Neuri Carneiro Machado, A. F. Fonseca, F. P. Chaimsohn, Flavia Biassio Riferte
Adoption of agroforestry systems (AFS) for yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) production contributes to improvement of soil quality due to intense litterfall input. This study aimed (i) to quantify the litterfall input and its nutrients, as well as soil fertility attributes in yerba mate AFS (ii) to discriminate which soil fertility attributes and litterfall nutrients enabled differentiation of yerba mate AFS and (iii) to verify relations between the soil fertility attributes and nutrients supplied. Six yerba mate AFS were studied in three different soils in the Center-South region of Parana State, Brazil. The canonical discriminant analysis was applied to the soil fertility attributes, for the 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers; and for the nutrients annual input. The study of the relation between the nutrient input and nutrients soil content was carried out through the canonical correlation analysis. Litterfall input varied from 7132 to 9402 kg ha-1 year-1, and showed an important source of nutrients. Copper and aluminum soil content were the variables responsible for differentiating AFS, by canonical discriminant analysis. There was strait relation between calcium, magnesium, copper, manganese and zinc input and these nutrients content in the soil in yerba mate AFS. Key words: Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill., discriminant analysis, variable charge soils.
由于大量的凋落物投入，采用农林复合系统(AFS)生产马茶(巴拉圭冬青)有助于改善土壤质量。本研究旨在(1)量化马茶AFS的凋落物输入及其养分，以及土壤肥力属性;(2)区分哪些土壤肥力属性和凋落物养分能促进马茶AFS的分化;(3)验证土壤肥力属性与养分供应之间的关系。在巴西巴拉那州中南部地区的3种不同土壤中研究了6种马茶AFS。对0-5、5-10、10-20和20-40 cm土层的土壤肥力属性进行典型判别分析;以及每年的养分投入。通过典型相关分析，研究了养分输入与土壤养分含量之间的关系。凋落物投入量在7132 ~ 9402 kg hm -1年之间变化，是重要的养分来源。通过典型判别分析，土壤铜和铝含量是判别AFS的主要变量。马茶栽培土壤中钙、镁、铜、锰、锌的输入量与这些养分含量呈极显著正相关。关键词:巴拉圭冬青;判别分析，变电荷土壤。
{"title":"Litterfall production, nutrient input and soil fertility in yerba-mate agroforestry systems","authors":"Neuri Carneiro Machado, A. F. Fonseca, F. P. Chaimsohn, Flavia Biassio Riferte","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2068","url":null,"abstract":"Adoption of agroforestry systems (AFS) for yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) production contributes to improvement of soil quality due to intense litterfall input. This study aimed (i) to quantify the litterfall input and its nutrients, as well as soil fertility attributes in yerba mate AFS (ii) to discriminate which soil fertility attributes and litterfall nutrients enabled differentiation of yerba mate AFS and (iii) to verify relations between the soil fertility attributes and nutrients supplied. Six yerba mate AFS were studied in three different soils in the Center-South region of Parana State, Brazil. The canonical discriminant analysis was applied to the soil fertility attributes, for the 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers; and for the nutrients annual input. The study of the relation between the nutrient input and nutrients soil content was carried out through the canonical correlation analysis. Litterfall input varied from 7132 to 9402 kg ha-1 year-1, and showed an important source of nutrients. Copper and aluminum soil content were the variables responsible for differentiating AFS, by canonical discriminant analysis. There was strait relation between calcium, magnesium, copper, manganese and zinc input and these nutrients content in the soil in yerba mate AFS. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill., discriminant analysis, variable charge soils.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"113 1","pages":"100-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89546536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Adigwe, J. Ibrahim, Aisha Halilu Buhari, K. A. Muhammed, R. A. Kirim, A. Danraka, H. Egharevba
Maerua angolensis DC is a medicinal plant widely used in ethnomedicine in northern Nigeria. It is used to treat disease conditions like skin infections, sexually transmitted diseases, peptic ulcers and wounds amongst others. The plant is well known in Fulani Fulfude as leggal baali (or leggal mbaali). The plant was subjected to pharmacognostic and physicochemical characterization to establish standard profiles for authentication of the plant which could be useful for further study on the plant. The chromatographic (TLC and HPLC) and phytochemical profiles were conducted along with the leaf microscopy and chemomicroscopy, using standard methods. The result established the chromatographic profile of the leaf extract. The qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. The chemomicroscopy revealed the presence of lignin, cellulose, tannin, starch and oil, while mucilage and protein were not seen. The total ash content and moisture content were 12.1 and 7.0%, respectively and were within WHO limits. Extracts of the plant showed high hygroscopic character. The result provides good information for the authentication and use of the plant in further research and development. Key words: Maerua angolensis, pharmacognostic character; phytochemicals, chromatographic profile.
