Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031324-024345
Margarida M. Telo da Gama, Rodrigo C.V. Coelho
Mixtures of nematic liquid crystals and isotropic fluids present a rich platform to explore the interplay between orientational order and concentration fluctuations, both experimentally and theoretically. These systems exhibit a wealth of phase behaviors and interfacial phenomena, shaped by the coupling of thermodynamic and kinetic effects. In this review, we present a unified theoretical framework that combines the Landau–de Gennes free energy for nematic ordering with the Cahn–Hilliard description of phase separation. This minimal model captures a wide range of characteristic behaviors, from phase separation and spinodal decomposition to the emergence of anisotropic domains and defect structures driven by the competition between interfacial anchoring and elastic interactions. We analyze the stability of the uniform isotropic and nematic phases and the phase separation dynamics and the interfacial behaviors that arise, and we reference the role of hydrodynamic interactions. The scope is further broadened by reference to active nematic emulsions, in which internal stresses drive nonequilibrium dynamics and novel steady states. Together, these phenomena underscore the versatility of nematic–isotropic mixtures as model systems in soft condensed matter physics.
{"title":"Phase Separation in Mixtures of Nematic and Isotropic Fluids","authors":"Margarida M. Telo da Gama, Rodrigo C.V. Coelho","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031324-024345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031324-024345","url":null,"abstract":"Mixtures of nematic liquid crystals and isotropic fluids present a rich platform to explore the interplay between orientational order and concentration fluctuations, both experimentally and theoretically. These systems exhibit a wealth of phase behaviors and interfacial phenomena, shaped by the coupling of thermodynamic and kinetic effects. In this review, we present a unified theoretical framework that combines the Landau–de Gennes free energy for nematic ordering with the Cahn–Hilliard description of phase separation. This minimal model captures a wide range of characteristic behaviors, from phase separation and spinodal decomposition to the emergence of anisotropic domains and defect structures driven by the competition between interfacial anchoring and elastic interactions. We analyze the stability of the uniform isotropic and nematic phases and the phase separation dynamics and the interfacial behaviors that arise, and we reference the role of hydrodynamic interactions. The scope is further broadened by reference to active nematic emulsions, in which internal stresses drive nonequilibrium dynamics and novel steady states. Together, these phenomena underscore the versatility of nematic–isotropic mixtures as model systems in soft condensed matter physics.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060625-061354
Siavash Monfared, Aleksandra Ardaševa, Amin Doostmohammadi
Understanding how cells coordinate their behaviors to produce large-scale patterns and functions is central to deciphering biological processes ranging from tissue development and regeneration to cancer progression and morphogenesis. Despite advances in imaging and mechanical characterization, the role of physical forces in collective cell dynamics remains incompletely understood. Physics-based models are essential for complementing experimental data, offering access to high-resolution spatiotemporal fields, and enabling mechanistic insights into complex multicellular systems. This review focuses on dense, soft tissues, in which the mechanical deformation of one cell drives reorganization of its neighbors, giving rise to emergent behaviors such as orientational order and long-range force transmission. The multiphase-field model provides a powerful and versatile framework to investigate such systems, bridging biological phenomena and the nonequilibrium physics of active matter. We discuss the theoretical foundations of the model and its applications to a range of biological contexts, including cell migration, heterogeneous populations, confined geometries, and metastasis. We also emphasize the integration of simulations with experimental data, highlighting how this approach is reshaping our understanding of tissue mechanics, collective order, and force transmission. Finally, we outline current trends and future challenges in applying multiphase-field models to biology and soft matter physics.
