Lena N. Majer, Sander Smink, Wolfgang Braun, Bernhard Fenk, Varun Harbola, Benjamin Stuhlhofer, Hongguang Wang, Peter A. van Aken, Jochen Mannhart, Felix V. E. Hensling
Superconducting films of α-Ta are promising candidates for the fabrication of advanced superconducting qubits. However, α-Ta films suffer from many growth-induced structural inadequacies that negatively affect their performance. We have therefore explored a new synthesis method for α-Ta films, which allows for the growth of these films with an unprecedented quality. Using this method, high quality α-Ta films are deposited at a comparably high substrate temperature of 1150 °C. They are single-phase α-Ta and have a single out-of-plane (110) orientation. They consist of grains ≥2 μm that have one of three possible in-plane orientations. As shown by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss studies, the substrate–film interfaces are sharp with no observable intermixing. The obtained insights into the epitaxial growth of body-centered-cubic films on quasi-hexagonal substrates lay the basis for harnessing the high structural coherence of such films in various applications.
α-Ta超导薄膜是制造先进超导量子比特的理想候选材料。然而，α-Ta 薄膜存在许多生长引起的结构缺陷，对其性能产生了负面影响。因此，我们探索了一种新的α-Ta 薄膜合成方法，这种方法可以生长出质量前所未有的α-Ta 薄膜。使用这种方法，可以在 1150 °C 的较高基底温度下沉积出高质量的 α-Ta 薄膜。这些薄膜是单相α-Ta，具有单一的面外（110）取向。它们由≥2 μm的晶粒组成，这些晶粒具有三种可能的面内取向之一。扫描透射电子显微镜和电子能量损失研究表明，基底-薄膜界面清晰，没有可观察到的混杂现象。对准六边形基底上体心立方体薄膜外延生长的深入了解，为在各种应用中利用此类薄膜的高结构一致性奠定了基础。
{"title":"α-Ta films on c-plane sapphire with enhanced microstructure","authors":"Lena N. Majer, Sander Smink, Wolfgang Braun, Bernhard Fenk, Varun Harbola, Benjamin Stuhlhofer, Hongguang Wang, Peter A. van Aken, Jochen Mannhart, Felix V. E. Hensling","doi":"10.1063/5.0218021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0218021","url":null,"abstract":"Superconducting films of α-Ta are promising candidates for the fabrication of advanced superconducting qubits. However, α-Ta films suffer from many growth-induced structural inadequacies that negatively affect their performance. We have therefore explored a new synthesis method for α-Ta films, which allows for the growth of these films with an unprecedented quality. Using this method, high quality α-Ta films are deposited at a comparably high substrate temperature of 1150 °C. They are single-phase α-Ta and have a single out-of-plane (110) orientation. They consist of grains ≥2 μm that have one of three possible in-plane orientations. As shown by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss studies, the substrate–film interfaces are sharp with no observable intermixing. The obtained insights into the epitaxial growth of body-centered-cubic films on quasi-hexagonal substrates lay the basis for harnessing the high structural coherence of such films in various applications.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chengyu Wen, Carl H. Naylor, Kevin P. O’Brien, Adedapo Oni, Mahmut S. Kavrik, Yeonjoon Suh, A. T. Charlie Johnson
Layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials have attracted great interest for applications in electronics. Here, we report a method to synthesize TMD materials at controlled locations with the desired layer number. Metal oxide precursors are patterned on the growth substrate by photolithography, and then a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium cholate growth promoters is applied to enable the growth of monolayer and bilayer TMDs with large flake sizes. The quality of the bilayer flakes is examined by atomic force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrical performance is evaluated by fabricating three-terminal field-effect transistors that demonstrate high carrier mobilities and on/off ratios larger than 105. This approach provides insights into future device applications and integration strategies based on layered TMD materials.
