the integrated forest-water management","authors":"Songping Yu , Yanhui Wang , Qi Wang , Zebin Liu , Lihong Xu , Yang Chao , Xin Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An accurate quantification of forest vertical transpiration (T) is essential for sustainable forestry in water-limited areas. This study established 72 temporary plots of larch plantations to characterise the site and vegetation attributes (i.e., elevation, slope aspect, stand age, and stand density) and to measure the stratified (i.e., tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer) leaf area index (LAI). Additionally, three permanent plots were established to monitor stratified transpiration during the growing season of 2021 and 2022, together with reference evapotranspiration (ET<sub>o</sub>), relative soil water content (RSWC), and LAIs of each vertical layer. The results showed that the developed stratified LAI models, coupling elevation, slope aspect, age, density, and upper shading, could effectively capture layer relationships and site-stand influences. Accordingly, stratified T models incorporating these LAI effects were further developed. Integrating these models enabled quantification of vertical stand structure effects on T. Simulations across three permanent plots with varying site and vegetation characteristics revealed that maintaining an identical stand T (e.g., 0.8 mm·d<sup>−1</sup>) required different stand densities across plots due to divergent site and stand attributes. Under climate change (e.g., 15 % ET<sub>o</sub> rise), site-specific LAI stratification became essential to maintain the target T. Although a 31 %–32 %, 27 %–28 %, and 15 %–16 % reduction in stand density achieved LAI control under current, 25 % reduced, and 50 % reduced soil water conditions, respectively, the optimal vertical distribution of LAI still varied significantly across plots, underscoring the need for precise, location-specific management strategies. This study elucidates how dynamics of vertical stand structure modulate forest transpiration under different site/vegetation conditions and provides a theoretical basis for the site- and stand-specific forest-water management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110111"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110094
Na Chen , Yanlei Feng , Na Wang , Jevan Yu , Mohammad Reza Alizadeh , Yifeng Cui , Ning Ye , Wenzhe Jiao , Joshua B. Fisher , César Terrer
Accurate and timely monitoring of crop water stress is essential for efficient agricultural water management, ultimately maintaining and improving crop productivity. While Landsat has been used for this purpose, its temporal resolution hampers timely detection of crop water stress. The recently released Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 Version 2.0 dataset, which enables a higher-frequency time series of satellite observations (2–3 days, 30 m), offers a promising solution to this challenge. However, its potential for crop stress monitoring remained unexplored. In this study, we utilized 923 HLS satellite tiles to assess crop water stress across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Crop water stress was monitored by analyzing normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) time series through applying the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend Monitor (BFAST monitor) and random forest models. We used HLS data from 2016 to 2019 as the historical period, and data from 2020, a year marked by intense droughts, as the monitoring period. We used stratified random points interpreted from Standardized Precipitation Index based drought products to validate the crop water stress alerts. Our results show that HLS data enables near-real-time alerts of crop water stress with an overall accuracy of water stress of 74.0 % and kappa coefficient of 0.48. We mapped approximately 12.3 Mha of water-stressed crops across the CONUS from March to August 2020, identifying around 3.8 million crop water stress events. Among these events, nearly 41.8 % affected areas smaller than 0.5 ha. Major crop water stress events (≥ 5 ha) were the least frequent, making up 10.0 % of events, yet they dominated in terms of area, affecting 74.2 % of the total mapped extent. For temporal accuracy, the mean time lag of detected crop water stress across the CONUS using HLS data is approximately 9 days. Our detected crop water stress demonstrates the feasibility of HLS data for providing timely crop water stress monitoring at a national scale. This highlights the potential of HLS-based monitoring to inform precision irrigation and support sustainable agricultural water resource management.
