Cherotich Sheillah, Njuguna Jane, Muchugi N Alice, M. Japhet, Otaye Daniel, Graziosi Ignazio, Kinyanjui Zakayo
Indigenous fruit trees such as baobab and marula provide key nutrients and income for smallholders and enhance diversification of agroforestry systems in the drylands of Sub Saharan Africa. Cankers and diebacks are increasingly observed impacting baobab and marula in domestication trials and farms in Kenya, but little is known on disease occurrence and associated pathogens. Field disease incidence and severity was assessed. Fungal isolation and molecular identification was performed and pathogenicity of isolates was evaluated on baobab, marula and additional agroforestry trees. Nine taxa morphotypes belonging to genera Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum and Dothiorella were identified co-occurring in both symptomatic and asymptomatic plant material. Seedlings inoculated with isolates of L. pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae and N. parvum showed similar symptoms with various degree of virulence. These findings suggest that species of Botryosphaeriaceae may occur as endophytes and also act as a disease complex, with the potential of infecting a wide range of trees in Eastern Kenya. Further investigation of ecology and impact of this potential threat to agroforestry systems in the African drylands, need to be performed in order to develop mitigation strategies. Key words: Adansonia digitata, agroforestry, Botryosphaeriaceae, Sclerocarya birrea, tree cankers.
{"title":"Botryosphaeriaceae associated with baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and marula (Sclerocarya birrea A. Rich.) in agroforestry systems in Kenya","authors":"Cherotich Sheillah, Njuguna Jane, Muchugi N Alice, M. Japhet, Otaye Daniel, Graziosi Ignazio, Kinyanjui Zakayo","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2019.1901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2019.1901","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous fruit trees such as baobab and marula provide key nutrients and income for smallholders and enhance diversification of agroforestry systems in the drylands of Sub Saharan Africa. Cankers and diebacks are increasingly observed impacting baobab and marula in domestication trials and farms in Kenya, but little is known on disease occurrence and associated pathogens. Field disease incidence and severity was assessed. Fungal isolation and molecular identification was performed and pathogenicity of isolates was evaluated on baobab, marula and additional agroforestry trees. Nine taxa morphotypes belonging to genera Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum and Dothiorella were identified co-occurring in both symptomatic and asymptomatic plant material. Seedlings inoculated with isolates of L. pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae and N. parvum showed similar symptoms with various degree of virulence. These findings suggest that species of Botryosphaeriaceae may occur as endophytes and also act as a disease complex, with the potential of infecting a wide range of trees in Eastern Kenya. Further investigation of ecology and impact of this potential threat to agroforestry systems in the African drylands, need to be performed in order to develop mitigation strategies. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Adansonia digitata, agroforestry, Botryosphaeriaceae, Sclerocarya birrea, tree cankers.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87213068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parthenium hysterophorus is an alien annual herb that aggressively threatens biodiversity of Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) in Uganda. Occurrence, abundance and impact of P. hysterophorus on plant species diversity were examined. An observational inspection survey assessed the occurrence of P. hysterophorus while Quadrats sampled vegetation in P. hysterophorus invaded and uninvaded sites of Mweya Peninsula and along Kazinga Channel Track. Plant species richness, dominance, evenness and diversity of invaded and uninvaded sites were statistically different at P < 0.05. Species richness (R) and dominance (D) were higher in invaded sites (R = 58, D = 0.62) than uninvaded sites (P = 0.043; R = 39, P = 0.04; D = 0.46). Consequently, species diversity of other plants became less (1-D = 0.38) in invaded than uninvaded (P = 0.039;1-D = 0.55). Also, P. hysterophorus significantly starts to reduce species diversity and richness at very low levels of abundances, as low as (4.6%) and (7.7%), respectively, and dominates at a relatively higher level (40.2%). It was concluded that P. hysterophorus in QENP, negatively affects the plant species diversity at low levels of abundances through dominance. Key words: Parthenium hysterophorus, environmental impact, species abundance, species richness, weed spread.