{"title":"Growth of bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides at controlled locations","authors":"Chengyu Wen, Carl H. Naylor, Kevin P. O’Brien, Adedapo Oni, Mahmut S. Kavrik, Yeonjoon Suh, A. T. Charlie Johnson","doi":"10.1063/5.0221397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0221397","url":null,"abstract":"Layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials have attracted great interest for applications in electronics. Here, we report a method to synthesize TMD materials at controlled locations with the desired layer number. Metal oxide precursors are patterned on the growth substrate by photolithography, and then a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium cholate growth promoters is applied to enable the growth of monolayer and bilayer TMDs with large flake sizes. The quality of the bilayer flakes is examined by atomic force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrical performance is evaluated by fabricating three-terminal field-effect transistors that demonstrate high carrier mobilities and on/off ratios larger than 105. This approach provides insights into future device applications and integration strategies based on layered TMD materials.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Schowalter, A. Karg, M. Alonso-Orts, J. A. Bich, S. Raghuvansy, M. S. Williams, F. F. Krause, T. Grieb, C. Mahr, T. Mehrtens, P. Vogt, A. Rosenauer, M. Eickhoff
We investigate the composition of α-phase intermediate layers at epitaxial Ga2O3/Al2O3 interfaces using high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. Their presence is considered a general phenomenon as they are observed independent of the growth technique [Schewski et al., Appl. Phys. Exp. 8, 011101]. Samples were grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy using different growth conditions. Almost independent of these, the quantitative evaluation of the measured intensities gave Ga concentrations of ∼25%. We show that the previously published model, based on a pure α-Ga2O3 interlayer, fails if it is adapted to the measured composition. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were used to overcome the approximations made in this model and suggest that a stabilization of the layer is possible due to the low Ga concentration (≤35%) at which the α-phase is the most stable. Our surface model computations suggest an exchange of Ga atoms at the surface with Al atoms from the underlying substrate as a possible formation mechanism.
{"title":"Composition and strain of the pseudomorphic α-phase intermediate layer at the Ga2O3/Al2O3 interface","authors":"M. Schowalter, A. Karg, M. Alonso-Orts, J. A. Bich, S. Raghuvansy, M. S. Williams, F. F. Krause, T. Grieb, C. Mahr, T. Mehrtens, P. Vogt, A. Rosenauer, M. Eickhoff","doi":"10.1063/5.0226857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0226857","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the composition of α-phase intermediate layers at epitaxial Ga2O3/Al2O3 interfaces using high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. Their presence is considered a general phenomenon as they are observed independent of the growth technique [Schewski et al., Appl. Phys. Exp. 8, 011101]. Samples were grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy using different growth conditions. Almost independent of these, the quantitative evaluation of the measured intensities gave Ga concentrations of ∼25%. We show that the previously published model, based on a pure α-Ga2O3 interlayer, fails if it is adapted to the measured composition. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were used to overcome the approximations made in this model and suggest that a stabilization of the layer is possible due to the low Ga concentration (≤35%) at which the α-phase is the most stable. Our surface model computations suggest an exchange of Ga atoms at the surface with Al atoms from the underlying substrate as a possible formation mechanism.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihao He, Tin Seng Manfred Ho, Chen Ma, Jiannong Wang, Rolf Lortz, Iam Keong Sou
The Bi–Te binary system, characterized by the homologous series of (Bi2)m(Bi2Te3)n, has always attracted research interest for its layered structures and potential in advanced material applications. Despite the fact that Bi2Te3 has been extensively studied, the exploration of other compounds has been constrained by synthesis challenges. This study reports the molecular beam epitaxy growth of FeTe on Bi2Te3, demonstrating that varying growth conditions can turn the Bi2Te3 layer into different Bi–Te phases and form corresponding FeTe/Bi–Te heterostructures. Our combined analysis using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, high-resolution x-ray diffraction, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy indicates that specific growth conditions used for the growth of the FeTe layer can facilitate the extraction of Te from Bi2Te3, leading to the formation of Bi4Te3 and Bi6Te3. In addition, by lowering the FeTe growth temperature to 230 °C, Te extraction from the Bi2Te3 layer could be avoided, preserving the Bi2Te3 structure. Notably, all three FeTe/Bi–Te structures exhibit superconductivity, with the FeTe/Bi2Te3 heterostructure enjoying the highest superconductivity quality. The results of magneto-transport measurements indicate that the induced superconductivity displays a three-dimensional nature. These findings introduce a novel method for realizing Bi4Te3 and Bi6Te3 through Te extraction by growing FeTe on Bi2Te3, driven by the high reactivity between Fe and Te. This approach holds promise for synthesizing other members of the Bi–Te series, expanding the functional potential of these materials.
