Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-045619
Michael Foss-Feig, Guido Pagano, Andrew C. Potter, Norman Y. Yao
Trapped ions offer long coherence times and high fidelity, programmable quantum operations, making them a promising platform for quantum simulation of condensed matter systems, quantum dynamics, and problems related to high-energy physics. We review selected developments in trapped-ion qubits and architectures and discuss quantum simulation applications that utilize these emerging capabilities. This review emphasizes developments in digital (gate-based) quantum simulations that exploit trapped-ion hardware capabilities, such as flexible qubit connectivity, selective mid-circuit measurement, and classical feedback, to simulate models with long-range interactions, explore nonunitary dynamics, compress simulations of states with limited entanglement, and reduce the circuit depths required to prepare or simulate long-range entangled states.
{"title":"Progress in Trapped-Ion Quantum Simulation","authors":"Michael Foss-Feig, Guido Pagano, Andrew C. Potter, Norman Y. Yao","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-045619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-045619","url":null,"abstract":"Trapped ions offer long coherence times and high fidelity, programmable quantum operations, making them a promising platform for quantum simulation of condensed matter systems, quantum dynamics, and problems related to high-energy physics. We review selected developments in trapped-ion qubits and architectures and discuss quantum simulation applications that utilize these emerging capabilities. This review emphasizes developments in digital (gate-based) quantum simulations that exploit trapped-ion hardware capabilities, such as flexible qubit connectivity, selective mid-circuit measurement, and classical feedback, to simulate models with long-range interactions, explore nonunitary dynamics, compress simulations of states with limited entanglement, and reduce the circuit depths required to prepare or simulate long-range entangled states.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-123620
Soho Shim, M. Mehraeen, Joseph Sklenar, Steven S.-L. Zhang, Axel Hoffmann, Nadya Mason
Spin-polarized antiferromagnets have recently gained significant interest because they combine the advantages of both ferromagnets (spin polarization) and antiferromagnets (absence of net magnetization) for spintronics applications. In particular, spin-polarized antiferromagnetic metals can be useful as active spintronics materials because of their high electrical and thermal conductivities and their ability to host strong interactions between charge transport and magnetic spin textures. We review spin and charge transport phenomena in spin-polarized antiferromagnetic metals in which the interplay of metallic conductivity and spin-split bands offers novel practical applications and new fundamental insights into antiferromagnetism. We focus on three types of antiferromagnets: canted antiferromagnets, noncollinear antiferromagnets, and collinear altermagnets. We also discuss how the investigation of spin-polarized antiferromagnetic metals can open doors to future research directions.
{"title":"Spin-Polarized Antiferromagnetic Metals","authors":"Soho Shim, M. Mehraeen, Joseph Sklenar, Steven S.-L. Zhang, Axel Hoffmann, Nadya Mason","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-123620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-123620","url":null,"abstract":"Spin-polarized antiferromagnets have recently gained significant interest because they combine the advantages of both ferromagnets (spin polarization) and antiferromagnets (absence of net magnetization) for spintronics applications. In particular, spin-polarized antiferromagnetic metals can be useful as active spintronics materials because of their high electrical and thermal conductivities and their ability to host strong interactions between charge transport and magnetic spin textures. We review spin and charge transport phenomena in spin-polarized antiferromagnetic metals in which the interplay of metallic conductivity and spin-split bands offers novel practical applications and new fundamental insights into antiferromagnetism. We focus on three types of antiferromagnets: canted antiferromagnets, noncollinear antiferromagnets, and collinear altermagnets. We also discuss how the investigation of spin-polarized antiferromagnetic metals can open doors to future research directions.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040721-023549
Yizhi You
Fractons emerge from many-body systems, featuring subdimensional particles with restricted mobility. These particles have attracted interest for their roles across disciplines, including topological quantum codes, quantum field theory, emergent gravity, and quantum information. They display unique nonequilibrium behaviors such as nonergodicity and glassy dynamics. This review offers a structured overview of fracton phenomena, especially those of gapless fracton liquids, which enable collective modes similar to gauge fluctuations in Maxwell's electromagnetic framework, yet their phenomena are distinguished by a unique conservation law that restricts the mobility of individual charges and monopoles. We delve into the theoretical basis of three-dimensional (3D) fracton liquids, exploring emergent symmetric tensor gauge theories and their properties. We also discuss the material realization of fracton liquids in Yb-based pyrochlore lattices and other synthetic quantum matter platforms.
