Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-044125
Peter Abbamonte, Jörg Fink
The dynamic charge susceptibility, χ(q, ω), is a fundamental observable of all materials, in one, two, and three dimensions, quantifying the collective charge modes and the ability of a material to screen charge, as well as its electronic compressibility. Here, we review the current state of efforts to measure the charge susceptibility of quantum materials using inelastic electron scattering, which historically has been called electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). We focus on comparison between transmission (T-EELS) and reflection (R-EELS) geometries as applied to a selection of three-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional conductors. Although a great deal is understood about simple metals, measurements of more strongly interacting and strange metals are currently conflicting, with different groups obtaining fundamentally contradictory results, emphasizing the importance of improved EELS measurements. Furthermore, current opportunities for improvement in EELS techniques are vast, with the most promising future development being in hemispherical and time-of-flight analyzers, as well as scanning transmission electron microscope instruments configured for high-momentum resolution. We conclude that, despite more than half a century of work, EELS techniques are currently still in their infancy.
{"title":"Collective Charge Excitations Studied by Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy","authors":"Peter Abbamonte, Jörg Fink","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-044125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-044125","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic charge susceptibility, χ(<jats:italic>q</jats:italic>, ω), is a fundamental observable of all materials, in one, two, and three dimensions, quantifying the collective charge modes and the ability of a material to screen charge, as well as its electronic compressibility. Here, we review the current state of efforts to measure the charge susceptibility of quantum materials using inelastic electron scattering, which historically has been called electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). We focus on comparison between transmission (T-EELS) and reflection (R-EELS) geometries as applied to a selection of three-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional conductors. Although a great deal is understood about simple metals, measurements of more strongly interacting and strange metals are currently conflicting, with different groups obtaining fundamentally contradictory results, emphasizing the importance of improved EELS measurements. Furthermore, current opportunities for improvement in EELS techniques are vast, with the most promising future development being in hemispherical and time-of-flight analyzers, as well as scanning transmission electron microscope instruments configured for high-momentum resolution. We conclude that, despite more than half a century of work, EELS techniques are currently still in their infancy.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-113138
William M. Jacobs, W. Benjamin Rogers
Nearly thirty years after its inception, the field of DNA-programmed colloidal self-assembly has begun to realize its initial promise. In this review, we summarize recent developments in designing effective interactions and understanding the dynamic self-assembly pathways of DNA-coated nanoparticles and microparticles, as well as how these advances have propelled tremendous progress in crystal engineering. We also highlight exciting new directions showing that new classes of subunits combining nanoparticles with DNA origami can be used to engineer novel multicomponent assemblies, including structures with self-limiting, finite sizes. We conclude by providing an outlook on how recent theoretical advances focusing on the kinetics of self-assembly could usher in new materials-design opportunities, like the possibility of retrieving multiple distinct target structures from a single suspension or accessing new classes of materials that are stabilized by energy dissipation, mimicking self-assembly in living systems.
{"title":"Assembly of Complex Colloidal Systems Using DNA","authors":"William M. Jacobs, W. Benjamin Rogers","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-113138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-113138","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly thirty years after its inception, the field of DNA-programmed colloidal self-assembly has begun to realize its initial promise. In this review, we summarize recent developments in designing effective interactions and understanding the dynamic self-assembly pathways of DNA-coated nanoparticles and microparticles, as well as how these advances have propelled tremendous progress in crystal engineering. We also highlight exciting new directions showing that new classes of subunits combining nanoparticles with DNA origami can be used to engineer novel multicomponent assemblies, including structures with self-limiting, finite sizes. We conclude by providing an outlook on how recent theoretical advances focusing on the kinetics of self-assembly could usher in new materials-design opportunities, like the possibility of retrieving multiple distinct target structures from a single suspension or accessing new classes of materials that are stabilized by energy dissipation, mimicking self-assembly in living systems.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-052213
P. Pincus
This article is the result of a transcribed recording of an interview that Ram Seshadri [Materials and Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)] conducted with Fyl Pincus who recently retired from UCSB (Physics and Materials). Its focus is an autobiographical account of Fyl's academic career and includes a personal view of the early days of soft condensed matter as a subdiscipline of physics.