{"title":"Intra-family transformation of the Bi–Te family via in situ chemical interactions","authors":"Zhihao He, Tin Seng Manfred Ho, Chen Ma, Jiannong Wang, Rolf Lortz, Iam Keong Sou","doi":"10.1063/5.0223779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0223779","url":null,"abstract":"The Bi–Te binary system, characterized by the homologous series of (Bi2)m(Bi2Te3)n, has always attracted research interest for its layered structures and potential in advanced material applications. Despite the fact that Bi2Te3 has been extensively studied, the exploration of other compounds has been constrained by synthesis challenges. This study reports the molecular beam epitaxy growth of FeTe on Bi2Te3, demonstrating that varying growth conditions can turn the Bi2Te3 layer into different Bi–Te phases and form corresponding FeTe/Bi–Te heterostructures. Our combined analysis using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, high-resolution x-ray diffraction, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy indicates that specific growth conditions used for the growth of the FeTe layer can facilitate the extraction of Te from Bi2Te3, leading to the formation of Bi4Te3 and Bi6Te3. In addition, by lowering the FeTe growth temperature to 230 °C, Te extraction from the Bi2Te3 layer could be avoided, preserving the Bi2Te3 structure. Notably, all three FeTe/Bi–Te structures exhibit superconductivity, with the FeTe/Bi2Te3 heterostructure enjoying the highest superconductivity quality. The results of magneto-transport measurements indicate that the induced superconductivity displays a three-dimensional nature. These findings introduce a novel method for realizing Bi4Te3 and Bi6Te3 through Te extraction by growing FeTe on Bi2Te3, driven by the high reactivity between Fe and Te. This approach holds promise for synthesizing other members of the Bi–Te series, expanding the functional potential of these materials.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carmine Zuccarini, Karthikeyan Ramachandran, Doni Daniel Jayaseelan
This paper delves into the transformative role of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in materials science, spotlighting their capability to expedite the discovery and development of newer, more efficient, and stronger compounds. It underscores the shift from traditional, resource-intensive approaches toward data-driven methodologies that leverage large datasets to predict properties, identify new materials, and optimize synthesis conditions with a satisfactory level of accuracy. Highlighting various techniques, including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, alongside deep learning potential, the chapter presents case studies and applications ranging from predicting stress points in stochastic fields to optimizing thermal protection systems for spacecraft re-entry. It also explores the challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for integrating experimental validations and developing tailored algorithms to overcome data and computational constraints. The narrative showcases ML and AI’s promise in revolutionizing material discovery, paving the way for innovative solutions in science and engineering.