准确和及时地监测作物水分胁迫对于有效的农业水资源管理，最终保持和提高作物生产力至关重要。虽然Landsat已被用于这一目的，但其时间分辨率妨碍了及时检测作物水分胁迫。最近发布的Harmonized Landsat和Sentinel-2 2.0版本数据集实现了更高频率的卫星观测时间序列（2-3天，30 m），为这一挑战提供了一个有希望的解决方案。然而，它在作物胁迫监测方面的潜力仍未得到开发。在这项研究中，我们利用923个HLS卫星瓦片来评估美国相邻地区（CONUS）的作物水分胁迫。采用BFAST （breaksforadditive Season and Trend Monitor）和随机森林模型，分析归一化水分指数（NDMI）时间序列，对作物水分胁迫进行监测。我们将2016年至2019年的HLS数据作为历史时期，并将2020年的数据作为监测时期，这一年是严重干旱的一年。我们使用基于标准化降水指数的干旱产品解释的分层随机点来验证作物水分胁迫警报。结果表明，HLS数据能够实现作物水分胁迫的近实时预警，水分胁迫的总体精度为74.0 %，kappa系数为0.48。从2020年3月到8月，我们绘制了大约1230万公顷的缺水作物分布图，确定了大约380万次作物水分胁迫事件。在这些事件中，近41.8% %的影响面积小于0.5 ha。主要作物水分胁迫事件（≥5 ha）发生频率最低，占10.0 %，但在面积上占主导地位，影响总面积的74.2 %。在时间精度方面，使用HLS数据检测作物水分胁迫的平均滞后时间约为9天。我们检测到的作物水分胁迫证明了HLS数据在全国范围内提供及时的作物水分胁迫监测的可行性。这凸显了基于hls的监测在为精准灌溉提供信息和支持可持续农业水资源管理方面的潜力。
{"title":"High spatiotemporal resolution monitoring of crop water stress across the contiguous United States using Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data","authors":"Na Chen , Yanlei Feng , Na Wang , Jevan Yu , Mohammad Reza Alizadeh , Yifeng Cui , Ning Ye , Wenzhe Jiao , Joshua B. Fisher , César Terrer","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and timely monitoring of crop water stress is essential for efficient agricultural water management, ultimately maintaining and improving crop productivity. While Landsat has been used for this purpose, its temporal resolution hampers timely detection of crop water stress. The recently released Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 Version 2.0 dataset, which enables a higher-frequency time series of satellite observations (2–3 days, 30 m), offers a promising solution to this challenge. However, its potential for crop stress monitoring remained unexplored. In this study, we utilized 923 HLS satellite tiles to assess crop water stress across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Crop water stress was monitored by analyzing normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) time series through applying the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend Monitor (BFAST monitor) and random forest models. We used HLS data from 2016 to 2019 as the historical period, and data from 2020, a year marked by intense droughts, as the monitoring period. We used stratified random points interpreted from Standardized Precipitation Index based drought products to validate the crop water stress alerts. Our results show that HLS data enables near-real-time alerts of crop water stress with an overall accuracy of water stress of 74.0 % and kappa coefficient of 0.48. We mapped approximately 12.3 Mha of water-stressed crops across the CONUS from March to August 2020, identifying around 3.8 million crop water stress events. Among these events, nearly 41.8 % affected areas smaller than 0.5 ha. Major crop water stress events (≥ 5 ha) were the least frequent, making up 10.0 % of events, yet they dominated in terms of area, affecting 74.2 % of the total mapped extent. For temporal accuracy, the mean time lag of detected crop water stress across the CONUS using HLS data is approximately 9 days. Our detected crop water stress demonstrates the feasibility of HLS data for providing timely crop water stress monitoring at a national scale. This highlights the potential of HLS-based monitoring to inform precision irrigation and support sustainable agricultural water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110094"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improving water productivity (WP) is critical for maize production. Delaying the application of plant growth retardants (PGRs) from V7 (7th leaf collar visible) to V14 can simultaneously enhance maize yield and lodging resistance. However, the effects of delaying PGRs on maize WP are still unclear. A three-year field experiment was conducted by applying EC (a mixture of ethephon and cycocel) at V7 (TV7) and V14 (TV14), respectively, to clarify the effects of EC on plant architecture, root system architecture, water consumption, and yield in maize. Over three years, TV7 significantly reduced plant height, ear height, and leaf area index (LAI), while TV14 only significantly reduced plant height but almost did not reduce ear height or LAI. Specially, TV7 mainly reduced the area of functional leaves that were around ear, which resulted in lower biomass and yield. In contrast, TV14 shortened the distance between upper leaves and ear, which increased proportion of assimilates partitioned to grains (15.76 %) and grain yield (20.92 %) compared with CK. Additionally, both TV7 and TV14 promoted root growth, showing higher root length, root surface area, especially for TV7. However, the increased root did not increase maize evapotranspiration. Partial least squares analysis and correlation analysis demonstrated that reduced LAI was beneficial to reducing water consumption during the maize growth period. Finally, WP was increased by 24.88 % under TV14 compared with CK. Collectively, these findings provided a pathway to improve maize yield and WP simultaneously.