{"title":"Pharmacognostic and phytochemical characterization of Maerua angolensis DC.","authors":"O. Adigwe, J. Ibrahim, Aisha Halilu Buhari, K. A. Muhammed, R. A. Kirim, A. Danraka, H. Egharevba","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2121","url":null,"abstract":"Maerua angolensis DC is a medicinal plant widely used in ethnomedicine in northern Nigeria. It is used to treat disease conditions like skin infections, sexually transmitted diseases, peptic ulcers and wounds amongst others. The plant is well known in Fulani Fulfude as leggal baali (or leggal mbaali). The plant was subjected to pharmacognostic and physicochemical characterization to establish standard profiles for authentication of the plant which could be useful for further study on the plant. The chromatographic (TLC and HPLC) and phytochemical profiles were conducted along with the leaf microscopy and chemomicroscopy, using standard methods. The result established the chromatographic profile of the leaf extract. The qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. The chemomicroscopy revealed the presence of lignin, cellulose, tannin, starch and oil, while mucilage and protein were not seen. The total ash content and moisture content were 12.1 and 7.0%, respectively and were within WHO limits. Extracts of the plant showed high hygroscopic character. The result provides good information for the authentication and use of the plant in further research and development. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Maerua angolensis, pharmacognostic character; phytochemicals, chromatographic profile.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"508 1","pages":"94-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80075722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mexican sunflower management in arable crops is becoming increasingly important due to its prevalent growth habit. The field experiments were conducted to compare weed suppressive abilities of two cover crops and two maize herbicides on Mexican sunflower. The treatments consist of the pre-emergence application of Primextra Gold (atrazine + metolachlor) at 4 l/ha, a post-emergence application of Aminoforce (2, 4-D) at 1.6 l/ha, two cover crops, Centrosema pubescens (Centro) at 2.5 kg/ha and Pueraria phaseoloides (Puero) at 2.0 kg/ha, hand weeding at 2 and 5 weeks after sowing (WAS) and no weeding. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Pre-emergence herbicide produced taller plants at 8 and 12 WAS and higher number of leaves at 12 WAS. Despite two hand weedings (at 2 and 5 WAS), the weed biomass of hand weeding treatment was not different from no weeding. Higher weed densities produced by hand weeding and no weeding at 12 WAS indicated that the two herbicides and the two cover crop treatments gave better weed control than both weed checks. Weed control was 4, 7 and 8 times better in pre-emergence, post-emergence and Centro; respectively, than no weeding at 8 WAS. Although Centro provided long term weed control, the herbicides were able to provide early protection for the maize plants. The highest maize yield of 2.21 t/ha obtained from Primextra Gold (atrazine + metolachlor) at 4l/ha was significantly higher than yields from the other treatments. Yield reduction of 24.5, 27.7, 34.4, 40.8 and 94.2% was obtained in 1.6 l/ha Aminoforce, Centro, hand weeding, Puero and no weeding, respectively, when compared to maize yield from Primextra Gold. Key words: Mexican sunflower, cover crops, herbicides, hand weeding, weed control.
