Pub Date : 1988-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466404
J H Seinfeld
The field of ozone air quality modeling, or as it is commonly referred to, photochemical air quality modeling, has undergone rapid change in recent years. Improvements in model components, as well as in methods of interpreting model performance, have contributed to this change. Attendant with this rapid change has been a growing need for those developing and using air quality models and policy makers to have a common understanding of the use and role of models in the decision making process. This Critical Review highlights recent advances and continuing problem areas in photochemical air quality modeling. Emphasis is placed on the components and input data for such models, model performance evaluation, and the implications for their use in regulatory decisions. 183 refs., 8 figs., 8 tabs.
{"title":"Ozone air quality models. A critical review.","authors":"J H Seinfeld","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466404","url":null,"abstract":"The field of ozone air quality modeling, or as it is commonly referred to, photochemical air quality modeling, has undergone rapid change in recent years. Improvements in model components, as well as in methods of interpreting model performance, have contributed to this change. Attendant with this rapid change has been a growing need for those developing and using air quality models and policy makers to have a common understanding of the use and role of models in the decision making process. This Critical Review highlights recent advances and continuing problem areas in photochemical air quality modeling. Emphasis is placed on the components and input data for such models, model performance evaluation, and the implications for their use in regulatory decisions. 183 refs., 8 figs., 8 tabs.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 5","pages":"616-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14177746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466409
J C Bare
The US Environmental Protection Agency recognized the need to gather available source characterization experimental data into a computerized database to provide the medium for data transfer between source characterization researchers and interest groups including monitoring teams, policymakers, private industry and consumer groups. The indoor air source emission database is a computerized system compiling data from source characterization studies done in the US and abroad. It addresses the entire range of indoor air pollution sources: combustion, material, and activity sources, and makes readily available the emission factors determined for each of the pollutants and sources tested, data about the test facility, conditions of the experiment, sampling and analytical data, and an abstract of each publication. The indoor air source emissions database is currently composed of five databases linked together in hierarchical structure. The names of the databases are: BIBLIO, SOURCE, COND, SAMPLE, and POLL.
{"title":"Indoor air pollution source database.","authors":"J C Bare","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466409","url":null,"abstract":"The US Environmental Protection Agency recognized the need to gather available source characterization experimental data into a computerized database to provide the medium for data transfer between source characterization researchers and interest groups including monitoring teams, policymakers, private industry and consumer groups. The indoor air source emission database is a computerized system compiling data from source characterization studies done in the US and abroad. It addresses the entire range of indoor air pollution sources: combustion, material, and activity sources, and makes readily available the emission factors determined for each of the pollutants and sources tested, data about the test facility, conditions of the experiment, sampling and analytical data, and an abstract of each publication. The indoor air source emissions database is currently composed of five databases linked together in hierarchical structure. The names of the databases are: BIBLIO, SOURCE, COND, SAMPLE, and POLL.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 5","pages":"670-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14536271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466406
R R Watts, R J Drago, R G Merrill, R W Williams, E Perry, J Lewtas
The study was undertaken to determine the bacterial mutagenicity (Ames test) and chemical characteristics of respirable particulate matter collected in the area. Fine particle concentrations for the sampling period of November 16th to January 7th ranged from 1.19 to 209.8 microgram/cu m. Bioassay samples from ambient-air fine-particle concentration periods of 25.6 to 209.8 microgram/cu m showed indirect acting mutagenicities of 6.64 to 77.8 rev./cu m with a mutagenicity/particle concentration correlation coefficient of 0.89. The indirect acting mutagenic potency values ranged from 0.29 to 1.44 rev./microgram of extracted organics and averaged 0.73 +/- 0.26. Correlations between fine particle concentration, indirect acting mutagenicity and PAH concentrations were observed for most periods throughout the study. A comparison of ambient air samples collected from wood smoke impacted residential areas in Raleigh, NC, Albuquerque, NM and Juneau showed that the relationship between ambient air mutagenicity and fine particle concentration was similar for each location.