Parthenium hysterophorus是一种外来的一年生草本植物，严重威胁着乌干达伊丽莎白女王国家公园(Queen Elizabeth National Park, QENP)的生物多样性。研究了大叶藻的发生、丰度及其对植物物种多样性的影响。利用样方法对姆韦亚半岛和卡津加海峡沿线的子宫棘球蜂入侵地和未入侵地的植被进行样方取样，对子宫棘球蜂的发生情况进行了观察调查。入侵地与非入侵地植物物种丰富度、优势度、均匀度和多样性差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。入侵样地物种丰富度(R = 58, D = 0.62)和优势度(D = 0.62)高于未入侵样地(P = 0.043;R = 39, p = 0.04;D = 0.46)。结果表明，入侵区其他植物的物种多样性显著低于未入侵区(P = 0.039;1-D = 0.55)。此外，在极低的丰度水平(分别为(4.6%)和(7.7%))上，子宫草(P. hysterophorus)开始显著降低物种多样性和丰富度，在较高的丰度水平上占主导地位(40.2%)。综上所述，在低丰度水平下，黄花蓟马在QENP中通过优势优势对植物物种多样性产生负面影响。关键词:帕提草，环境影响，物种丰度，物种丰富度，杂草蔓延
{"title":"Abundance and impact of Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive herb on plant species diversity in invaded areas of Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda","authors":"Catherine Nuwagira, Julius Tumusiime, G. Kagoro","doi":"10.5897/ajps2020.2043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2020.2043","url":null,"abstract":"Parthenium hysterophorus is an alien annual herb that aggressively threatens biodiversity of Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) in Uganda. Occurrence, abundance and impact of P. hysterophorus on plant species diversity were examined. An observational inspection survey assessed the occurrence of P. hysterophorus while Quadrats sampled vegetation in P. hysterophorus invaded and uninvaded sites of Mweya Peninsula and along Kazinga Channel Track. Plant species richness, dominance, evenness and diversity of invaded and uninvaded sites were statistically different at P < 0.05. Species richness (R) and dominance (D) were higher in invaded sites (R = 58, D = 0.62) than uninvaded sites (P = 0.043; R = 39, P = 0.04; D = 0.46). Consequently, species diversity of other plants became less (1-D = 0.38) in invaded than uninvaded (P = 0.039;1-D = 0.55). Also, P. hysterophorus significantly starts to reduce species diversity and richness at very low levels of abundances, as low as (4.6%) and (7.7%), respectively, and dominates at a relatively higher level (40.2%). It was concluded that P. hysterophorus in QENP, negatively affects the plant species diversity at low levels of abundances through dominance. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Parthenium hysterophorus, environmental impact, species abundance, species richness, weed spread.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81369689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dorice Leonard Lutatenekwa, E. Mtengeti, G. Msalya
This review paper attempts to give account of how plant characterization assists the availability of information on desirable plant traits, to enhance selective breeding for environmental stresses and thus attain sustainable forage production. Plant characterization is referred to as an account for heritable characters varying from agronomical, morphological to molecular markers. It simplifies grouping of accessions, development of core collections, identification of gaps and retrieval of valuable germplasm for breeding programmes resulting in better insight about the composition of the collection and its genetic diversity. Plant characterization by morphological, physiological and agronomic traits has long been used in selective breeding. Advancement of characterization to the use of molecular markers speed up the process and permits optimal utilization of the adaptive traits harboured in all breeds for stressful environments. In countries like Tanzania, where agro-climatic conditions are challenging, technological progress is slow and market institutions are poorly developed, selecting highly adaptive local varieties is important. Knowledge from characterization of local varieties could be used to breed adaptive and resilient varieties. This will help the farmers to produce enough forage in the fast changing and stressful environmental conditions. Key words: Characterization, Cenchrus ciliaris, drought, salinity, traits.