{"title":"Delaying the application of plant growth retardant can simultaneously increase maize yield and water productivity","authors":"Yanhua Jiang, Jianhong Ren, Lingxin Shi, Zhiyi Tang, Wenwen Han, Yarong Zhang, Xinru Zhang, Guangzhou Liu, Xiong Du, Yanhong Cui, Zhen Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving water productivity (WP) is critical for maize production. Delaying the application of plant growth retardants (PGRs) from V7 (7th leaf collar visible) to V14 can simultaneously enhance maize yield and lodging resistance. However, the effects of delaying PGRs on maize WP are still unclear. A three-year field experiment was conducted by applying EC (a mixture of ethephon and cycocel) at V7 (TV7) and V14 (TV14), respectively, to clarify the effects of EC on plant architecture, root system architecture, water consumption, and yield in maize. Over three years, TV7 significantly reduced plant height, ear height, and leaf area index (LAI), while TV14 only significantly reduced plant height but almost did not reduce ear height or LAI. Specially, TV7 mainly reduced the area of functional leaves that were around ear, which resulted in lower biomass and yield. In contrast, TV14 shortened the distance between upper leaves and ear, which increased proportion of assimilates partitioned to grains (15.76 %) and grain yield (20.92 %) compared with CK. Additionally, both TV7 and TV14 promoted root growth, showing higher root length, root surface area, especially for TV7. However, the increased root did not increase maize evapotranspiration. Partial least squares analysis and correlation analysis demonstrated that reduced LAI was beneficial to reducing water consumption during the maize growth period. Finally, WP was increased by 24.88 % under TV14 compared with CK. Collectively, these findings provided a pathway to improve maize yield and WP simultaneously.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110096"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110070
Tim Hess, Hannah Martin, Ewan Gage, Natalia Falagán
The environmental impact of the UK fresh apple supply chain depends on the sourcing locations. This paper examines the contribution of production, storage, processing, and transport to evaluate the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and blue water scarcity footprint of the main sources of apple supply to the UK (2016 – 2025). Domestic production accounted for 38 % of supply, with imports from the rest of Europe (e.g. France, Italy, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, Spain) representing for 37 % and most of the remainder from southern hemisphere countries, such as South Africa (12 %), New Zealand (7 %) and Chile (5 %). Our results revealed that GHGE at the orchard stage for UK, European, and Chilean apples are similar. During postharvest, cold storage is the main contributor for GHGE, which were 40 % lower in northern hemisphere countries compared to maritime shipping stages for the southern hemisphere areas. Transport emissions are affected by international travel distances. South Africa and Spain presented the highest blue water consumption (BWC) as well as blue water scarcity footprint. We found that blue water scarcity footprints are negligible where apple production is rainfed. The results suggest that in order to mitigate GHGE, energy mixes need to be improved as well as cold storage technologies. For water footprint, implementing infrastructural changes is paramount. These results can help as decision making tool to define new sourcing strategies that can minimise environmental impacts. This assessment also highlights limitations in methodology, including inconsistent approaches in GHGE assessment, and underscores the need for standardised methodologies, emphasises the role of externalities, and highlights the importance of considering economic and social factors in assessing environmental trade-offs in apple supply chains.