{"title":"Wood smoke impacted air: mutagenicity and chemical analysis of ambient air in a residential area of Juneau, Alaska.","authors":"R R Watts, R J Drago, R G Merrill, R W Williams, E Perry, J Lewtas","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466406","url":null,"abstract":"The study was undertaken to determine the bacterial mutagenicity (Ames test) and chemical characteristics of respirable particulate matter collected in the area. Fine particle concentrations for the sampling period of November 16th to January 7th ranged from 1.19 to 209.8 microgram/cu m. Bioassay samples from ambient-air fine-particle concentration periods of 25.6 to 209.8 microgram/cu m showed indirect acting mutagenicities of 6.64 to 77.8 rev./cu m with a mutagenicity/particle concentration correlation coefficient of 0.89. The indirect acting mutagenic potency values ranged from 0.29 to 1.44 rev./microgram of extracted organics and averaged 0.73 +/- 0.26. Correlations between fine particle concentration, indirect acting mutagenicity and PAH concentrations were observed for most periods throughout the study. A comparison of ambient air samples collected from wood smoke impacted residential areas in Raleigh, NC, Albuquerque, NM and Juneau showed that the relationship between ambient air mutagenicity and fine particle concentration was similar for each location.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 5","pages":"652-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14536270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466405
M Petreas, K S Liu, B H Chang, S B Hayward, K Sexton
As part of the California Mobile Home Study, over 250 mobile homes from throughout the state were monitored for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. Week-long average measurements were taken with Palmes tubes in the kitchen and bedroom of each mobile home during the summer of 1984 and the winter of 1985. The study was conducted entirely by mail with the participants providing all the necessary information. Mobile homes using gas for cooking had significantly higher indoor NO2 levels than those using electricity. Mobile homes located in the Los Angeles basin had significantly higher indoor NO2 concentrations than did mobile homes in the rest of the state. Gas cooking, the inverse of the house volume and geographic location (as a surrogate of outdoor NO2) were the most important variables identified by multiple linear regression.
{"title":"A survey of nitrogen dioxide levels measured inside mobile homes.","authors":"M Petreas, K S Liu, B H Chang, S B Hayward, K Sexton","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466405","url":null,"abstract":"As part of the California Mobile Home Study, over 250 mobile homes from throughout the state were monitored for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. Week-long average measurements were taken with Palmes tubes in the kitchen and bedroom of each mobile home during the summer of 1984 and the winter of 1985. The study was conducted entirely by mail with the participants providing all the necessary information. Mobile homes using gas for cooking had significantly higher indoor NO2 levels than those using electricity. Mobile homes located in the Los Angeles basin had significantly higher indoor NO2 concentrations than did mobile homes in the rest of the state. Gas cooking, the inverse of the house volume and geographic location (as a surrogate of outdoor NO2) were the most important variables identified by multiple linear regression.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 5","pages":"647-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14536269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466411
K Wolf
Source reduction and the waste management hierarchy have become the subject of considerable controversy. This paper describes the two extreme positions on source reduction and places them in contex...
{"title":"Source reduction and the waste management hierarchy.","authors":"K Wolf","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466411","url":null,"abstract":"Source reduction and the waste management hierarchy have become the subject of considerable controversy. This paper describes the two extreme positions on source reduction and places them in contex...","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 5","pages":"681-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14536273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-05-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466410
G E Hunt
The metal finishing industry uses over 40 production processes to produce a wide range of metal products. Waste streams generated include wastewater, waste oils, spent solvents, and spent process solutions. Currently a wide variety of techniques which minimize waste are available. Cost-effective methods to reduce electroplating wastewater contamination include water conservation and drag-out reduction, recovery and management. Ways to cost-effectively reduce the generation of spent metal-working fluids include establishing a fluid management program and installing a fluid recovery system. However, before any techniques are selected, a waste reduction survey should first be conducted.
{"title":"Hazardous waste minimization: Part IV. Waste reduction in the metal finishing industry.","authors":"G E Hunt","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466410","url":null,"abstract":"The metal finishing industry uses over 40 production processes to produce a wide range of metal products. Waste streams generated include wastewater, waste oils, spent solvents, and spent process solutions. Currently a wide variety of techniques which minimize waste are available. Cost-effective methods to reduce electroplating wastewater contamination include water conservation and drag-out reduction, recovery and management. Ways to cost-effectively reduce the generation of spent metal-working fluids include establishing a fluid management program and installing a fluid recovery system. However, before any techniques are selected, a waste reduction survey should first be conducted.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 5","pages":"672-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14536272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Environmental Protection Agency's Hazardous Waste Research and Development Program.","authors":"J H Skinner, N J Bassin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 4","pages":"377-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14522808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-04-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466388
M C Marbury, D P Harlos, J M Samet, J D Spengler
In preparation for a prospective study of the relationship of residential nitrogen dioxide exposure and respiratory infections in infants, we conducted a pilot study to assess NO2 concentrations in a sample of homes in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The methods used to characterize concentrations are described. Three locations in 144 homes were monitored with passive diffusion samplers for two two-week cycles during November and December 1984. Two-week average NO2 concentrations in the activity room ranged from 2.0 to 168.7 ppb. NO2 concentrations in the activity room and the infant’s bedroom were fivefold higher in homes with gas stoves than in homes with electric stoves. Sixty-four percent of homes with gas stoves had activity room concentrations that exceeded the highest outdoor concentration. Multiple regression models Indicated that the outdoor concentration, use of a gas stove, particularly one with pilot lights, presence of a gas dryer in the living area, and use of a floor or wall furnace contributed to...