{"title":"A review of plant characterization: First step towards sustainable forage production in challenging environments","authors":"Dorice Leonard Lutatenekwa, E. Mtengeti, G. Msalya","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2041","url":null,"abstract":"This review paper attempts to give account of how plant characterization assists the availability of information on desirable plant traits, to enhance selective breeding for environmental stresses and thus attain sustainable forage production. Plant characterization is referred to as an account for heritable characters varying from agronomical, morphological to molecular markers. It simplifies grouping of accessions, development of core collections, identification of gaps and retrieval of valuable germplasm for breeding programmes resulting in better insight about the composition of the collection and its genetic diversity. Plant characterization by morphological, physiological and agronomic traits has long been used in selective breeding. Advancement of characterization to the use of molecular markers speed up the process and permits optimal utilization of the adaptive traits harboured in all breeds for stressful environments. In countries like Tanzania, where agro-climatic conditions are challenging, technological progress is slow and market institutions are poorly developed, selecting highly adaptive local varieties is important. Knowledge from characterization of local varieties could be used to breed adaptive and resilient varieties. This will help the farmers to produce enough forage in the fast changing and stressful environmental conditions. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Characterization, Cenchrus ciliaris, drought, salinity, traits.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77309205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For sorghum hybrid development, assessment of parental lines is a pre-requisite. However, information on heterotic performance and combing ability of Ethiopian elite sorghum lines is inadequate. ANOVA revealed mean squares had signifying substantial amount of variability amongst genotypes for most traits. Males 72, 81 and 99 were the best performing parents for yield and related traits. Hybrids, 106 x 94, 106 x 90, 106 x 102, 107 x 99 and 107 x 105 were found maximum heterotic hybrids for yield as compare to check. The estimates of variance of combining ability revealed that σ2gca was found inferior to σ2sca for all traits except plant height and number of heads. The σ2gca/σ2sca ratio revealed preponderance of supremacy gene action for most traits. The degree of dominance was found greater than unity for entire traits except plant height. The estimations of parental GCA effects showed that female 106 and males 79, 96, 94 and 81 were good general combiners for yield and related traits. Based on perse performance, heterotic response, combining ability and nature of gene action for yield and related traits, female parent 106 and male parents 94, 102 and 90 were found most performed. Those parental lines were grouped into dualistic heterotic groups based on their SCA and GCA results. Key words: Combining ability, elite line, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA), heterosis, heterotic group, hybrid, sorghum.
{"title":"Gene action, combining ability and heterotic performance of Ethiopian Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) lines under moisture stress areas in Ethiopia","authors":"Wagaw Kidanemaryam, B. Kassahun, Tadesse Taye","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2019.1813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2019.1813","url":null,"abstract":"For sorghum hybrid development, assessment of parental lines is a pre-requisite. However, information on heterotic performance and combing ability of Ethiopian elite sorghum lines is inadequate. ANOVA revealed mean squares had signifying substantial amount of variability amongst genotypes for most traits. Males 72, 81 and 99 were the best performing parents for yield and related traits. Hybrids, 106 x 94, 106 x 90, 106 x 102, 107 x 99 and 107 x 105 were found maximum heterotic hybrids for yield as compare to check. The estimates of variance of combining ability revealed that σ2gca was found inferior to σ2sca for all traits except plant height and number of heads. The σ2gca/σ2sca ratio revealed preponderance of supremacy gene action for most traits. The degree of dominance was found greater than unity for entire traits except plant height. The estimations of parental GCA effects showed that female 106 and males 79, 96, 94 and 81 were good general combiners for yield and related traits. Based on perse performance, heterotic response, combining ability and nature of gene action for yield and related traits, female parent 106 and male parents 94, 102 and 90 were found most performed. Those parental lines were grouped into dualistic heterotic groups based on their SCA and GCA results. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Combining ability, elite line, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA), heterosis, heterotic group, hybrid, sorghum.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78975015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Abdalla, Alvar Jorge, Guira Amidou, Nebie Louis, G. Abdou, Sanou Jacob
The identification of stable and adaptable high yielding quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and, highly discriminative environments are worthwhile for a successful introduction and adoption of this crop in Burkina Faso. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship among test environments, to identify the most discriminative and representative test environment(s), and to identify high yielding and stable quinoa variety. The study highlighted that prevailing agrometeorological conditions in an area determine the specificity of the environment. Thus, quinoa growth and productivity is affected by differences in pedological and meteorological conditions. Emerging findings showed that environment E1 at Farako-Bâ characterized by a relative low wind speed (2.03 m/s), no rainfall (0 mm) and moderate temperature (25.07°C), was efficient discriminative and representative of quinoa growing conditions in Burkina Faso for both grain yield and grain yield per plant. Quinoa varieties, Puno and Titicaca were the highest yielding (1132 and 892 kg/ha, respectively) and stable across the environments, while Pasankalla, with an average yield of 779 kg/ha, showed a specific adaptation in two environments having a short day length located at Saria and Lanfiera. The photoperiodicity and temperature were key factors determining the adaptation of this variety in an environment. Plant height and number of branches of Negra Collana were highly stable but its yield performance was low (121 kg/ha). The research implications of this study are numerous, including tailoring quinoa growing calendars and screening a large number of genotypes under the best test environment identified, prior a multi-location trial. Key words: Quinoa, G x E interaction, GGEbiplot, pedological and meteorological conditions.