本文深入探讨了机器学习（ML）和人工智能（AI）在材料科学中的变革性作用，重点介绍了它们在加快发现和开发更新、更高效、更强大的化合物方面的能力。它强调了从传统的资源密集型方法向数据驱动型方法的转变，这种方法利用大型数据集来预测特性、识别新材料，并以令人满意的准确度优化合成条件。本章重点介绍了各种技术，包括监督学习、无监督学习和强化学习，以及深度学习的潜力，并介绍了从预测随机场中的应力点到优化航天器重返大气层的热保护系统等案例研究和应用。本章还探讨了面临的挑战和未来的发展方向，强调了整合实验验证和开发定制算法以克服数据和计算限制的必要性。报告展示了 ML 和 AI 在彻底改变材料发现方面的前景，为科学和工程领域的创新解决方案铺平了道路。
{"title":"Material discovery and modeling acceleration via machine learning","authors":"Carmine Zuccarini, Karthikeyan Ramachandran, Doni Daniel Jayaseelan","doi":"10.1063/5.0230677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0230677","url":null,"abstract":"This paper delves into the transformative role of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in materials science, spotlighting their capability to expedite the discovery and development of newer, more efficient, and stronger compounds. It underscores the shift from traditional, resource-intensive approaches toward data-driven methodologies that leverage large datasets to predict properties, identify new materials, and optimize synthesis conditions with a satisfactory level of accuracy. Highlighting various techniques, including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, alongside deep learning potential, the chapter presents case studies and applications ranging from predicting stress points in stochastic fields to optimizing thermal protection systems for spacecraft re-entry. It also explores the challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for integrating experimental validations and developing tailored algorithms to overcome data and computational constraints. The narrative showcases ML and AI’s promise in revolutionizing material discovery, paving the way for innovative solutions in science and engineering.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nengjie Yang, Yuting Huang, Chen Dong, Chi Sun, Peipei Xi, Yuexiao Dai, Rui Zhao, Yunan Wang, Yujuan Zhu, Zhifeng Gu
Psoriasis is an immune system-mediated skin disease identified by the appearance of erythematous as a central symptom. As a recurrent and chronic inflammatory disease, psoriasis is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and is known to be with no effective cure. Considering a multifaceted etiology of psoriasis, synergistic therapy exhibits great benefits over monotherapy, which becomes common for the treatment of various diseases. Herein, we present the nanozyme microspheres with structural color-coding labels for synergistic therapy of psoriasis. In particular, microsphere hydrogel is fabricated by the edible hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), which can generate a photonic liquid crystalline mesophase under lyotropic conditions in solution. Through adjustment of hydrogel components, microspheres endow with different functions, including moisturizing (paraffin), cfDNA scavenging (chitosan), and anti-inflammation (cerium oxide nanozyme). To improve patient convenience, hydrogel drops with different properties are tailored with different vivid structural colors by exploiting the lyotropic behavior of HPC. Of particular note, both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated the significant therapeutic effects of the encoded structural color microspheres. Green moisturizing microspheres facilitate to relieve dry, flaky skin patches; blue cfDNA scavenging and red anti-inflammatory microspheres significantly reduce skin inflammation. More importantly, combination therapy with encoded microspheres exerted the synergistic effects, including the increased body weight, thicker epidermal layer, and reduced immune activation. Overall, this synergistic treatment offers a promising platform for personalized management of psoriasis and various inflammatory skin diseases.
{"title":"Nanozyme microspheres with structural color-coding labels for synergistic therapy of psoriasis","authors":"Nengjie Yang, Yuting Huang, Chen Dong, Chi Sun, Peipei Xi, Yuexiao Dai, Rui Zhao, Yunan Wang, Yujuan Zhu, Zhifeng Gu","doi":"10.1063/5.0229803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0229803","url":null,"abstract":"Psoriasis is an immune system-mediated skin disease identified by the appearance of erythematous as a central symptom. As a recurrent and chronic inflammatory disease, psoriasis is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and is known to be with no effective cure. Considering a multifaceted etiology of psoriasis, synergistic therapy exhibits great benefits over monotherapy, which becomes common for the treatment of various diseases. Herein, we present the nanozyme microspheres with structural color-coding labels for synergistic therapy of psoriasis. In particular, microsphere hydrogel is fabricated by the edible hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), which can generate a photonic liquid crystalline mesophase under lyotropic conditions in solution. Through adjustment of hydrogel components, microspheres endow with different functions, including moisturizing (paraffin), cfDNA scavenging (chitosan), and anti-inflammation (cerium oxide nanozyme). To improve patient convenience, hydrogel drops with different properties are tailored with different vivid structural colors by exploiting the lyotropic behavior of HPC. Of particular note, both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated the significant therapeutic effects of the encoded structural color microspheres. Green moisturizing microspheres facilitate to relieve dry, flaky skin patches; blue cfDNA scavenging and red anti-inflammatory microspheres significantly reduce skin inflammation. More importantly, combination therapy with encoded microspheres exerted the synergistic effects, including the increased body weight, thicker epidermal layer, and reduced immune activation. Overall, this synergistic treatment offers a promising platform for personalized management of psoriasis and various inflammatory skin diseases.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiantian Shen, Shanshan Zhao, An Su, Haisheng Liu, Fayi Chen, Benchun Li, Xinxin Han, Dechao Yu, Dawei Zhang