{"title":"Quantum Liquids: Emergent Higher-Rank Gauge Theory and Fractons","authors":"Yizhi You","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040721-023549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040721-023549","url":null,"abstract":"Fractons emerge from many-body systems, featuring subdimensional particles with restricted mobility. These particles have attracted interest for their roles across disciplines, including topological quantum codes, quantum field theory, emergent gravity, and quantum information. They display unique nonequilibrium behaviors such as nonergodicity and glassy dynamics. This review offers a structured overview of fracton phenomena, especially those of gapless fracton liquids, which enable collective modes similar to gauge fluctuations in Maxwell's electromagnetic framework, yet their phenomena are distinguished by a unique conservation law that restricts the mobility of individual charges and monopoles. We delve into the theoretical basis of three-dimensional (3D) fracton liquids, exploring emergent symmetric tensor gauge theories and their properties. We also discuss the material realization of fracton liquids in Yb-based pyrochlore lattices and other synthetic quantum matter platforms.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-095908
Joel L. Lebowitz
I describe some of my activities, academic and personal, since coming to the United States in 1946 at the age of 16. It has been a long journey with many ups and downs. I selectively and briefly describe my experiences in a rabbinical school with an attached (parochial) high school, at Brooklyn College, in graduate school at Syracuse University, during a postdoc with Lars Onsager at Yale University, and in my academic positions at Stevens Institute of Technology, Yeshiva University and Rutgers University. I write at greater length about some experiences traveling to the Soviet Union (now Russia) during the period of 1978–1990, where I went to meet with refusenik and dissident scientists. There, I met Andrei Sakharov, whose fight for human rights has been an inspiration to me. I conclude with a talk I recently gave (via film) at the March 2024, meeting of the American Physical Society.
{"title":"Human Rights and Science: Biographical Notes","authors":"Joel L. Lebowitz","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-095908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-095908","url":null,"abstract":"I describe some of my activities, academic and personal, since coming to the United States in 1946 at the age of 16. It has been a long journey with many ups and downs. I selectively and briefly describe my experiences in a rabbinical school with an attached (parochial) high school, at Brooklyn College, in graduate school at Syracuse University, during a postdoc with Lars Onsager at Yale University, and in my academic positions at Stevens Institute of Technology, Yeshiva University and Rutgers University. I write at greater length about some experiences traveling to the Soviet Union (now Russia) during the period of 1978–1990, where I went to meet with refusenik and dissident scientists. There, I met Andrei Sakharov, whose fight for human rights has been an inspiration to me. I conclude with a talk I recently gave (via film) at the March 2024, meeting of the American Physical Society.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041124-120513
César O. Solano-Cabrera, Pavel Castro-Villarreal, Rosario E. Moctezuma, Fernando Donado, Jacinta C. Conrad, Ramón Castañeda-Priego
Colloidal dispersions exhibit rich equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamic properties, self-assemble into diverse structures at different length scales, and display transport behavior under bulk conditions. In confinement or under geometrical restrictions, new phenomena emerge that have no counterpart when the colloids are embedded in an open, noncurved space. In this review, we focus on the effects of confinement and geometry on the self-assembly and transport of colloids and fluidized granular systems, which serve as model systems. Our goal is to summarize experiments, theoretical approximations and molecular simulations that provide physical insight on the role played by the geometry at the mesoscopic scale. We highlight particular challenges, and show preliminary results based on the covariant Smoluchowski equation, that present promising avenues to study colloidal dynamics in a non-Euclidean geometry.