{"title":"Biplot analysis of test environments of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Burkina Faso","authors":"D. Abdalla, Alvar Jorge, Guira Amidou, Nebie Louis, G. Abdou, Sanou Jacob","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2038","url":null,"abstract":"The identification of stable and adaptable high yielding quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and, highly discriminative environments are worthwhile for a successful introduction and adoption of this crop in Burkina Faso. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship among test environments, to identify the most discriminative and representative test environment(s), and to identify high yielding and stable quinoa variety. The study highlighted that prevailing agrometeorological conditions in an area determine the specificity of the environment. Thus, quinoa growth and productivity is affected by differences in pedological and meteorological conditions. Emerging findings showed that environment E1 at Farako-Bâ characterized by a relative low wind speed (2.03 m/s), no rainfall (0 mm) and moderate temperature (25.07°C), was efficient discriminative and representative of quinoa growing conditions in Burkina Faso for both grain yield and grain yield per plant. Quinoa varieties, Puno and Titicaca were the highest yielding (1132 and 892 kg/ha, respectively) and stable across the environments, while Pasankalla, with an average yield of 779 kg/ha, showed a specific adaptation in two environments having a short day length located at Saria and Lanfiera. The photoperiodicity and temperature were key factors determining the adaptation of this variety in an environment. Plant height and number of branches of Negra Collana were highly stable but its yield performance was low (121 kg/ha). The research implications of this study are numerous, including tailoring quinoa growing calendars and screening a large number of genotypes under the best test environment identified, prior a multi-location trial. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Quinoa, G x E interaction, GGEbiplot, pedological and meteorological conditions.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91169930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chromolaena odorata, Euphorbia heterophylla and Tridax procumbens are common weeds that are prevalent in cowpea fields. The physiological influence of three dilution concentrations of the aqueous root and shoot extracts of the weeds were examined on seed germination, plumule length, radicle length, fresh and dry weights of plumule and radicle of two varieties of cowpea in the laboratory. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design replicated three times. Results revealed susceptibility of two varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) (IT99K-573-1-1 and IT07K -292-10) to the allelopathic potential of all the extract concentrations of the selected weeds. Although, all the extracts reduced germination and seedling growth, shoot extracts at 75% concentration of the selected weeds significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth of the variety IT99K-573-1-1 compared with the control which produced 97% (germination %); C. odorata, E. heterophylla and T. procumbens shoot extracts produced 22, 20 and 50% germination, respectively. Consequently, C. odorata, E. heterophylla and T. procumbens shoot extracts produced 25, 18 and 28% germination respectively for variety IT07K -292-10 while the control yielded 99%. Bioassays also indicate that the inhibition was concentration dependent; the inhibition in the extract-treated seeds increased with the increase in the concentration of the extracts. Also, the degree of seed germination inhibition was higher in shoot extracts than root extracts of selected weed. It was clear from the investigation that the extracts of E. heterophylla exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on the germination process and seedling growth of the two cowpea varieties than that of C. odorata and T. procumbens. Key words: Allelopathy, allelochemicals, Chromolaena odorata, Euphorbia heterophylla, Tridax procumbens.