{"title":"Comparative effect of weed control methods on Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) in maize","authors":"J. Amosun, O. Aluko, D. Ilem","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2114","url":null,"abstract":"Mexican sunflower management in arable crops is becoming increasingly important due to its prevalent growth habit. The field experiments were conducted to compare weed suppressive abilities of two cover crops and two maize herbicides on Mexican sunflower. The treatments consist of the pre-emergence application of Primextra Gold (atrazine + metolachlor) at 4 l/ha, a post-emergence application of Aminoforce (2, 4-D) at 1.6 l/ha, two cover crops, Centrosema pubescens (Centro) at 2.5 kg/ha and Pueraria phaseoloides (Puero) at 2.0 kg/ha, hand weeding at 2 and 5 weeks after sowing (WAS) and no weeding. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Pre-emergence herbicide produced taller plants at 8 and 12 WAS and higher number of leaves at 12 WAS. Despite two hand weedings (at 2 and 5 WAS), the weed biomass of hand weeding treatment was not different from no weeding. Higher weed densities produced by hand weeding and no weeding at 12 WAS indicated that the two herbicides and the two cover crop treatments gave better weed control than both weed checks. Weed control was 4, 7 and 8 times better in pre-emergence, post-emergence and Centro; respectively, than no weeding at 8 WAS. Although Centro provided long term weed control, the herbicides were able to provide early protection for the maize plants. The highest maize yield of 2.21 t/ha obtained from Primextra Gold (atrazine + metolachlor) at 4l/ha was significantly higher than yields from the other treatments. Yield reduction of 24.5, 27.7, 34.4, 40.8 and 94.2% was obtained in 1.6 l/ha Aminoforce, Centro, hand weeding, Puero and no weeding, respectively, when compared to maize yield from Primextra Gold. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Mexican sunflower, cover crops, herbicides, hand weeding, weed control.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"115-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82310118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Correct identification of plants is a prerequisite to achieving desirable results in health care delivery, sustainable food production and housing, forest resources management and environmental protection. However, many of the paper-based/printable taxonomic key formats available to the taxonomist for this important responsibility are fraught with inadequacies some of which include fixed sequence of plant identification steps, non- or hardly-susceptible to computerisation, lack of provision for confirmation of suspected plant identity and indeterminable character states, and tedious construction and navigation procedures. This paper with the aim of making the practice of plant taxonomy more attractive, less laborious and dreaded, proposes two new key formats with highlights of their design/features, construction procedures and usage. These alternative key formats, with varying capacities to circumvent some of the enumerated challenges are multi-level table of identification and multi-layer circular diagnostic chart. The status of each of the proposed key formats is discussed with reference to the inadequacies observed in the dichotomous key format with which most taxonomists are familiar. Based on their structural features and functionality attributes, it is conclusive that the two alternative key formats constitute useful templates upon which reliable plant diagnostic tools can be based. Key words: Automated plant identification, computerised key, diagnostic key, dichotomous key, multi-access key, plant identification, single-access key, taxonomic key.
{"title":"The multi-level table and circular diagnostic chart as alternative taxonomic key formats for plant identification","authors":"A. Ogunkunle","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2101","url":null,"abstract":"Correct identification of plants is a prerequisite to achieving desirable results in health care delivery, sustainable food production and housing, forest resources management and environmental protection. However, many of the paper-based/printable taxonomic key formats available to the taxonomist for this important responsibility are fraught with inadequacies some of which include fixed sequence of plant identification steps, non- or hardly-susceptible to computerisation, lack of provision for confirmation of suspected plant identity and indeterminable character states, and tedious construction and navigation procedures. This paper with the aim of making the practice of plant taxonomy more attractive, less laborious and dreaded, proposes two new key formats with highlights of their design/features, construction procedures and usage. These alternative key formats, with varying capacities to circumvent some of the enumerated challenges are multi-level table of identification and multi-layer circular diagnostic chart. The status of each of the proposed key formats is discussed with reference to the inadequacies observed in the dichotomous key format with which most taxonomists are familiar. Based on their structural features and functionality attributes, it is conclusive that the two alternative key formats constitute useful templates upon which reliable plant diagnostic tools can be based. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Automated plant identification, computerised key, diagnostic key, dichotomous key, multi-access key, plant identification, single-access key, taxonomic key.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"35 1","pages":"82-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87303047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. K. Tengey, E. Y. Owusu, F. Kusi, G. Mahama, F. J. Awuku, Emmanuel Kofi Sei, O. A. Amoako, M. Haruna
Changes in climate are a major driver for climate-smart crops with short duration on-field and adaptation to diverse growing conditions. This study evaluated the performance of nine early duration and 10 medium duration cowpea genotypes at six locations within the Guinea and Sudan savanna zones of Ghana. Genotypes for each maturity group were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications for each location. There were significant (p<0.001) genotype, environment and genotype x environment effects of the cowpea genotypes of both maturity groups for grain yield. Among the early duration cowpea tested, GGE biplot analysis revealed SARI-2-50-80, SARI-13-17-2, IT99K-1122, SARI-3-11-80, and IT07K-299-6, respectively, as having high yield and stable performance across the six test environments; and out-performed the check variety, Kirkhouse Benga. With the medium duration trials, IT86D-610, IT10K-837-1, and SARI-6-2-6 had high yields, which were comparable to the check, Padituya. IT10K-837-1 was the most stable and had a relatively shorter maturity period. Grain yield performance of early duration cowpea was discriminated by three mega environments while only two mega environments discriminated grain yield of medium duration cowpea. The selected genotypes could be used in hybridizations or released as cowpea varieties in the country. Key words: Genotype x environment, maturity period, multi-location, biplot analysis, genetic variability.