{"title":"How green are my apples? The greenhouse gas emissions and blue water scarcity footprint of fresh apple supply chain","authors":"Tim Hess, Hannah Martin, Ewan Gage, Natalia Falagán","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The environmental impact of the UK fresh apple supply chain depends on the sourcing locations. This paper examines the contribution of production, storage, processing, and transport to evaluate the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and blue water scarcity footprint of the main sources of apple supply to the UK (2016 – 2025). Domestic production accounted for 38 % of supply, with imports from the rest of Europe (e.g. France, Italy, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, Spain) representing for 37 % and most of the remainder from southern hemisphere countries, such as South Africa (12 %), New Zealand (7 %) and Chile (5 %). Our results revealed that GHGE at the orchard stage for UK, European, and Chilean apples are similar. During postharvest, cold storage is the main contributor for GHGE, which were 40 % lower in northern hemisphere countries compared to maritime shipping stages for the southern hemisphere areas. Transport emissions are affected by international travel distances. South Africa and Spain presented the highest blue water consumption (BWC) as well as blue water scarcity footprint. We found that blue water scarcity footprints are negligible where apple production is rainfed. The results suggest that in order to mitigate GHGE, energy mixes need to be improved as well as cold storage technologies. For water footprint, implementing infrastructural changes is paramount. These results can help as decision making tool to define new sourcing strategies that can minimise environmental impacts. This assessment also highlights limitations in methodology, including inconsistent approaches in GHGE assessment, and underscores the need for standardised methodologies, emphasises the role of externalities, and highlights the importance of considering economic and social factors in assessing environmental trade-offs in apple supply chains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110070"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110102
Lei Wen , Shuolei Yu , Zhenqi Liao , Mahmood Hemat , Jiang Yu , Fucang Zhang , Zhijun Li , Junliang Fan
Intercropping is widely recognized as an effective strategy for enhancing resource use efficiency and promoting agricultural sustainability. However, the synergistic effects of row configuration and nitrogen application on system productivity and resource use efficiency in maize/soybean intercropping system remain poorly understood. A two-year field experiment (2022–2023) was conducted to evaluate plant growth, grain yield, water, nitrogen and land use efficiencies, as well as economic profits of maize/soybean strip intercropping system in response to various row configurations (M2S2: two maize rows with two soybean rows, M2S4: two maize rows with four soybean rows, M4S4: four maize rows with four soybean rows, MM: maize monocropping, S: soybean monocropping) and maize nitrogen application levels (N0: 0 kg·ha−1, N1: 150 kg·ha−1, N2: 250 kg·ha−1). The results showed that M2S4 configuration effectively alleviated the shading stress on soybean and optimized canopy structure, while N1 enhanced biomass accumulation, stem strength, and lodging resistance, together maximizing intercropping advantages. Across all intercropping treatments, system yields increased by 7.16 %–23.36 % compared with monocropping. The highest yield was obtained under N1 + M2S2 (7647.66 kg·ha−1) in 2022, with N1 + M2S4 producing a slightly lower yield (7274.50 kg·ha−1), whereas N1 + M2S4 achieved the highest system yield in 2023 (7704.24 kg·ha−1). Although intercropping generally reduced water productivity relative to monocropping, optimization of row configuration effectively mitigated this effect. All intercropping patterns exhibited land equivalent ratios and water equivalent ratios greater than 1. Among treatments, N1 + M2S4 consistently performed best in terms of system yield, water productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, land equivalent ratio, and economic returns, indicating a strong synergy between spatial arrangement and nutrient management. Economically, N1 + M2S2 yielded the highest profit in 2022 (11,970.6 CNY·ha−1), only 4.4 % higher than that of N1 + M2S4, whereas N1 + M2S4 generated the maximum profit in 2023 (13,395.58 CNY·ha−1), demonstrating its stable economic advantage. Overall, considering productivity, resource use efficiency, economic returns and mechanization feasibility, N1 + M2S4 was identified as the optimal strategy for sustainable maize/soybean intercropping production on the Loess Plateau of China.