臭草、大戟和原豆是豇豆田常见的杂草。在室内试验中，研究了三种稀释浓度对豇豆种子萌发、胚珠长、胚根长、胚珠和胚根鲜重和干重的生理影响。实验采用完全随机设计，重复了三次。结果表明，两个豇豆品种(Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) (IT99K-573-1-1和IT07K -292-10)对所选杂草提取物的化感作用均敏感。虽然所有提取物均能抑制种子萌发和幼苗生长，但与对照相比，75%浓度的茎部提取物能显著抑制品种IT99K-573-1-1的萌发和幼苗生长，其萌发率为97%(发芽率%);臭椿、杂叶和原豆芽提取物的发芽率分别为22%、20%和50%。结果表明，在IT07K -292-10品种上，臭椿、杂叶和原豆茎提取物的发芽率分别为25%、18%和28%，而对照的发芽率为99%。生物测定也表明，抑制是浓度依赖性的;提取物对种子的抑制作用随着提取物浓度的增加而增强。此外，所选杂草的茎部提取物对种子萌发的抑制程度高于根部提取物。研究结果表明，异叶茶提取物对两个豇豆品种的萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用强于香豆提取物和原甘豆提取物。关键词:化感作用，化感化学，臭毛草，大戟，原豆
{"title":"Allelopathic effect of extracts from selected weeds on germination and seedling growth of cowpea \u0000(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) varieties","authors":"K. Popoola, R. Akinwale, A. Adelusi","doi":"10.5897/AJPS2020.2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2020.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Chromolaena odorata, Euphorbia heterophylla and Tridax procumbens are common weeds that are prevalent in cowpea fields. The physiological influence of three dilution concentrations of the aqueous root and shoot extracts of the weeds were examined on seed germination, plumule length, radicle length, fresh and dry weights of plumule and radicle of two varieties of cowpea in the laboratory. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design replicated three times. Results revealed susceptibility of two varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) (IT99K-573-1-1 and IT07K -292-10) to the allelopathic potential of all the extract concentrations of the selected weeds. Although, all the extracts reduced germination and seedling growth, shoot extracts at 75% concentration of the selected weeds significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth of the variety IT99K-573-1-1 compared with the control which produced 97% (germination %); C. odorata, E. heterophylla and T. procumbens shoot extracts produced 22, 20 and 50% germination, respectively. Consequently, C. odorata, E. heterophylla and T. procumbens shoot extracts produced 25, 18 and 28% germination respectively for variety IT07K -292-10 while the control yielded 99%. Bioassays also indicate that the inhibition was concentration dependent; the inhibition in the extract-treated seeds increased with the increase in the concentration of the extracts. Also, the degree of seed germination inhibition was higher in shoot extracts than root extracts of selected weed. It was clear from the investigation that the extracts of E. heterophylla exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on the germination process and seedling growth of the two cowpea varieties than that of C. odorata and T. procumbens. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Allelopathy, allelochemicals, Chromolaena odorata, Euphorbia heterophylla, Tridax procumbens.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84364035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos Andr e Bahry, L. Ceresoli, Ângela Aparecida Carleso, Franço a Santos Dal Pr a, Leandro André Petkowicz, G. Geraldo, P. F. Adami
Asian soybean rust, if not well managed, can reduce grain yield up to 90%. Due to the severe damage caused by the disease, especially in Brazil, it is important to evaluate management strategies combined with fungicides, to minimize the losses. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of adopting different combined management strategies on the severity of soybean rust and its impact on the performance of the crop. Research was carried out at 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons. Soybean cultivar NA 5909 RG® (susceptible to Asian rust), LG 60163 IPRO® (highly tolerant) and TMG 7062 IPRO® INOX® (resistant) were evaluated with different combinations of fungicide, copper and potassium phosphites foliar fertilizers applications, in two development stages, R1 (early flowering) and R5.1 (early grain filling). Disease severity assessments were performed at R1 and repeated every 14 days (up to R5 + 14 days) to determine the area under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). The genetics of resistance to Asian soybean rust contributed to the less progress of the disease in plants. Even with differential responses between cultivars and treatments applied to the severity of Asian soybean rust, the disease did not compromise grain yield in both growing seasons. Key words: Phakopsora pachyrhizi, fungicide, foliar fertilizers, genetic resistance.