{"title":"60+ Years of Meandering in Condensed Matter Physics","authors":"P. Pincus","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-052213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-052213","url":null,"abstract":"This article is the result of a transcribed recording of an interview that Ram Seshadri [Materials and Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)] conducted with Fyl Pincus who recently retired from UCSB (Physics and Materials). Its focus is an autobiographical account of Fyl's academic career and includes a personal view of the early days of soft condensed matter as a subdiscipline of physics.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-095842
Katepalli R. Sreenivasan, Jörg Schumacher
Turbulent motion of fluids is often thought of as a grand problem, but what exactly is this “turbulence problem”? Because it has often been proclaimed as very difficult and unsolved, when can we claim that it is solved? How does this situation in turbulence compare with other complex problems in physical sciences? Addressing these questions is not trivial because everyone has their favorite idea of what is required of the “solution.” The answers range from being able to calculate the pressure drop in turbulent pipe flow to being able to calculate anomalous scaling exponents to answering the regularity problem of the Navier–Stokes equations. Taking an absolute position on the basis of any of these, or other similar examples, is incomplete at best and potentially erroneous at worst. We believe that it is beneficial to have an open discussion of this topic for the advancement of the research agenda in turbulence. This article is an attempt to address the question of what constitutes the turbulence problem, its place in the scientific enterprise as a whole, and how and when one may declare it as solved.
{"title":"What Is the Turbulence Problem, and When May We Regard It as Solved?","authors":"Katepalli R. Sreenivasan, Jörg Schumacher","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-095842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-095842","url":null,"abstract":"Turbulent motion of fluids is often thought of as a grand problem, but what exactly is this “turbulence problem”? Because it has often been proclaimed as very difficult and unsolved, when can we claim that it is solved? How does this situation in turbulence compare with other complex problems in physical sciences? Addressing these questions is not trivial because everyone has their favorite idea of what is required of the “solution.” The answers range from being able to calculate the pressure drop in turbulent pipe flow to being able to calculate anomalous scaling exponents to answering the regularity problem of the Navier–Stokes equations. Taking an absolute position on the basis of any of these, or other similar examples, is incomplete at best and potentially erroneous at worst. We believe that it is beneficial to have an open discussion of this topic for the advancement of the research agenda in turbulence. This article is an attempt to address the question of what constitutes the turbulence problem, its place in the scientific enterprise as a whole, and how and when one may declare it as solved.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"731 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-043926
Sho C. Takatori, Titus Quah, James B. Rawlings
Feedback control is essential to the performance of dynamical systems, helping to drive nonequilibrium systems from one state to another. In this review, we discuss feedback control applied to living and synthetic active matter—systems that are constantly dynamical and out of equilibrium. We review the experimental and theoretical work in controlling the trajectory and distribution of active matter, from single particles to collective populations. Modern advances in microscopy and numerical computation have enabled data-rich studies of active systems, aided by data-driven approaches to model, forecast, and control the complex and chaotic behaviors of active matter. We describe the basic mathematical structure of active Brownian particles, with a focus on observability and time delay embedding to control particle motion using density data alone. Finally, we comment on the future outlook of controlling complex systems with multibody interparticle and hydrodynamic interactions.
{"title":"Feedback Control of Active Matter","authors":"Sho C. Takatori, Titus Quah, James B. Rawlings","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-043926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042424-043926","url":null,"abstract":"Feedback control is essential to the performance of dynamical systems, helping to drive nonequilibrium systems from one state to another. In this review, we discuss feedback control applied to living and synthetic active matter—systems that are constantly dynamical and out of equilibrium. We review the experimental and theoretical work in controlling the trajectory and distribution of active matter, from single particles to collective populations. Modern advances in microscopy and numerical computation have enabled data-rich studies of active systems, aided by data-driven approaches to model, forecast, and control the complex and chaotic behaviors of active matter. We describe the basic mathematical structure of active Brownian particles, with a focus on observability and time delay embedding to control particle motion using density data alone. Finally, we comment on the future outlook of controlling complex systems with multibody interparticle and hydrodynamic interactions.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-095149
Stephen J. Blundell
Understanding superconductivity in its myriad forms arising in numerous different crystal architectures is one of the major quests of modern condensed matter physics. One promising avenue to gain local information about novel superconductors is the use of local probes to measure properties inside the unit cell. The application of muon spin spectroscopy to the study of various superconducting materials is reviewed. These experiments can be carried out as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and pressure and even in thin-film samples. They provide information about proximal magnetic phases and the nature of the superconducting state, as well as giving intriguing evidence of time-reversal symmetry breaking. To properly interpret the experimental results, it is necessary to have reliable information about the site of the implanted muon, as well as its stability. This can now be provided using density functional theory techniques.