{"title":"Indoor residential NO2 concentrations in Albuquerque, New Mexico.","authors":"M C Marbury, D P Harlos, J M Samet, J D Spengler","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466388","url":null,"abstract":"In preparation for a prospective study of the relationship of residential nitrogen dioxide exposure and respiratory infections in infants, we conducted a pilot study to assess NO2 concentrations in a sample of homes in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The methods used to characterize concentrations are described. Three locations in 144 homes were monitored with passive diffusion samplers for two two-week cycles during November and December 1984. Two-week average NO2 concentrations in the activity room ranged from 2.0 to 168.7 ppb. NO2 concentrations in the activity room and the infant’s bedroom were fivefold higher in homes with gas stoves than in homes with electric stoves. Sixty-four percent of homes with gas stoves had activity room concentrations that exceeded the highest outdoor concentration. Multiple regression models Indicated that the outdoor concentration, use of a gas stove, particularly one with pilot lights, presence of a gas dryer in the living area, and use of a floor or wall furnace contributed to...","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 4","pages":"392-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14522809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-04-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466394
G A Lorton
This paper looks at waste minimization practices available to the paint and coatings industry. The paper begins with an introduction to the industry and a description of the products. The steps involved in the manufacture of paints and coatings are then described. The paper then identifies the wastes generated. Source reduction and recycling techniques are the predominant means of minimizing waste in this industry. Equipment cleaning wastes are the largest category of wastes, and the paper concentrates on equipment and techniques available to reduce or eliminate these wastes. Techniques are described to reduce the other wastes from manufacturing operations. The paper concludes with a discussion of changing industry product trends and the effect that these trends will have on the generation of waste.
{"title":"Hazardous waste minimization: Part III. Waste minimization in the paint and allied products industry.","authors":"G A Lorton","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466394","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks at waste minimization practices available to the paint and coatings industry. The paper begins with an introduction to the industry and a description of the products. The steps involved in the manufacture of paints and coatings are then described. The paper then identifies the wastes generated. Source reduction and recycling techniques are the predominant means of minimizing waste in this industry. Equipment cleaning wastes are the largest category of wastes, and the paper concentrates on equipment and techniques available to reduce or eliminate these wastes. Techniques are described to reduce the other wastes from manufacturing operations. The paper concludes with a discussion of changing industry product trends and the effect that these trends will have on the generation of waste.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 4","pages":"422-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14522813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-04-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466389
D Amaral
Methods for the incorporation of uncertainty in quantitative analysis are needed in risk assessment applications, such as the problem of estimating health risks from coal-fired power plants. Techniques including elicitation of subjective expert judgment about uncertainty and stochastic simulation modeling are combined in a demonstration analysis. Probabilistic estimates of population exposure to sulfur air pollution from a hypothetical new power plant are generated for two locations in the Ohio River Valley. Models of health responses to air pollution, obtained through elicitation of the judgment of seven leading health scientists, are applied to these exposure estimates, and uncertainty about the level of health impacts is predicted and compared. The predictions range from a significant probability of zero health effects to a small probability of effects on the order of 20 percent of the total mortality. Uncertainty about the adverse effects of sulfur air pollution on human health is far greater than the scientific uncertainty about the atmospheric processes which generate and transport it. These techniques have the potential to improve our understanding and ability to communicate about scientific uncertainty about risk, and may be useful for the analysis of the benefits of sulfur air pollution control.
{"title":"Including uncertainty in assessments of sulfur oxide health risks.","authors":"D Amaral","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466389","url":null,"abstract":"Methods for the incorporation of uncertainty in quantitative analysis are needed in risk assessment applications, such as the problem of estimating health risks from coal-fired power plants. Techniques including elicitation of subjective expert judgment about uncertainty and stochastic simulation modeling are combined in a demonstration analysis. Probabilistic estimates of population exposure to sulfur air pollution from a hypothetical new power plant are generated for two locations in the Ohio River Valley. Models of health responses to air pollution, obtained through elicitation of the judgment of seven leading health scientists, are applied to these exposure estimates, and uncertainty about the level of health impacts is predicted and compared. The predictions range from a significant probability of zero health effects to a small probability of effects on the order of 20 percent of the total mortality. Uncertainty about the adverse effects of sulfur air pollution on human health is far greater than the scientific uncertainty about the atmospheric processes which generate and transport it. These techniques have the potential to improve our understanding and ability to communicate about scientific uncertainty about risk, and may be useful for the analysis of the benefits of sulfur air pollution control.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 4","pages":"399-405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14522810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：