{"title":"Self-Assembly and Transport Phenomena of Colloids: Confinement and Geometrical Effects","authors":"César O. Solano-Cabrera, Pavel Castro-Villarreal, Rosario E. Moctezuma, Fernando Donado, Jacinta C. Conrad, Ramón Castañeda-Priego","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041124-120513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041124-120513","url":null,"abstract":"Colloidal dispersions exhibit rich equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamic properties, self-assemble into diverse structures at different length scales, and display transport behavior under bulk conditions. In confinement or under geometrical restrictions, new phenomena emerge that have no counterpart when the colloids are embedded in an open, noncurved space. In this review, we focus on the effects of confinement and geometry on the self-assembly and transport of colloids and fluidized granular systems, which serve as model systems. Our goal is to summarize experiments, theoretical approximations and molecular simulations that provide physical insight on the role played by the geometry at the mesoscopic scale. We highlight particular challenges, and show preliminary results based on the covariant Smoluchowski equation, that present promising avenues to study colloidal dynamics in a non-Euclidean geometry.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040821-120442
Calvin A. Riiska, Chantal Nguyen, Orit Peleg, Jennifer M. Rieser
Understanding the physics of behavior in animals is a challenging and fascinating area of research that has gained increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we delve into the intricate temporal and spatial scales of animal behavior for both individuals and collectives. We explore the experimental and theoretical approaches used to study behavior, highlighting the importance of feedback loops, emergent behavior, and environmental factors in shaping the actions of creatures great and small. The emergence of novel technologies, such as high-speed imaging and tracking, has provided unparalleled insight into the captivating nuances of animal behavior, and we review how these insights have been used to validate physics-based models of animal behavior. We also consider the potential applications of this research in robotics and artificial intelligence, identify new areas for exploration, and envision the possibility of further breakthroughs that will illuminate the complex dynamics of animal behavior.
{"title":"The Physics of Animal Behavior: Form, Function, and Interactions","authors":"Calvin A. Riiska, Chantal Nguyen, Orit Peleg, Jennifer M. Rieser","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040821-120442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040821-120442","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the physics of behavior in animals is a challenging and fascinating area of research that has gained increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we delve into the intricate temporal and spatial scales of animal behavior for both individuals and collectives. We explore the experimental and theoretical approaches used to study behavior, highlighting the importance of feedback loops, emergent behavior, and environmental factors in shaping the actions of creatures great and small. The emergence of novel technologies, such as high-speed imaging and tracking, has provided unparalleled insight into the captivating nuances of animal behavior, and we review how these insights have been used to validate physics-based models of animal behavior. We also consider the potential applications of this research in robotics and artificial intelligence, identify new areas for exploration, and envision the possibility of further breakthroughs that will illuminate the complex dynamics of animal behavior.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140104587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-115341
C.A.R. Sá de Melo, Senne Van Loon
We review aspects of the evolution from Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) to Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in two dimensions, which have now become relevant in systems with low densities, such as gated superconductors Li xZrNCl, magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene, FeSe, FeSe1− xS x, and ultracold Fermi superfluids. We emphasize the important role played by chemical potentials in determining crossovers or topological quantum phase transitions during the BCS–BEC evolution in one-band and two-band superfluids and superconductors. We highlight that crossovers from BCS to BEC occur for pairing in nonnodal s-wave channels, whereas topological quantum phase transitions, in which the order parameter symmetry does not change, arise for pairing in any nodal higher angular momentum channels, such as d-wave. We conclude by discussing a few open questions regarding the BCS-to-BEC evolution in 2D, including modulus fluctuations of the order parameter, tighter upper bounds on critical temperatures, and the exploration of lattice effects in two-band superconductors and superfluids.