{"title":"Synergistic effects of row configuration and nitrogen level on water utilization and system productivity in maize/soybean strip intercropping system on the Loess Plateau of China","authors":"Lei Wen , Shuolei Yu , Zhenqi Liao , Mahmood Hemat , Jiang Yu , Fucang Zhang , Zhijun Li , Junliang Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intercropping is widely recognized as an effective strategy for enhancing resource use efficiency and promoting agricultural sustainability. However, the synergistic effects of row configuration and nitrogen application on system productivity and resource use efficiency in maize/soybean intercropping system remain poorly understood. A two-year field experiment (2022–2023) was conducted to evaluate plant growth, grain yield, water, nitrogen and land use efficiencies, as well as economic profits of maize/soybean strip intercropping system in response to various row configurations (M2S2: two maize rows with two soybean rows, M2S4: two maize rows with four soybean rows, M4S4: four maize rows with four soybean rows, MM: maize monocropping, S: soybean monocropping) and maize nitrogen application levels (N0: 0 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>, N1: 150 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>, N2: 250 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>). The results showed that M2S4 configuration effectively alleviated the shading stress on soybean and optimized canopy structure, while N1 enhanced biomass accumulation, stem strength, and lodging resistance, together maximizing intercropping advantages. Across all intercropping treatments, system yields increased by 7.16 %–23.36 % compared with monocropping. The highest yield was obtained under N1 + M2S2 (7647.66 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>) in 2022, with N1 + M2S4 producing a slightly lower yield (7274.50 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>), whereas N1 + M2S4 achieved the highest system yield in 2023 (7704.24 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>). Although intercropping generally reduced water productivity relative to monocropping, optimization of row configuration effectively mitigated this effect. All intercropping patterns exhibited land equivalent ratios and water equivalent ratios greater than 1. Among treatments, N1 + M2S4 consistently performed best in terms of system yield, water productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, land equivalent ratio, and economic returns, indicating a strong synergy between spatial arrangement and nutrient management. Economically, N1 + M2S2 yielded the highest profit in 2022 (11,970.6 CNY·ha<sup>−1</sup>), only 4.4 % higher than that of N1 + M2S4, whereas N1 + M2S4 generated the maximum profit in 2023 (13,395.58 CNY·ha<sup>−1</sup>), demonstrating its stable economic advantage. Overall, considering productivity, resource use efficiency, economic returns and mechanization feasibility, N1 + M2S4 was identified as the optimal strategy for sustainable maize/soybean intercropping production on the Loess Plateau of China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110102"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110104
Seth N. Linga , Ahmed El-Naggar , László Hayde , Assela Pathirana
Inefficient irrigation management leads to suboptimal water distribution, exacerbating inequities between upstream and downstream users and constrains agricultural productivity. We address this challenge by developing an optimization model to improve gate operations in the Talibon small reservoir irrigation system, Philippines. Using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), we simulate the hydrodynamics along the main canal and integrate it with SWMM5-EA, an evolutionary algorithm-based optimization tool, to determine optimal opening and closing of gates for equitable water allocation. The modeled traditional operation yielded excessive upstream withdrawals and downstream deficits. After optimizing the gate hours, the new operation reduced overall irrigation deficits by 89.7%, conserving about 1.95 million cubic meters of water by preventing over-irrigation. This study offers practitioners a scalable decision-support tool to balance equity and efficiency and determine the ideal operational management in the infrastructural modernization of irrigation systems.
{"title":"Optimizing irrigation gate operations using evolutionary algorithms: Talibon SRIS case study","authors":"Seth N. Linga , Ahmed El-Naggar , László Hayde , Assela Pathirana","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inefficient irrigation management leads to suboptimal water distribution, exacerbating inequities between upstream and downstream users and constrains agricultural productivity. We address this challenge by developing an optimization model to improve gate operations in the Talibon small reservoir irrigation system, Philippines. Using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), we simulate the hydrodynamics along the main canal and integrate it with SWMM5-EA, an evolutionary algorithm-based optimization tool, to determine optimal opening and closing of gates for equitable water allocation. The modeled traditional operation yielded excessive upstream withdrawals and downstream deficits. After optimizing the gate hours, the new operation reduced overall irrigation deficits by 89.7%, conserving about 1.95 million cubic meters of water by preventing over-irrigation. This study offers practitioners a scalable decision-support tool to balance equity and efficiency and determine the ideal operational management in the infrastructural modernization of irrigation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110104"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110103
Donghua Liu , Peng Chen , Ting Zhang , Tingyu Liu , Miaomaio Ye , Chunxi Li , Lina Jiang , Deqi Zhang , Shengxiu Ge , Xingying Chen , Jianhui Ma
The dual challenges of ensuring food security and achieving carbon neutrality are placing increasing pressure on the sustainability of agricultural development. Agriculture is a significant source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and irrigation and fertilization management are critical factors that influence GHG emissions from farmland. Thus, a field experiment was conducted for two years to evaluate the effects of drip irrigation and flood irrigation combined with different nitrogen application rates (N1: 120 kg ha−1, N2: 240 kg ha−1, and N3: 300 kg ha−1) on the wheat yield, GHG emissions, and net eco-economic benefits. Compared with flood irrigation, drip irrigation reduced the N2O and CO2 emission fluxes, and enhanced CH4 uptake, with only a marginal yield reduction. Economic analysis indicated that drip irrigation combined with N2 reduced the production inputs and carbon emission costs, improving the net eco-economic benefits. Under drip irrigation, moderate nitrogen application (240 kg ha−1) achieved the best balance among yield, emission reduction and economic benefits. These results highlight the potential of integrated water and nitrogen management for regulating soil conditions and microbial activity, thereby helping to reduce GHG emissions from farmland. These findings provide practical insights to facilitate the promotion of low-carbon agriculture practices, as well as a valuable reference for policy-making and decision-making under the goal of sustainable agricultural intensification. Future research should focus on long-term multi-site research and also consider soil carbon dynamics to refine farmland carbon footprint assessments and support carbon neutrality goals.