{"title":"Analysis of combined strategies for the management of Asian soybean rust","authors":"Carlos Andr e Bahry, L. Ceresoli, Ângela Aparecida Carleso, Franço a Santos Dal Pr a, Leandro André Petkowicz, G. Geraldo, P. F. Adami","doi":"10.5897/ajps2020.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2020.1977","url":null,"abstract":"Asian soybean rust, if not well managed, can reduce grain yield up to 90%. Due to the severe damage caused by the disease, especially in Brazil, it is important to evaluate management strategies combined with fungicides, to minimize the losses. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of adopting different combined management strategies on the severity of soybean rust and its impact on the performance of the crop. Research was carried out at 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons. Soybean cultivar NA 5909 RG® (susceptible to Asian rust), LG 60163 IPRO® (highly tolerant) and TMG 7062 IPRO® INOX® (resistant) were evaluated with different combinations of fungicide, copper and potassium phosphites foliar fertilizers applications, in two development stages, R1 (early flowering) and R5.1 (early grain filling). Disease severity assessments were performed at R1 and repeated every 14 days (up to R5 + 14 days) to determine the area under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). The genetics of resistance to Asian soybean rust contributed to the less progress of the disease in plants. Even with differential responses between cultivars and treatments applied to the severity of Asian soybean rust, the disease did not compromise grain yield in both growing seasons. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Phakopsora pachyrhizi, fungicide, foliar fertilizers, genetic resistance.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85558949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eduardo Matheus Ricciardi Suzuki, David Freitas Fernandes Corrêa, I. C. Oliveira, F. R. Silva, Regina Yuri Hashimoto Miura, F. A. R. Nogueira, E. H. Yoshida, M. G. Silva, Sandro Rostelato-Ferreira, Y. Oshima-Franco
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott decreases the heartbeats of cockroaches and it was postulated that the plant could be an anticholinesterase agent and could have effects. It was performed: (a) In vitro: hydroalcoholic extract of N. exaltata was pharmacognostically characterized, the cholinesterase activity determined with 1.0 and 3.0 mg/ml, comparing to positive control and negative control, and the preliminary toxicity was evaluated with 5 mg/plate through Salmonella/microsome assay using TA100 strain; (b) Ex vivo: 2, 5, or 10 mg of extract was assayed on mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation using conventional myographic technique; and (c) In vivo: 2.0, 1.0 or 0.5 g of extract was exposed to Allium cepa root cells, using onions bulbs for further measuring and microscopic analysis. The cholinesterase activities (U/L, n=3) of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/mL fern extract were of 2,866.6 ± 200.7 and 3,092.9 ± 214.2, respectively, versus 87.1 ± 58.1 (p<0.05) for positive control. The extract showed the absence of micronucleus and inhibited the root growth reaching 100% at 2 mg. The plant has no anticholinesterase activity, it is not toxic on bacterial reverse mutation or nerve-muscle parameters and is not genotoxic on A. cepa assay, but inhibits the root growth of A. cepa. Key words: Allium cepa, cholinesterase, fern, pharmacognosy, Salmonella.
{"title":"The in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental findings of Nephrolepis exaltata","authors":"Eduardo Matheus Ricciardi Suzuki, David Freitas Fernandes Corrêa, I. C. Oliveira, F. R. Silva, Regina Yuri Hashimoto Miura, F. A. R. Nogueira, E. H. Yoshida, M. G. Silva, Sandro Rostelato-Ferreira, Y. Oshima-Franco","doi":"10.5897/ajps2020.2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2020.2022","url":null,"abstract":"Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott decreases the heartbeats of cockroaches and it was postulated that the plant could be an anticholinesterase agent and could have effects. It was performed: (a) In vitro: hydroalcoholic extract of N. exaltata was pharmacognostically characterized, the cholinesterase activity determined with 1.0 and 3.0 mg/ml, comparing to positive control and negative control, and the preliminary toxicity was evaluated with 5 mg/plate through Salmonella/microsome assay using TA100 strain; (b) Ex vivo: 2, 5, or 10 mg of extract was assayed on mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation using conventional myographic technique; and (c) In vivo: 2.0, 1.0 or 0.5 g of extract was exposed to Allium cepa root cells, using onions bulbs for further measuring and microscopic analysis. The cholinesterase activities (U/L, n=3) of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/mL fern extract were of 2,866.6 ± 200.7 and 3,092.9 ± 214.2, respectively, versus 87.1 ± 58.1 (p<0.05) for positive control. The extract showed the absence of micronucleus and inhibited the root growth reaching 100% at 2 mg. The plant has no anticholinesterase activity, it is not toxic on bacterial reverse mutation or nerve-muscle parameters and is not genotoxic on A. cepa assay, but inhibits the root growth of A. cepa. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Allium cepa, cholinesterase, fern, pharmacognosy, Salmonella.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83926359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most studies on drivers of plant diversity and distribution have focused on trees and combine several plant families. Climbers which are part of the particular characteristics of tropical rainforests due to their richness and abundance have been rarely related to ecological factors. This study evaluates the importance of vegetation type and total annual rainfall on the distribution of the Celastraceae plant family which are mostly climbers in Cote d’Ivoire using a herbarium database. A total of 1520 samples, encompassing16 genera, 60 species and 12 varieties of Celastraceae from over 363 localities in Cote d’Ivoire, were extracted from a database on Ivorian flora. Species’ occurrences in localities were related to vegetation type and annual rainfall through a principal component analysis. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) was found between the Celastraceae distribution and both the vegetation types and the rainfall. The Coastal evergreen and Western evergreen forests showed higher richness of Celastraceae climbers while the Sub-sudanian and Sudanian Savannas experienced lower richness than other vegetation types in Cote d’Ivoire. Key words: Celastraceae, Tropical forest and savanna, climbing plants, species richness and spreading, rainfall.