{"title":"Grain yield and stability of selected early and medium duration cowpea in Ghana","authors":"T. K. Tengey, E. Y. Owusu, F. Kusi, G. Mahama, F. J. Awuku, Emmanuel Kofi Sei, O. A. Amoako, M. Haruna","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2125","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in climate are a major driver for climate-smart crops with short duration on-field and adaptation to diverse growing conditions. This study evaluated the performance of nine early duration and 10 medium duration cowpea genotypes at six locations within the Guinea and Sudan savanna zones of Ghana. Genotypes for each maturity group were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications for each location. There were significant (p<0.001) genotype, environment and genotype x environment effects of the cowpea genotypes of both maturity groups for grain yield. Among the early duration cowpea tested, GGE biplot analysis revealed SARI-2-50-80, SARI-13-17-2, IT99K-1122, SARI-3-11-80, and IT07K-299-6, respectively, as having high yield and stable performance across the six test environments; and out-performed the check variety, Kirkhouse Benga. With the medium duration trials, IT86D-610, IT10K-837-1, and SARI-6-2-6 had high yields, which were comparable to the check, Padituya. IT10K-837-1 was the most stable and had a relatively shorter maturity period. Grain yield performance of early duration cowpea was discriminated by three mega environments while only two mega environments discriminated grain yield of medium duration cowpea. The selected genotypes could be used in hybridizations or released as cowpea varieties in the country. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Genotype x environment, maturity period, multi-location, biplot analysis, genetic variability.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"71-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88085750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The significance of correct identification of plants is acknowledged in many human endeavours such as health care, food production, sustainable housing, forest resources management and environmental protection. Plant identification is usually carried out by means of descriptions and keys, which are available in floras, manuals or other taxonomic publications, the most widely used tool being the dichotomous key. However, the construction and navigation of dichotomous keys are tedious. Thus identification is viewed by many practitioners as onerous task, which has led to declining interest in plant taxonomy. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to simplify the writing and application of the dichotomous key format, with the aim of making the practice of plant taxonomy more attractive, less laborious and dreaded for upcoming students of biology. A proposal on step-by-step, readily comprehensible procedure for making a dichotomous key from a conventional table of character comparison is presented. Some basic features of the key format (that is, couplets, leads, references, pointers, and endpoints), its variants (that is, indented and bracketed), and applicable enhancements, such as looping, nesting, and reticulations, use of polychotomous leads and tabula are illustrated and discussed. Key words: Bracketed key, computerised key, diagnostic key, indented key, identity confirmation, nested key, reticulation, taxonomic key.