The Pr3+ ion has been widely doped into various materials as a red and near-infrared (NIR) emitting center for applications in lighting and solar spectrum downconversion. Herein, the preparation of a new library of Pr3+-doped Sr2Al2GeO7 phosphors was proved by powder x-ray diffraction patterns and Rietveld refinements and characterized by a scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry. The Sr2Al2GeO7:Pr3+ sample strongly absorbs blue photons over 420–500 nm and yields intense visible emissions with dominant peaks around 490 nm from the Pr3+ 3P0 → 3H4 transition, as well as robust NIR emission bands over 800–1200 nm. In addition to the typical transitions of 1D2 → 3F2 at 880 nm, 1G4 → 3H4 at 1000 nm, and 1D2 → 3F3,4 at 1070 nm, the distinguishable NIR emission at 929 nm was demonstrated from the 3P0 → 1G4 transition via static and dynamic spectroscopic analysis. Most interestingly, for the 3P0 blue-excited state, a considerably elevated concentration of about 10%Pr3+ was optimal for the visible/NIR emissions, in stark contrast to the diluted optimal 1%Pr3+ for the 1D2 state. The relevant cross-relaxation from the 3P0 and 1D2 states between Pr3+ was comprehensively treated by theoretical speculations and experimental results. Such concentrated Pr3+ blue activators would significantly facilitate the blue-to-NIR downconversion through a desired two-step sequential transition from the 3P0 initial state to the 1G4 intermediate level for quantum efficiency exceeding unity. The current results would consolidate the basis of concentrated Pr3+ donors to promote the novel Pr3+/Yb3+ codoping downconversion for greatly increasing Si solar cell efficiency.
{"title":"Visible/near-infrared luminescence and concentration effects of Pr3+-doped Sr2Al2GeO7 downconversion phosphors","authors":"Tiantian Shen, Shanshan Zhao, An Su, Haisheng Liu, Fayi Chen, Benchun Li, Xinxin Han, Dechao Yu, Dawei Zhang","doi":"10.1063/5.0226329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0226329","url":null,"abstract":"The Pr3+ ion has been widely doped into various materials as a red and near-infrared (NIR) emitting center for applications in lighting and solar spectrum downconversion. Herein, the preparation of a new library of Pr3+-doped Sr2Al2GeO7 phosphors was proved by powder x-ray diffraction patterns and Rietveld refinements and characterized by a scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry. The Sr2Al2GeO7:Pr3+ sample strongly absorbs blue photons over 420–500 nm and yields intense visible emissions with dominant peaks around 490 nm from the Pr3+ 3P0 → 3H4 transition, as well as robust NIR emission bands over 800–1200 nm. In addition to the typical transitions of 1D2 → 3F2 at 880 nm, 1G4 → 3H4 at 1000 nm, and 1D2 → 3F3,4 at 1070 nm, the distinguishable NIR emission at 929 nm was demonstrated from the 3P0 → 1G4 transition via static and dynamic spectroscopic analysis. Most interestingly, for the 3P0 blue-excited state, a considerably elevated concentration of about 10%Pr3+ was optimal for the visible/NIR emissions, in stark contrast to the diluted optimal 1%Pr3+ for the 1D2 state. The relevant cross-relaxation from the 3P0 and 1D2 states between Pr3+ was comprehensively treated by theoretical speculations and experimental results. Such concentrated Pr3+ blue activators would significantly facilitate the blue-to-NIR downconversion through a desired two-step sequential transition from the 3P0 initial state to the 1G4 intermediate level for quantum efficiency exceeding unity. The current results would consolidate the basis of concentrated Pr3+ donors to promote the novel Pr3+/Yb3+ codoping downconversion for greatly increasing Si solar cell efficiency.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The quality of life is significantly impacted by bone defects, which calls for the creation of optimum restorative materials with particular qualities. Current repair materials, such as metal alloys, polymer scaffolds, and bone cement, have a number of drawbacks, such as poor fracture toughness, non-degradability, and insufficient osteogenic ability. To address these challenges, we designed a novel magnetic casein/CaCO3/Fe3O4 microspheres (CCFM), combining biodegradability, osteoinductivity, osteoconductivity, and osteogenesis properties together. In vitro studies confirmed the outstanding biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation effects on MC3T3-E1 cells of CCFM, highlighting their potential as a promising bone regeneration platform for clinical applications. As a novel bone repair material with superparamagnetic properties, CCFM not only possess good osteoinductivity, osteoconductivity, and osteogenesis properties but also can remain in the lesion location for a long time under an external magnetic field, representing a significant advancement in the field of bone tissue engineering and offering new possibilities for effective bone defect remediation and patient care.