大多数关于植物多样性和分布驱动因素的研究都集中在乔木上，并将几个植物科结合起来。攀登者因其丰富而成为热带雨林特有特征的一部分，很少与生态因素有关。本研究利用植物标本馆数据库，评估了植被类型和年总降雨量对象牙海岸以攀缘植物为主的Celastraceae植物科分布的重要性。从科特迪瓦植物区系数据库中提取了来自科特迪瓦363个地区的Celastraceae 16属、60种和12变种共1520份样本。通过主成分分析，各地区物种发生与植被类型和年降雨量有关。紫藤科植物分布与植被类型和降雨量呈显著正相关(r = 0.81, P < 0.001)。科特迪瓦沿海常绿和西部常绿森林的Celastraceae植物丰富度较高，而南苏丹和苏丹稀树草原的Celastraceae植物丰富度低于其他植被类型。关键词:Celastraceae，热带森林和稀树草原，攀缘植物，物种丰富度和扩展，降雨
Masunga Mpeguzi, Nchimbi-Msolla Susan, R. Mabagala, L. Chilagane
Breeding for resistant varieties has been shown to be the most suitable method to control bean anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum though the method is challenged by the existence of many races of the pathogen. This work focused on characterizing races of C. lindemuthianum from potential bean agro ecological zones of Tanzania using a set of differential bean cultivars. From 144 anthracnose infected bean samples collected, 50 pure isolates were obtained and characterized whereby 42 races were identified. The most virulent race identified was race 3610 from the Southern Highland zone of Tanzania while the least virulent was characterized as race 0. Race 2 was the most widely spread (4.2 %) found in Northern, Southern highland and in Eastern zones of Tanzania. The work confirms that G2333 can still be used as a potential donor of resistant genes to varieties that are to be grown in Northern, Eastern and Lake zones but not for the varieties from Southern Highland and Western zones of Tanzania since isolates from these zones overcame resistant genes Co-42, Co-5, Co-7 in G2333. 95% of all races which were identified are new and were not specific to either Mesoamerican or Andean origin common bean. Key words: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, races, resistant genes, differential cultivars, Anthracnose.
{"title":"Races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. Magnus) Briosi Cavara in major bean growing regions in Tanzania","authors":"Masunga Mpeguzi, Nchimbi-Msolla Susan, R. Mabagala, L. Chilagane","doi":"10.5897/ajps2020.1967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2020.1967","url":null,"abstract":"Breeding for resistant varieties has been shown to be the most suitable method to control bean anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum though the method is challenged by the existence of many races of the pathogen. This work focused on characterizing races of C. lindemuthianum from potential bean agro ecological zones of Tanzania using a set of differential bean cultivars. From 144 anthracnose infected bean samples collected, 50 pure isolates were obtained and characterized whereby 42 races were identified. The most virulent race identified was race 3610 from the Southern Highland zone of Tanzania while the least virulent was characterized as race 0. Race 2 was the most widely spread (4.2 %) found in Northern, Southern highland and in Eastern zones of Tanzania. The work confirms that G2333 can still be used as a potential donor of resistant genes to varieties that are to be grown in Northern, Eastern and Lake zones but not for the varieties from Southern Highland and Western zones of Tanzania since isolates from these zones overcame resistant genes Co-42, Co-5, Co-7 in G2333. 95% of all races which were identified are new and were not specific to either Mesoamerican or Andean origin common bean. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, races, resistant genes, differential cultivars, Anthracnose.","PeriodicalId":7675,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90622998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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