{"title":"Solving the mystery of the construction and elucidating the structural and functionality attributes of dichotomous key, a widely used tool for plant identification","authors":"A. Ogunkunle","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2021","url":null,"abstract":"The significance of correct identification of plants is acknowledged in many human endeavours such as health care, food production, sustainable housing, forest resources management and environmental protection. Plant identification is usually carried out by means of descriptions and keys, which are available in floras, manuals or other taxonomic publications, the most widely used tool being the dichotomous key. However, the construction and navigation of dichotomous keys are tedious. Thus identification is viewed by many practitioners as onerous task, which has led to declining interest in plant taxonomy. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to simplify the writing and application of the dichotomous key format, with the aim of making the practice of plant taxonomy more attractive, less laborious and dreaded for upcoming students of biology. A proposal on step-by-step, readily comprehensible procedure for making a dichotomous key from a conventional table of character comparison is presented. Some basic features of the key format (that is, couplets, leads, references, pointers, and endpoints), its variants (that is, indented and bracketed), and applicable enhancements, such as looping, nesting, and reticulations, use of polychotomous leads and tabula are illustrated and discussed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bracketed key, computerised key, diagnostic key, indented key, identity confirmation, nested key, reticulation, taxonomic key.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"49-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86464285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Tesfu, Nitsuh Aschale, Emebet Regassa, Helen Gebremdhen, Obsi Desalegn, Demilew Deres, Sara Gebremeskel
Garlic is one of the most cultivated and medicinal horticultural crops in the world. Its production and productivity is decreased due to different constraints. Knowing the genetic distance will give information to tackle the constraints. This study characterized genetic diversity of garlic germplasm by analysis of eleven Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) loci in 115 garlic accession. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaf tip using modified Diversity Array Technology (DArT) protocol. Touch down polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also used to get optimal annealing temperature for each Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) primers. A number of monomorphic and few polymorphic bands were obtained from eleven SSR markers. The gel pictures show monomorphic bands between genotypes. However, some markers: ASM 080, ASA 20, ASA23, and GB-ASM 053 generated polymorphic bands. Dendrogram of genetic distances amongst all tested genotypes showed three distinct major clusters, and six sub-clusters. This study will guide decision making on introduction of germplasm for enhancing genetic diversity or creation of new variations to improve and widen the genetic base of garlic. Key words: Garlic, genetic variation, polymorphism.
{"title":"Molecular characterization of garlic (Allium sativum L.) using SSR markers in Ethiopia","authors":"K. Tesfu, Nitsuh Aschale, Emebet Regassa, Helen Gebremdhen, Obsi Desalegn, Demilew Deres, Sara Gebremeskel","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2013","url":null,"abstract":"Garlic is one of the most cultivated and medicinal horticultural crops in the world. Its production and productivity is decreased due to different constraints. Knowing the genetic distance will give information to tackle the constraints. This study characterized genetic diversity of garlic germplasm by analysis of eleven Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) loci in 115 garlic accession. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaf tip using modified Diversity Array Technology (DArT) protocol. Touch down polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also used to get optimal annealing temperature for each Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) primers. A number of monomorphic and few polymorphic bands were obtained from eleven SSR markers. The gel pictures show monomorphic bands between genotypes. However, some markers: ASM 080, ASA 20, ASA23, and GB-ASM 053 generated polymorphic bands. Dendrogram of genetic distances amongst all tested genotypes showed three distinct major clusters, and six sub-clusters. This study will guide decision making on introduction of germplasm for enhancing genetic diversity or creation of new variations to improve and widen the genetic base of garlic. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Garlic, genetic variation, polymorphism.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"59-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76314552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Sub-Sahara Africa, Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) is the major important viral disease of cassava which threatens production, livelihoods and food security. Frequently CMD is due to the Africa Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV), East African Cassava Mosaic Virus (EACMV) and the Ugandan strain of the East African virus (EACMV-UG). The present study investigated the prevalence of these three viruses in 27 cultivars (three improved and 24 local) of cassava grown across all key agro-ecological zones and regions in Sierra Leone. Leaf samples from each of these varieties with symptoms as well as asymptomatic ones were harvested from a clonal garden established on the Njala University Campus. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from these samples was assessed with Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for ACMV, EACMV and EACMV-UG using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers designed to amplify replica regions of the DNA-A components of these viruses. The results revealed the ACMV is very common (26 out of 27 samples), while EACMV and EACMV-UG are less common (3 out of 27). Samples with EACMV-UG also had ACMV. These findings are of importance to future breeding programs for resistance to CMD with the aim of producing multiple viral resistant clones for increased food security in the country. Key words: Cassava, DNA, characterization, mosaic viruses, incidence, varieties, Sierra Leone.