{"title":"Magnetic casein/CaCO3/Fe3O4 microspheres stimulate osteogenic differentiation","authors":"Mingjie Zhang, Xiaolei Li, Han Lin","doi":"10.1063/5.0229172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0229172","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of life is significantly impacted by bone defects, which calls for the creation of optimum restorative materials with particular qualities. Current repair materials, such as metal alloys, polymer scaffolds, and bone cement, have a number of drawbacks, such as poor fracture toughness, non-degradability, and insufficient osteogenic ability. To address these challenges, we designed a novel magnetic casein/CaCO3/Fe3O4 microspheres (CCFM), combining biodegradability, osteoinductivity, osteoconductivity, and osteogenesis properties together. In vitro studies confirmed the outstanding biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation effects on MC3T3-E1 cells of CCFM, highlighting their potential as a promising bone regeneration platform for clinical applications. As a novel bone repair material with superparamagnetic properties, CCFM not only possess good osteoinductivity, osteoconductivity, and osteogenesis properties but also can remain in the lesion location for a long time under an external magnetic field, representing a significant advancement in the field of bone tissue engineering and offering new possibilities for effective bone defect remediation and patient care.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathan D. Rock, Haobo Yang, Brian Eisner, Aviva Levin, Arkka Bhattacharyya, Sriram Krishnamoorthy, Praneeth Ranga, Michael A. Walker, Larry Wang, Ming Kit Cheng, Wei Zhao, Michael A. Scarpulla
Diffusion of native defects such as vacancies and their interactions with impurities are fundamental to semiconductor crystal growth, device processing, and design. However, the transient equilibration of native defects is difficult to directly measure. We used (AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 superlattices (SLs) to detect and analyze transient diffusion of cation vacancies during annealing in O2 at 1000–1100 °C. Using a novel finite difference scheme for diffusion with time- and space-varying diffusion constants, we determined diffusion constants for Al, Fe, and cation vacancies, including the vacancy concentration dependence for Al. In the case of SLs grown on Sn-doped β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates, gradients observed in the extent of Al diffusion indicate a supersaturation of vacancies in the substrates that transiently diffuse through the SLs coupled strongly to Sn and thus slowed compared to undoped cases. In the case of SLs grown on (010) Fe-doped substrates, the Al diffusion is uniform through the SLs, indicating a depth-uniform concentration of vacancies. We find no evidence for the introduction of VGa from the free surface at rates sufficient to affect Al diffusion at at. % concentrations, establishing an upper bound on surface injection. In addition, we show that unintentional impurities in Sn-doped Ga2O3 such as Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Li also diffuse toward the surface and accumulate. Many of these likely have fast interstitial diffusion modes capable of destabilizing devices, thus suggesting that impurities may require further reduction. This work provides a method to measure transients in diffusion-mediating native defects otherwise hidden in common processes such as ion implantation, etching, and film growth.