确保粮食安全和实现碳中和的双重挑战正在给农业发展的可持续性带来越来越大的压力。农业是全球温室气体排放的重要来源，灌溉和施肥管理是影响农田温室气体排放的关键因素。为此，通过2年的田间试验，评价了滴灌和洪灌配合不同施氮量（N1: 120 kg ha - 1、N2: 240 kg ha - 1和N3: 300 kg ha - 1）对小麦产量、温室气体排放和净生态经济效益的影响。与漫灌相比，滴灌降低了N2O和CO2的排放通量，增加了CH4的吸收，但产量仅略有下降。经济分析表明，滴灌与N2结合降低了生产投入和碳排放成本，提高了净生态经济效益。滴灌条件下，适量施氮（240 kg ha−1）可达到产量、减排和经济效益的最佳平衡。这些结果强调了水氮综合管理在调节土壤条件和微生物活动方面的潜力，从而有助于减少农田温室气体排放。这些研究结果为促进低碳农业实践提供了实践见解，也为农业可持续集约化目标下的政策制定和决策提供了有价值的参考。未来的研究应侧重于长期的多站点研究，并考虑土壤碳动态，以完善农田碳足迹评估，支持碳中和目标。
{"title":"Optimizing water-fertilizer management to regulate soil environment can reduce greenhouse effect and enhance net eco-economic efficiency of wheat production","authors":"Donghua Liu , Peng Chen , Ting Zhang , Tingyu Liu , Miaomaio Ye , Chunxi Li , Lina Jiang , Deqi Zhang , Shengxiu Ge , Xingying Chen , Jianhui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dual challenges of ensuring food security and achieving carbon neutrality are placing increasing pressure on the sustainability of agricultural development. Agriculture is a significant source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and irrigation and fertilization management are critical factors that influence GHG emissions from farmland. Thus, a field experiment was conducted for two years to evaluate the effects of drip irrigation and flood irrigation combined with different nitrogen application rates (N1: 120 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, N2: 240 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, and N3: 300 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) on the wheat yield, GHG emissions, and net eco-economic benefits. Compared with flood irrigation, drip irrigation reduced the N<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> emission fluxes, and enhanced CH<sub>4</sub> uptake, with only a marginal yield reduction. Economic analysis indicated that drip irrigation combined with N2 reduced the production inputs and carbon emission costs, improving the net eco-economic benefits. Under drip irrigation, moderate nitrogen application (240 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) achieved the best balance among yield, emission reduction and economic benefits. These results highlight the potential of integrated water and nitrogen management for regulating soil conditions and microbial activity, thereby helping to reduce GHG emissions from farmland. These findings provide practical insights to facilitate the promotion of low-carbon agriculture practices, as well as a valuable reference for policy-making and decision-making under the goal of sustainable agricultural intensification. Future research should focus on long-term multi-site research and also consider soil carbon dynamics to refine farmland carbon footprint assessments and support carbon neutrality goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 110103"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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