{"title":"Muon Studies of Superconductors","authors":"Stephen J. Blundell","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-095149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-095149","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding superconductivity in its myriad forms arising in numerous different crystal architectures is one of the major quests of modern condensed matter physics. One promising avenue to gain local information about novel superconductors is the use of local probes to measure properties inside the unit cell. The application of muon spin spectroscopy to the study of various superconducting materials is reviewed. These experiments can be carried out as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and pressure and even in thin-film samples. They provide information about proximal magnetic phases and the nature of the superconducting state, as well as giving intriguing evidence of time-reversal symmetry breaking. To properly interpret the experimental results, it is necessary to have reliable information about the site of the implanted muon, as well as its stability. This can now be provided using density functional theory techniques.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040521-041041
Clifford W. Hicks, Fabian Jerzembeck, Hilary M.L. Noad, Mark E. Barber, Andrew P. Mackenzie
Over the past approximately 10 years, it has become routine to use piezoelectric actuators to apply large anisotropic stresses to correlated electron materials. Elastic strains exceeding 1% can often be achieved, which is sufficient to qualitatively alter the magnetic and/or electronic structures of a wide range of correlated electron materials. Experiments fall into two broad groups. In one, explicit use is made of the capacity of anisotropic stress to reduce the point group symmetry of the lattice, for example, from tetragonal to orthorhombic. In the other, anisotropic stress is used as a more general, powerful tuning method that, within the elastic limit of the material under test, does not introduce disorder. In this review, we provide a brief recent history of strain tuning, describe current methodology, provide selected examples of the types of experiment that have been done, and discuss the thermodynamics of uniaxial stress.
{"title":"Probing Quantum Materials with Uniaxial Stress","authors":"Clifford W. Hicks, Fabian Jerzembeck, Hilary M.L. Noad, Mark E. Barber, Andrew P. Mackenzie","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040521-041041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040521-041041","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past approximately 10 years, it has become routine to use piezoelectric actuators to apply large anisotropic stresses to correlated electron materials. Elastic strains exceeding 1% can often be achieved, which is sufficient to qualitatively alter the magnetic and/or electronic structures of a wide range of correlated electron materials. Experiments fall into two broad groups. In one, explicit use is made of the capacity of anisotropic stress to reduce the point group symmetry of the lattice, for example, from tetragonal to orthorhombic. In the other, anisotropic stress is used as a more general, powerful tuning method that, within the elastic limit of the material under test, does not introduce disorder. In this review, we provide a brief recent history of strain tuning, describe current methodology, provide selected examples of the types of experiment that have been done, and discuss the thermodynamics of uniaxial stress.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041124-015101
Evan M. Smith, Elsa Lhotel, Sylvain Petit, Bruce D. Gaulin
We review a key subset of the experimental studies that have recently focused on cubic pyrochlore magnets whose pseudospin-1$/$2 degrees of freedom have mixed dipolar and octupolar character. We discuss how this comes about and how the character of the pseudospin-1$/$2 can be experimentally determined. The minimal spin Hamiltonian for such magnetic insulators is known to give rise to a rich phase diagram with both disordered U(1) quantum spin ice (QSI) states and all-in–all-out (AIAO) noncollinear ordered states, each with dipolar and octupolar character. We focus primarily on experimental studies on two such single crystal systems, the $TimesFont{J}$ = 5$/$2 Ce2Zr2O7 and the $TimesFont{J}$ = 9$/$2 Nd2Zr2O7. We make the case that Ce2Zr2O7 is an excellent QSI ground-state candidate material, close to the border between QSIs with dipolar and octupolar symmetry. Nd2Zr2O7 exhibits an AIAO ordered phase, featuring an order parameter consisting of dipolar and octupolar magnetic moments. It is found to reside close to a QSI phase boundary and features dynamic fragmentation in its excitation spectrum.