{"title":"Multiphase-Field Models of Tissues","authors":"Siavash Monfared, Aleksandra Ardaševa, Amin Doostmohammadi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060625-061354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060625-061354","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how cells coordinate their behaviors to produce large-scale patterns and functions is central to deciphering biological processes ranging from tissue development and regeneration to cancer progression and morphogenesis. Despite advances in imaging and mechanical characterization, the role of physical forces in collective cell dynamics remains incompletely understood. Physics-based models are essential for complementing experimental data, offering access to high-resolution spatiotemporal fields, and enabling mechanistic insights into complex multicellular systems. This review focuses on dense, soft tissues, in which the mechanical deformation of one cell drives reorganization of its neighbors, giving rise to emergent behaviors such as orientational order and long-range force transmission. The multiphase-field model provides a powerful and versatile framework to investigate such systems, bridging biological phenomena and the nonequilibrium physics of active matter. We discuss the theoretical foundations of the model and its applications to a range of biological contexts, including cell migration, heterogeneous populations, confined geometries, and metastasis. We also emphasize the integration of simulations with experimental data, highlighting how this approach is reshaping our understanding of tissue mechanics, collective order, and force transmission. Finally, we outline current trends and future challenges in applying multiphase-field models to biology and soft matter physics.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-070514
Dominic V. Else
I review some recent results on understanding the physics of metals in an exact nonperturbative way through the powerful field-theoretic concepts of emergent symmetries and ’t Hooft anomalies. A ’t Hooft anomaly is a discrete topological property that quantum field theories with global symmetries can have. I explain how many of the properties of metals can in fact be viewed as direct consequences of the anomaly. This allows a structural understanding of metals, including non-Fermi liquids, to be obtained even in the absence of any exact solution for the strongly coupled dynamics. I then outline the main limitations and outstanding questions.
我回顾了一些最近的结果，通过强大的场理论概念的涌现对称性和' t Hooft异常，以精确的非摄动方式理解金属的物理。A ' t Hooft异常是具有全局对称性的量子场论所具有的离散拓扑性质。我解释了金属的许多特性实际上可以被视为异常的直接后果。这使得对金属的结构理解，包括非费米液体，即使在没有任何强耦合动力学的精确解的情况下也能得到。然后，我概述了主要的限制和突出的问题。
{"title":"’t Hooft Anomalies in Metals","authors":"Dominic V. Else","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-070514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-070514","url":null,"abstract":"I review some recent results on understanding the physics of metals in an exact nonperturbative way through the powerful field-theoretic concepts of emergent symmetries and ’t Hooft anomalies. A ’t Hooft anomaly is a discrete topological property that quantum field theories with global symmetries can have. I explain how many of the properties of metals can in fact be viewed as direct consequences of the anomaly. This allows a structural understanding of metals, including non-Fermi liquids, to be obtained even in the absence of any exact solution for the strongly coupled dynamics. I then outline the main limitations and outstanding questions.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145536097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061125-032048
Lauriane Chomaz
Ultracold Bose gases of highly magnetic atoms exhibit unique interaction properties that lead to striking many-body behaviors, both at and beyond the mean field. A decade ago, a universal stabilization mechanism driven by quantum fluctuations was discovered in these gases. This mechanism prevents the systems from collapsing and instead allows exotic states of matter to arise, including ultradilute quantum droplets, crystallized quantum states, and especially supersolids. After introducing key features of dipolar quantum Bose gases—including their interactions, ground states, and excitations in a mean-field framework, as well as the onset of quantum-fluctuation stabilization—we review the progress made in understanding the emergence and intriguing properties of these quantum stabilized states. Both theory and experiments are discussed.
{"title":"Quantum-Stabilized States in Magnetic Dipolar Quantum Gases","authors":"Lauriane Chomaz","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061125-032048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061125-032048","url":null,"abstract":"Ultracold Bose gases of highly magnetic atoms exhibit unique interaction properties that lead to striking many-body behaviors, both at and beyond the mean field. A decade ago, a universal stabilization mechanism driven by quantum fluctuations was discovered in these gases. This mechanism prevents the systems from collapsing and instead allows exotic states of matter to arise, including ultradilute quantum droplets, crystallized quantum states, and especially supersolids. After introducing key features of dipolar quantum Bose gases—including their interactions, ground states, and excitations in a mean-field framework, as well as the onset of quantum-fluctuation stabilization—we review the progress made in understanding the emergence and intriguing properties of these quantum stabilized states. Both theory and experiments are discussed.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145491841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060925-103154
Qian Song, Riccardo Comin
The discovery of ferroic orders in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials has introduced new functionalities to the 2D materials family, potentially revolutionizing next-generation nanoelectronics and spintronics. We provide a concise review of recent advances in 2D ferroics, with a focus on their experimental observations, the unique properties emerging from reduced dimensionality, and promising applications. We conclude by discussing key challenges that remain and offering our outlook on future research directions in this rapidly evolving field.