我们回顾了二维巴丁-库珀-施里弗（BCS）向玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚（BEC）演化的各个方面，这些方面现在已经与低密度系统相关，例如门控超导体 Li xZrNCl、魔角扭曲三层石墨烯、FeSe、FeSe1- xS x 和超冷费米超流体。我们强调化学势在决定单带和双带超流体和超导体的 BCS-BEC 演化过程中的交叉或拓扑量子相变方面所起的重要作用。我们强调，从 BCS 到 BEC 的交叉发生在非结点 s 波通道的配对中，而拓扑量子相变（其中阶参量对称性没有改变）发生在任何结点高角动量通道（如 d 波）的配对中。最后，我们讨论了有关二维 BCS 到 BEC 演化的几个开放性问题，包括阶参数的模量波动、临界温度的更严格上限，以及对双带超导体和超流体中晶格效应的探索。
{"title":"Evolution from Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer to Bose–Einstein Condensation in Two Dimensions: Crossovers and Topological Quantum Phase Transitions","authors":"C.A.R. Sá de Melo, Senne Van Loon","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-115341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-115341","url":null,"abstract":"We review aspects of the evolution from Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) to Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in two dimensions, which have now become relevant in systems with low densities, such as gated superconductors Li<jats:sub> x</jats:sub>ZrNCl, magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene, FeSe, FeSe<jats:sub>1− x</jats:sub>S<jats:sub> x</jats:sub>, and ultracold Fermi superfluids. We emphasize the important role played by chemical potentials in determining crossovers or topological quantum phase transitions during the BCS–BEC evolution in one-band and two-band superfluids and superconductors. We highlight that crossovers from BCS to BEC occur for pairing in nonnodal s-wave channels, whereas topological quantum phase transitions, in which the order parameter symmetry does not change, arise for pairing in any nodal higher angular momentum channels, such as d-wave. We conclude by discussing a few open questions regarding the BCS-to-BEC evolution in 2D, including modulus fluctuations of the order parameter, tighter upper bounds on critical temperatures, and the exploration of lattice effects in two-band superconductors and superfluids.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140104576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040423-014045
Martin Greiter, Frank Wilczek
The quantum-mechanical description of assemblies of particles whose motion is confined to two (or one) spatial dimensions offers many possibilities that are distinct from bosons and fermions. We call such particles anyons. The simplest anyons are parameterized by an angular phase parameter θ. θ = 0, π correspond to bosons and fermions, respectively; at intermediate values, we say that we have fractional statistics. In two dimensions, θ describes the phase acquired by the wave function as two anyons wind around one another counterclockwise. It generates a shift in the allowed values for the relative angular momentum. Composites of localized electric charge and magnetic flux associated with an abelian U(1) gauge group realize this behavior. More complex charge-flux constructions can involve nonabelian and product groups acting on a spectrum of allowed charges and fluxes, giving rise to nonabelian and mutual statistics. Interchanges of nonabelian anyons implement unitary transformations of the wave function within an emergent space of internal states. Anyons of all kinds are described by quantum field theories that include Chern–Simons terms. The crossings of one-dimensional anyons on a ring are unidirectional, such that a fractional phase θ acquired upon interchange gives rise to fractional shifts in the relative momenta between the anyons. The quasiparticle excitations of fractional quantum Hall states have long been predicted to include anyons. Recently, the anyon behavior predicted for quasiparticles in the ν = 1/3 fractional quantum Hall state has been observed in both scattering and interferometric experiments. Excitations within designed systems, notably including superconducting circuits, can exhibit anyon behavior. Such systems are being developed for possible use in quantum information processing.