{"title":"Incidence and characterization of cassava mosaic viruses in improved and local cultivars in Sierra Leone","authors":"J. V. Sesay, Aiah Lebbie, R. Wadsworth","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2111","url":null,"abstract":"In Sub-Sahara Africa, Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) is the major important viral disease of cassava which threatens production, livelihoods and food security. Frequently CMD is due to the Africa Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV), East African Cassava Mosaic Virus (EACMV) and the Ugandan strain of the East African virus (EACMV-UG). The present study investigated the prevalence of these three viruses in 27 cultivars (three improved and 24 local) of cassava grown across all key agro-ecological zones and regions in Sierra Leone. Leaf samples from each of these varieties with symptoms as well as asymptomatic ones were harvested from a clonal garden established on the Njala University Campus. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from these samples was assessed with Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for ACMV, EACMV and EACMV-UG using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers designed to amplify replica regions of the DNA-A components of these viruses. The results revealed the ACMV is very common (26 out of 27 samples), while EACMV and EACMV-UG are less common (3 out of 27). Samples with EACMV-UG also had ACMV. These findings are of importance to future breeding programs for resistance to CMD with the aim of producing multiple viral resistant clones for increased food security in the country. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cassava, DNA, characterization, mosaic viruses, incidence, varieties, Sierra Leone.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"38 1","pages":"64-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74534525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. S. Rocha, M. Jaeggi, I. M. Pereira, D. P. Cruz, M. R. Nascimento, A. G. D. Souza, Doriam Fel icio Peres, G. D. A. Gravina, J. N. Batista, R. D. K. G. D. Silva, Dalcirlei Pinheiro Albuquerque, L. Rodrigues, M. Freitas, Benjamim Valentim da Silva, G. Entringer, R. Daher, T. Oliveira, E. D. C. Monteiro, Rogério R Rodrigues, A. Fonseca, M. D. C. Parajara, Juliana Elias de Oliveira, L. M. Gravina, W. B. D. S. Oliveira, Vinicius de Freitas Mateus, Samyra de Araújo Capetini, C. Sant’Anna, J. G. Rocha, S. C. Pizetta, W. L. Lima, André O Souza
The objective of this work was to analyze the association between agro-morphological traits of the common bean cultivar “BRS Esplendor” under organic fertilization management. The experiment was implemented in the field, in a randomized block design, with three replications, in a split plot scheme, with two types of organic compounds (grass enriched with cattle manure and bean straw enriched with cattle manure) applied in six doses (0.0, 33.32, 66.65, 100.00, 133.32 and 166.65%). The control treatment comprised the recommended mineral fertilization. The characteristics include total number of pods, plant height and pod lengths are determinant to directly increase grain yield. The indirect determinant includes total weight of pods, total number of grains, plant height, root length and length of pods that had a positive effect with high magnitude on the characteristic total number of pods. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, correlations, track analysis.
{"title":"Association between agro-morphological traits in common bean under organic fertilization management in Brazil","authors":"R. S. Rocha, M. Jaeggi, I. M. Pereira, D. P. Cruz, M. R. Nascimento, A. G. D. Souza, Doriam Fel icio Peres, G. D. A. Gravina, J. N. Batista, R. D. K. G. D. Silva, Dalcirlei Pinheiro Albuquerque, L. Rodrigues, M. Freitas, Benjamim Valentim da Silva, G. Entringer, R. Daher, T. Oliveira, E. D. C. Monteiro, Rogério R Rodrigues, A. Fonseca, M. D. C. Parajara, Juliana Elias de Oliveira, L. M. Gravina, W. B. D. S. Oliveira, Vinicius de Freitas Mateus, Samyra de Araújo Capetini, C. Sant’Anna, J. G. Rocha, S. C. Pizetta, W. L. Lima, André O Souza","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2009","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to analyze the association between agro-morphological traits of the common bean cultivar “BRS Esplendor” under organic fertilization management. The experiment was implemented in the field, in a randomized block design, with three replications, in a split plot scheme, with two types of organic compounds (grass enriched with cattle manure and bean straw enriched with cattle manure) applied in six doses (0.0, 33.32, 66.65, 100.00, 133.32 and 166.65%). The control treatment comprised the recommended mineral fertilization. The characteristics include total number of pods, plant height and pod lengths are determinant to directly increase grain yield. The indirect determinant includes total weight of pods, total number of grains, plant height, root length and length of pods that had a positive effect with high magnitude on the characteristic total number of pods. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, correlations, track analysis.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75565693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James M. Gimase, W. Thagana, C. Omondi, J. Cheserek, E. Gichuru
The Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) epidemics destroy up to 100% of the crop on a susceptible variety. Resistance to CBD is conferred by the T-gene in Hibrido De Timor (HDT), R-gene in Rume Sudan (RS), and k-gene in K7, which were assembled in resistance varieties Ruiru 11(R11) and Batian. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic relationship between R11 and Batian with their parents' HDT, RS, SL8 and confirm the occurrence of T and R genes using DNA markers. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were obtained through Diversity Arrays Technology sequencing (DArTseq). The genetic relationship was analyzed by Principal Component Analysis and hierarchical clustering. The Tgene was confirmed using Microsatellite primer, Sat 235 while the R gene was by marker sequence search within the DArTseq result files. The PC1 accounted for 42% of the total variation. Hierarchical clustering revealed less than 10% dissimilarity index apart from HDT that recorded above 20%. All the R11 and Batian genotypes carry the T gene. Eleven genotypes carry both T and R genes, therefore, with broad-based resistance to CBD. The study confirmed the narrow genetic relations within the Coffea arabica coffee varieties and further confirmed the occurrence of multiple gene resistance in R11 and Batian that will not break easily to new pathogen races. Key words: Coffee berry disease, diversity arrays technology sequencing, T gene, R gene, Ruiru 11, Batian, SL 28, codominant.
咖啡浆果病(CBD)的流行摧毁了一个易感品种高达100%的作物。对CBD的抗性是由东帝汶Hibrido De Timor (HDT)的t基因、苏丹鲁姆(RS)的r基因和K7的k基因组成的，这些基因组装在抗性品种瑞如11(R11)和巴蒂安(Batian)中。本研究旨在评价R11和八天与其亲本HDT、RS、SL8的遗传关系，并利用DNA标记证实T和R基因的存在。通过多样性阵列技术测序(DArTseq)获得全基因组单核苷酸多态性(SNP)标记。采用主成分分析法和层次聚类法对遗传关系进行了分析。Tgene通过Microsatellite引物Sat 235进行鉴定，R基因通过DArTseq结果文件中的标记序列检索进行鉴定。PC1占总变异的42%。分层聚类显示，除了HDT录得20%以上的差异指数外，差异指数不到10%。所有的R11和Batian基因型都携带T基因。因此，11种基因型同时携带T和R基因，对CBD具有广泛的抗性。该研究证实了阿拉比卡咖啡品种之间存在狭窄的亲缘关系，并进一步证实了R11和巴田存在不易被新的致病小种破坏的多基因抗性。关键词:咖啡莓病，多样性阵列技术测序，T基因，R基因，瑞如11号，巴蒂安，SL 28号，共显性
{"title":"Genetic relationship and the occurrence of multiple gene resistance to coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum kahawae, Waller Bridge) within selected Coffea arabica varieties in Kenya","authors":"James M. Gimase, W. Thagana, C. Omondi, J. Cheserek, E. Gichuru","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2074","url":null,"abstract":"The Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) epidemics destroy up to 100% of the crop on a susceptible variety. Resistance to CBD is conferred by the T-gene in Hibrido De Timor (HDT), R-gene in Rume Sudan (RS), and k-gene in K7, which were assembled in resistance varieties Ruiru 11(R11) and Batian. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic relationship between R11 and Batian with their parents' HDT, RS, SL8 and confirm the occurrence of T and R genes using DNA markers. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were obtained through Diversity Arrays Technology sequencing (DArTseq). The genetic relationship was analyzed by Principal Component Analysis and hierarchical clustering. The Tgene was confirmed using Microsatellite primer, Sat 235 while the R gene was by marker sequence search within the DArTseq result files. The PC1 accounted for 42% of the total variation. Hierarchical clustering revealed less than 10% dissimilarity index apart from HDT that recorded above 20%. All the R11 and Batian genotypes carry the T gene. Eleven genotypes carry both T and R genes, therefore, with broad-based resistance to CBD. The study confirmed the narrow genetic relations within the Coffea arabica coffee varieties and further confirmed the occurrence of multiple gene resistance in R11 and Batian that will not break easily to new pathogen races. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Coffee berry disease, diversity arrays technology sequencing, T gene, R gene, Ruiru 11, Batian, SL 28, codominant.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88660162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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