{"title":"Two-Dimensional Bulk Ferroics","authors":"Qian Song, Riccardo Comin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060925-103154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060925-103154","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of ferroic orders in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials has introduced new functionalities to the 2D materials family, potentially revolutionizing next-generation nanoelectronics and spintronics. We provide a concise review of recent advances in 2D ferroics, with a focus on their experimental observations, the unique properties emerging from reduced dimensionality, and promising applications. We conclude by discussing key challenges that remain and offering our outlook on future research directions in this rapidly evolving field.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145282850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-044125
Peter Abbamonte, Jörg Fink
The dynamic charge susceptibility, χ(q, ω), is a fundamental observable of all materials, in one, two, and three dimensions, quantifying the collective charge modes and the ability of a material to screen charge, as well as its electronic compressibility. Here, we review the current state of efforts to measure the charge susceptibility of quantum materials using inelastic electron scattering, which historically has been called electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). We focus on comparison between transmission (T-EELS) and reflection (R-EELS) geometries as applied to a selection of three-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional conductors. Although a great deal is understood about simple metals, measurements of more strongly interacting and strange metals are currently conflicting, with different groups obtaining fundamentally contradictory results, emphasizing the importance of improved EELS measurements. Furthermore, current opportunities for improvement in EELS techniques are vast, with the most promising future development being in hemispherical and time-of-flight analyzers, as well as scanning transmission electron microscope instruments configured for high-momentum resolution. We conclude that, despite more than half a century of work, EELS techniques are currently still in their infancy.
{"title":"Collective Charge Excitations Studied by Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy","authors":"Peter Abbamonte, Jörg Fink","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-044125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-044125","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic charge susceptibility, χ(<jats:italic>q</jats:italic>, ω), is a fundamental observable of all materials, in one, two, and three dimensions, quantifying the collective charge modes and the ability of a material to screen charge, as well as its electronic compressibility. Here, we review the current state of efforts to measure the charge susceptibility of quantum materials using inelastic electron scattering, which historically has been called electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). We focus on comparison between transmission (T-EELS) and reflection (R-EELS) geometries as applied to a selection of three-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional conductors. Although a great deal is understood about simple metals, measurements of more strongly interacting and strange metals are currently conflicting, with different groups obtaining fundamentally contradictory results, emphasizing the importance of improved EELS measurements. Furthermore, current opportunities for improvement in EELS techniques are vast, with the most promising future development being in hemispherical and time-of-flight analyzers, as well as scanning transmission electron microscope instruments configured for high-momentum resolution. We conclude that, despite more than half a century of work, EELS techniques are currently still in their infancy.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-113138
William M. Jacobs, W. Benjamin Rogers
Nearly thirty years after its inception, the field of DNA-programmed colloidal self-assembly has begun to realize its initial promise. In this review, we summarize recent developments in designing effective interactions and understanding the dynamic self-assembly pathways of DNA-coated nanoparticles and microparticles, as well as how these advances have propelled tremendous progress in crystal engineering. We also highlight exciting new directions showing that new classes of subunits combining nanoparticles with DNA origami can be used to engineer novel multicomponent assemblies, including structures with self-limiting, finite sizes. We conclude by providing an outlook on how recent theoretical advances focusing on the kinetics of self-assembly could usher in new materials-design opportunities, like the possibility of retrieving multiple distinct target structures from a single suspension or accessing new classes of materials that are stabilized by energy dissipation, mimicking self-assembly in living systems.
{"title":"Assembly of Complex Colloidal Systems Using DNA","authors":"William M. Jacobs, W. Benjamin Rogers","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-113138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-113138","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly thirty years after its inception, the field of DNA-programmed colloidal self-assembly has begun to realize its initial promise. In this review, we summarize recent developments in designing effective interactions and understanding the dynamic self-assembly pathways of DNA-coated nanoparticles and microparticles, as well as how these advances have propelled tremendous progress in crystal engineering. We also highlight exciting new directions showing that new classes of subunits combining nanoparticles with DNA origami can be used to engineer novel multicomponent assemblies, including structures with self-limiting, finite sizes. We conclude by providing an outlook on how recent theoretical advances focusing on the kinetics of self-assembly could usher in new materials-design opportunities, like the possibility of retrieving multiple distinct target structures from a single suspension or accessing new classes of materials that are stabilized by energy dissipation, mimicking self-assembly in living systems.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-052213
P. Pincus
This article is the result of a transcribed recording of an interview that Ram Seshadri [Materials and Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)] conducted with Fyl Pincus who recently retired from UCSB (Physics and Materials). Its focus is an autobiographical account of Fyl's academic career and includes a personal view of the early days of soft condensed matter as a subdiscipline of physics.