{"title":"Fractional Statistics","authors":"Martin Greiter, Frank Wilczek","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040423-014045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040423-014045","url":null,"abstract":"The quantum-mechanical description of assemblies of particles whose motion is confined to two (or one) spatial dimensions offers many possibilities that are distinct from bosons and fermions. We call such particles anyons. The simplest anyons are parameterized by an angular phase parameter θ. θ = 0, π correspond to bosons and fermions, respectively; at intermediate values, we say that we have fractional statistics. In two dimensions, θ describes the phase acquired by the wave function as two anyons wind around one another counterclockwise. It generates a shift in the allowed values for the relative angular momentum. Composites of localized electric charge and magnetic flux associated with an abelian U(1) gauge group realize this behavior. More complex charge-flux constructions can involve nonabelian and product groups acting on a spectrum of allowed charges and fluxes, giving rise to nonabelian and mutual statistics. Interchanges of nonabelian anyons implement unitary transformations of the wave function within an emergent space of internal states. Anyons of all kinds are described by quantum field theories that include Chern–Simons terms. The crossings of one-dimensional anyons on a ring are unidirectional, such that a fractional phase θ acquired upon interchange gives rise to fractional shifts in the relative momenta between the anyons. The quasiparticle excitations of fractional quantum Hall states have long been predicted to include anyons. Recently, the anyon behavior predicted for quasiparticles in the ν = 1/3 fractional quantum Hall state has been observed in both scattering and interferometric experiments. Excitations within designed systems, notably including superconducting circuits, can exhibit anyon behavior. Such systems are being developed for possible use in quantum information processing.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140104586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040521-042014
L. Fritz, T. Scaffidi
The “flow” of electric currents and heat in standard metals is diffusive with electronic motion randomized by impurities. However, for ultraclean metals, electrons can flow like water with their flow being described by the equations of hydrodynamics. While theoretically postulated, this situation was highly elusive for decades. In the past decade, several experimental groups have found strong indications for this type of flow, especially in graphene-based devices. In this review, we give an overview of some of the recent key developments, on both the theoretical and experimental sides.
{"title":"Hydrodynamic Electronic Transport","authors":"L. Fritz, T. Scaffidi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040521-042014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040521-042014","url":null,"abstract":"The “flow” of electric currents and heat in standard metals is diffusive with electronic motion randomized by impurities. However, for ultraclean metals, electrons can flow like water with their flow being described by the equations of hydrodynamics. While theoretically postulated, this situation was highly elusive for decades. In the past decade, several experimental groups have found strong indications for this type of flow, especially in graphene-based devices. In this review, we give an overview of some of the recent key developments, on both the theoretical and experimental sides.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140104569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032917
Frank Jülicher, Christoph A. Weber
Living cells are spatially organized by compartments that can nucleate, grow, and dissolve. Compartmentalization can emerge by phase separation, leading to the formation of droplets in the cell's nucleo- or cytoplasm, also called biomolecular condensates. Such droplets can organize the biochemistry of the cell by providing specific chemical environments in space and time. These compartments provide transient environments, suggesting the relevance of nonequilibrium physics of droplets as a key to unraveling the underlying physicochemical principles of biological functions in living cells. In this review, we highlight coarse-grained approaches that capture the physics of chemically active emulsions as a model for condensates orchestrating chemical processes. We also discuss the dynamics of single molecules in condensates and the material properties of biological condensates and their relevance for the cell. Finally, we propose wetting, prewetting, and surface phase transitions as a possibility for intracellular surfaces to control biological condensates, spatially organize membranes, and exert mechanical forces.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 15 is March 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Droplet Physics and Intracellular Phase Separation","authors":"Frank Jülicher, Christoph A. Weber","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032917","url":null,"abstract":"Living cells are spatially organized by compartments that can nucleate, grow, and dissolve. Compartmentalization can emerge by phase separation, leading to the formation of droplets in the cell's nucleo- or cytoplasm, also called biomolecular condensates. Such droplets can organize the biochemistry of the cell by providing specific chemical environments in space and time. These compartments provide transient environments, suggesting the relevance of nonequilibrium physics of droplets as a key to unraveling the underlying physicochemical principles of biological functions in living cells. In this review, we highlight coarse-grained approaches that capture the physics of chemically active emulsions as a model for condensates orchestrating chemical processes. We also discuss the dynamics of single molecules in condensates and the material properties of biological condensates and their relevance for the cell. Finally, we propose wetting, prewetting, and surface phase transitions as a possibility for intracellular surfaces to control biological condensates, spatially organize membranes, and exert mechanical forces.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 15 is March 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138550752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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