{"title":"Experimental Insights into Quantum Spin Ice Physics in Dipole–Octupole Pyrochlore Magnets","authors":"Evan M. Smith, Elsa Lhotel, Sylvain Petit, Bruce D. Gaulin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041124-015101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041124-015101","url":null,"abstract":"We review a key subset of the experimental studies that have recently focused on cubic pyrochlore magnets whose pseudospin-1<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$/$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula>2 degrees of freedom have mixed dipolar and octupolar character. We discuss how this comes about and how the character of the pseudospin-1<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$/$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula>2 can be experimentally determined. The minimal spin Hamiltonian for such magnetic insulators is known to give rise to a rich phase diagram with both disordered U(1) quantum spin ice (QSI) states and all-in–all-out (AIAO) noncollinear ordered states, each with dipolar and octupolar character. We focus primarily on experimental studies on two such single crystal systems, the <jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$TimesFont{J}$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula> = 5<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$/$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula>2 Ce<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7</jats:sub> and the <jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$TimesFont{J}$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula> = 9<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$/$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula>2 Nd<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7</jats:sub>. We make the case that Ce<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7</jats:sub> is an excellent QSI ground-state candidate material, close to the border between QSIs with dipolar and octupolar symmetry. Nd<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7</jats:sub> exhibits an AIAO ordered phase, featuring an order parameter consisting of dipolar and octupolar magnetic moments. It is found to reside close to a QSI phase boundary and features dynamic fragmentation in its excitation spectrum.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-110923
Jacob Moran, Kevin B. Wood
Antibiotics are a cornerstone of modern medicine, and antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to public health. The evolution of resistance is a multiscale process shaped by many of the same phenomena that have fascinated condensed matter physicists for decades: fluctuations, disorder, scaling, and the emergence of structure from local heterogeneous interactions. In this review, we offer a brief introduction to antibiotic resistance through the lens of these shared cross-disciplinary themes. We highlight conceptual connections shared across disciplines and aim to inspire continued investigation of this complex and important biomedical problem.
{"title":"From Fluctuations and Disorder to Scaling and Control: The Emergence of Resistance in Microbial Communities","authors":"Jacob Moran, Kevin B. Wood","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-110923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-110923","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics are a cornerstone of modern medicine, and antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to public health. The evolution of resistance is a multiscale process shaped by many of the same phenomena that have fascinated condensed matter physicists for decades: fluctuations, disorder, scaling, and the emergence of structure from local heterogeneous interactions. In this review, we offer a brief introduction to antibiotic resistance through the lens of these shared cross-disciplinary themes. We highlight conceptual connections shared across disciplines and aim to inspire continued investigation of this complex and important biomedical problem.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We discuss the emerging advances and opportunities at the intersection of machine learning (ML) and climate physics, highlighting the use of ML techniques, including supervised, unsupervised, and equation discovery, to accelerate climate knowledge discoveries and simulations. We delineate two distinct yet complementary aspects: (a) ML for climate physics and (b) ML for climate simulations. Although physics-free ML-based models, such as ML-based weather forecasting, have demonstrated success when data are abundant and stationary, the physics knowledge and interpretability of ML models become crucial in the small-data/nonstationary regime to ensure generalizability. Given the absence of observations, the long-term future climate falls into the small-data regime. Therefore, ML for climate physics holds a critical role in addressing the challenges of ML for climate simulations. We emphasize the need for collaboration among climate physics, ML theory, and numerical analysis to achieve reliable ML-based models for climate applications.
我们讨论了机器学习（ML）与气候物理学交叉领域的新进展和新机遇，重点介绍了如何利用 ML 技术（包括有监督、无监督和方程发现）来加速气候知识的发现和模拟。我们划分了两个不同但互补的方面：（a）用于气候物理学的 ML 和（b）用于气候模拟的 ML。虽然基于 ML 的无物理模型（如基于 ML 的天气预报）在数据丰富且稳定的情况下取得了成功，但在数据较少/非稳定的情况下，ML 模型的物理知识和可解释性对确保普适性至关重要。由于缺乏观测数据，未来长期气候属于小数据机制。因此，气候物理学的 ML 在应对气候模拟的 ML 挑战方面发挥着至关重要的作用。我们强调需要气候物理学、ML 理论和数值分析之间的合作，以实现可靠的基于 ML 的气候应用模型。
{"title":"Machine Learning for Climate Physics and Simulations","authors":"Ching-Yao Lai, Pedram Hassanzadeh, Aditi Sheshadri, Maike Sonnewald, Raffaele Ferrari, Venkatramani Balaji","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-043024-114758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-043024-114758","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the emerging advances and opportunities at the intersection of machine learning (ML) and climate physics, highlighting the use of ML techniques, including supervised, unsupervised, and equation discovery, to accelerate climate knowledge discoveries and simulations. We delineate two distinct yet complementary aspects: (<jats:italic>a</jats:italic>) ML for climate physics and (<jats:italic>b</jats:italic>) ML for climate simulations. Although physics-free ML-based models, such as ML-based weather forecasting, have demonstrated success when data are abundant and stationary, the physics knowledge and interpretability of ML models become crucial in the small-data/nonstationary regime to ensure generalizability. Given the absence of observations, the long-term future climate falls into the small-data regime. Therefore, ML for climate physics holds a critical role in addressing the challenges of ML for climate simulations. We emphasize the need for collaboration among climate physics, ML theory, and numerical analysis to achieve reliable ML-based models for climate applications.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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