{"title":"Utilizing (Al, Ga)2O3/Ga2O3 superlattices to measure cation vacancy diffusion and vacancy-concentration-dependent diffusion of Al, Sn, and Fe in β-Ga2O3","authors":"Nathan D. Rock, Haobo Yang, Brian Eisner, Aviva Levin, Arkka Bhattacharyya, Sriram Krishnamoorthy, Praneeth Ranga, Michael A. Walker, Larry Wang, Ming Kit Cheng, Wei Zhao, Michael A. Scarpulla","doi":"10.1063/5.0206398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0206398","url":null,"abstract":"Diffusion of native defects such as vacancies and their interactions with impurities are fundamental to semiconductor crystal growth, device processing, and design. However, the transient equilibration of native defects is difficult to directly measure. We used (AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 superlattices (SLs) to detect and analyze transient diffusion of cation vacancies during annealing in O2 at 1000–1100 °C. Using a novel finite difference scheme for diffusion with time- and space-varying diffusion constants, we determined diffusion constants for Al, Fe, and cation vacancies, including the vacancy concentration dependence for Al. In the case of SLs grown on Sn-doped β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates, gradients observed in the extent of Al diffusion indicate a supersaturation of vacancies in the substrates that transiently diffuse through the SLs coupled strongly to Sn and thus slowed compared to undoped cases. In the case of SLs grown on (010) Fe-doped substrates, the Al diffusion is uniform through the SLs, indicating a depth-uniform concentration of vacancies. We find no evidence for the introduction of VGa from the free surface at rates sufficient to affect Al diffusion at at. % concentrations, establishing an upper bound on surface injection. In addition, we show that unintentional impurities in Sn-doped Ga2O3 such as Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Li also diffuse toward the surface and accumulate. Many of these likely have fast interstitial diffusion modes capable of destabilizing devices, thus suggesting that impurities may require further reduction. This work provides a method to measure transients in diffusion-mediating native defects otherwise hidden in common processes such as ion implantation, etching, and film growth.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Kase, Y. Kawamura, Y. Kobayashi, T. Inoue, K. Tanaka, N. Miyakawa
Large bulk single crystals of InGaZn3O6 (InGaO3(ZnO)3 or IGZO-13) have been successfully grown using an optical floating zone method under a flow of dry-air at high pressure. These crystals exhibit a distinct blue hue in their as-grown state, with notable enhancement in transparency attainable through O2 annealing. Comparative analysis with IGZO-11 reveals a substantial reduction in conductivity following O2 annealing. Moreover, a pronounced in-plane/out-of-plane conductive anisotropy ranging from 100 to 450 is observed, surpassing that of IGZO-11 under similar in-plane conductivity conditions. This increase in electrical conducting anisotropy is ascribed to the incorporation of ZnO blocks amid the two InO layers, aligned along the c axis. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the contribution of In-5s orbitals likely assumes a predominant role, surpassing that of other cations from an experimental standpoint.
{"title":"Electrical conductivity anisotropy of InGaZn3O6 single crystals by pressurized optical floating zone growth and its oxygen annealing effect","authors":"N. Kase, Y. Kawamura, Y. Kobayashi, T. Inoue, K. Tanaka, N. Miyakawa","doi":"10.1063/5.0218948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0218948","url":null,"abstract":"Large bulk single crystals of InGaZn3O6 (InGaO3(ZnO)3 or IGZO-13) have been successfully grown using an optical floating zone method under a flow of dry-air at high pressure. These crystals exhibit a distinct blue hue in their as-grown state, with notable enhancement in transparency attainable through O2 annealing. Comparative analysis with IGZO-11 reveals a substantial reduction in conductivity following O2 annealing. Moreover, a pronounced in-plane/out-of-plane conductive anisotropy ranging from 100 to 450 is observed, surpassing that of IGZO-11 under similar in-plane conductivity conditions. This increase in electrical conducting anisotropy is ascribed to the incorporation of ZnO blocks amid the two InO layers, aligned along the c axis. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the contribution of In-5s orbitals likely assumes a predominant role, surpassing that of other cations from an experimental standpoint.","PeriodicalId":7985,"journal":{"name":"APL Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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