{"title":"60+ Years of Meandering in Condensed Matter Physics","authors":"P. Pincus","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-052213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-052213","url":null,"abstract":"This article is the result of a transcribed recording of an interview that Ram Seshadri [Materials and Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)] conducted with Fyl Pincus who recently retired from UCSB (Physics and Materials). Its focus is an autobiographical account of Fyl's academic career and includes a personal view of the early days of soft condensed matter as a subdiscipline of physics.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-095842
Katepalli R. Sreenivasan, Jörg Schumacher
Turbulent motion of fluids is often thought of as a grand problem, but what exactly is this “turbulence problem”? Because it has often been proclaimed as very difficult and unsolved, when can we claim that it is solved? How does this situation in turbulence compare with other complex problems in physical sciences? Addressing these questions is not trivial because everyone has their favorite idea of what is required of the “solution.” The answers range from being able to calculate the pressure drop in turbulent pipe flow to being able to calculate anomalous scaling exponents to answering the regularity problem of the Navier–Stokes equations. Taking an absolute position on the basis of any of these, or other similar examples, is incomplete at best and potentially erroneous at worst. We believe that it is beneficial to have an open discussion of this topic for the advancement of the research agenda in turbulence. This article is an attempt to address the question of what constitutes the turbulence problem, its place in the scientific enterprise as a whole, and how and when one may declare it as solved.
{"title":"What Is the Turbulence Problem, and When May We Regard It as Solved?","authors":"Katepalli R. Sreenivasan, Jörg Schumacher","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-095842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-095842","url":null,"abstract":"Turbulent motion of fluids is often thought of as a grand problem, but what exactly is this “turbulence problem”? Because it has often been proclaimed as very difficult and unsolved, when can we claim that it is solved? How does this situation in turbulence compare with other complex problems in physical sciences? Addressing these questions is not trivial because everyone has their favorite idea of what is required of the “solution.” The answers range from being able to calculate the pressure drop in turbulent pipe flow to being able to calculate anomalous scaling exponents to answering the regularity problem of the Navier–Stokes equations. Taking an absolute position on the basis of any of these, or other similar examples, is incomplete at best and potentially erroneous at worst. We believe that it is beneficial to have an open discussion of this topic for the advancement of the research agenda in turbulence. This article is an attempt to address the question of what constitutes the turbulence problem, its place in the scientific enterprise as a whole, and how and when one may declare it as solved.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"731 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-043926
Sho C. Takatori, Titus Quah, James B. Rawlings
Feedback control is essential to the performance of dynamical systems, helping to drive nonequilibrium systems from one state to another. In this review, we discuss feedback control applied to living and synthetic active matter—systems that are constantly dynamical and out of equilibrium. We review the experimental and theoretical work in controlling the trajectory and distribution of active matter, from single particles to collective populations. Modern advances in microscopy and numerical computation have enabled data-rich studies of active systems, aided by data-driven approaches to model, forecast, and control the complex and chaotic behaviors of active matter. We describe the basic mathematical structure of active Brownian particles, with a focus on observability and time delay embedding to control particle motion using density data alone. Finally, we comment on the future outlook of controlling complex systems with multibody interparticle and hydrodynamic interactions.
{"title":"Feedback Control of Active Matter","authors":"Sho C. Takatori, Titus Quah, James B. Rawlings","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-043926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-043926","url":null,"abstract":"Feedback control is essential to the performance of dynamical systems, helping to drive nonequilibrium systems from one state to another. In this review, we discuss feedback control applied to living and synthetic active matter—systems that are constantly dynamical and out of equilibrium. We review the experimental and theoretical work in controlling the trajectory and distribution of active matter, from single particles to collective populations. Modern advances in microscopy and numerical computation have enabled data-rich studies of active systems, aided by data-driven approaches to model, forecast, and control the complex and chaotic behaviors of active matter. We describe the basic mathematical structure of active Brownian particles, with a focus on observability and time delay embedding to control particle motion using density data alone. Finally, we comment on the future outlook of controlling complex systems with multibody interparticle and hydrodynamic interactions.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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