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Arthropod Origins: Integrating Paleontological and Molecular Evidence 节肢动物起源:整合古生物学和分子证据
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-11-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-124437
G. Edgecombe
Phylogenomics underpins a stable and mostly well-resolved hypothesis for the interrelationships of extant arthropods. Exceptionally preserved fossils are integrated into this framework by coding th...
系统基因组学为现存节肢动物之间的相互关系提供了一个稳定的、基本得到很好解决的假设。保存特别完好的化石通过编码进入这个框架。
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引用次数: 34
Intraspecific Genetic Variation and Species Interactions Contribute to Community Evolution 种内遗传变异和物种相互作用促进群落进化
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-11-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-123655
T. Whitham, G. Allan, H. Cooper, S. Shuster
Evolution has been viewed as occurring primarily through selection among individuals. We present a framework based on multilevel selection for evaluating evolutionary change from individuals to com...
进化被认为主要是通过个体之间的选择而发生的。我们提出了一个基于多层次选择的框架来评估从个体到个体的进化变化。
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引用次数: 40
Gene Drive Dynamics in Natural Populations: The Importance of Density Dependence, Space, and Sex. 自然种群中的基因驱动动态:密度依赖性、空间和性别的重要性
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Epub Date: 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-031120-101013
Sumit Dhole, Alun L Lloyd, Fred Gould

The spread of synthetic gene drives is often discussed in the context of panmictic populations connected by gene flow and described with simple deterministic models. Under such assumptions, an entire species could be altered by releasing a single individual carrying an invasive gene drive, such as a standard homing drive. While this remains a theoretical possibility, gene drive spread in natural populations is more complex and merits a more realistic assessment. The fate of any gene drive released in a population would be inextricably linked to the population's ecology. Given the uncertainty often involved in ecological assessment of natural populations, understanding the sensitivity of gene drive spread to important ecological factors is critical. Here we review how different forms of density dependence, spatial heterogeneity, and mating behaviors can impact the spread of self-sustaining gene drives. We highlight specific aspects of gene drive dynamics and the target populations that need further research.

合成基因驱动的传播通常在基因流动连接的泛种群背景下进行讨论,并用简单的确定性模型进行描述。在这种假设下,释放携带入侵基因驱动(如标准归巢基因驱动)的单个个体就能改变整个物种。虽然这仍然是一种理论上的可能性,但基因驱动在自然种群中的传播更为复杂,值得进行更现实的评估。在种群中释放的任何基因驱动的命运都与种群的生态密不可分。鉴于自然种群的生态评估通常具有不确定性,了解基因驱动传播对重要生态因素的敏感性至关重要。在此,我们回顾了不同形式的密度依赖性、空间异质性和交配行为如何影响自我维持基因驱动的传播。我们强调了需要进一步研究的基因驱动动态和目标种群的具体方面。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the Fates of Dead Leaves That Fall into Streams 重新审视落在溪流中的枯叶的命运
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-11-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024755
J. Marks
As terrestrial leaf litter decomposes in rivers, its constituent elements follow multiple pathways. Carbon leached as dissolved organic matter can be quickly taken up by microbes, then respired before it can be transferred to the macroscopic food web. Alternatively, this detrital carbon can be ingested and assimilated by aquatic invertebrates, so it is retained longer in the stream and transferred to higher trophic levels. Microbial growth on litter can affect invertebrates through three pathways, which are not mutually exclusive. First, microbes can facilitate invertebrate feeding, improving food quality by conditioning leaves and making them more palatable for invertebrates. Second, microbes can be prey for invertebrates. Third, microbes can compete with invertebrates for resources bound within litter and may produce compounds that retard carbon and nitrogen fluxes to invertebrates. As litter is broken down into smaller particles, there are many opportunities for its elements to reenter the stream food web. Here, I describe a conceptual framework for evaluating how traits of leaf litter will affect its fate in food webs and ecosystems that is useful for predicting how global change will alter carbon fluxes into and out of streams.
陆生凋落叶在河流中分解时,其组成元素遵循多种途径。作为溶解有机物的碳可以被微生物迅速吸收,然后在转移到宏观食物网之前被呼吸。或者,这些碎屑碳可以被水生无脊椎动物吸收和吸收,因此它在溪流中保留的时间更长,并转移到更高的营养水平。微生物在凋落物上的生长可以通过三种途径影响无脊椎动物,这三种途径并不相互排斥。首先,微生物可以促进无脊椎动物的进食,通过调节树叶来提高食物质量,使它们更适合无脊椎动物。第二,微生物可以成为无脊椎动物的猎物。第三,微生物可以与无脊椎动物竞争束缚在凋落物中的资源,并可能产生阻碍碳和氮向无脊椎动物流动的化合物。随着垃圾被分解成更小的颗粒,其中的元素有很多机会重新进入河流食物网。在这里,我描述了一个概念框架,用于评估凋落叶的特征如何影响其在食物网和生态系统中的命运,这有助于预测全球变化将如何改变流入和流出河流的碳通量。
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引用次数: 93
Somatic Mutation and Evolution in Plants 植物的体细胞突变和进化
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-11-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024955
D. Schoen, S. Schultz
Somatic mutations are common in plants, and they may accumulate and be passed on to gametes. The determinants of somatic mutation accumulation include the intraorganismal selective effect of mutations, the number of cell divisions that separate the zygote from the formation of gametes, and shoot apical meristem structure and branching. Somatic mutations can promote the evolution of diploidy, polyploidy, sexual recombination, outcrossing, clonality, and separate sexes, and they may contribute genetic variability in many other traits. The amplification of beneficial mutations via intraorganismal selection may relax selection to reduce the genomic mutation rate or to protect the germline in plants. The total rate of somatic mutation, the distribution of selective effects and fates in the plant body, and the degree to which the germline is sheltered from somatic mutations are still poorly understood. Our knowledge can be improved through empirical estimates of mutation rates and effects on cell lineages and whole organisms, such as estimates of the reduction in fitness of progeny produced by within- versus between-flower crosses on the same plant, mutation coalescent studies within the canopy, and incorporation of somatic mutation into theoretical models of plant evolutionary genetics.
体细胞突变在植物中很常见,它们可以积累并传递给配子。体细胞突变积累的决定因素包括突变的生物内选择效应、使合子与配子形成分离的细胞分裂次数、茎尖分生组织结构和分支。体细胞突变可以促进二倍体、多倍体、性重组、异交、克隆和性别分离的进化,并可能导致许多其他性状的遗传变异。通过生物内选择扩增有益突变可以放松选择以降低基因组突变率或保护植物的种系。体细胞突变的总速率、植物体中选择效应和命运的分布以及种系对体细胞突变的保护程度仍然知之甚少。我们可以通过对突变率和对细胞系和整个生物体的影响的经验估计来改进我们的知识,例如对同一植物上花内杂交和花间杂交产生的后代适应度降低的估计,冠层内的突变合并研究,以及将体细胞突变纳入植物进化遗传学的理论模型。
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引用次数: 58
Climate Change in the Tropics: Ecological and Evolutionary Responses at Low Latitudes 热带地区的气候变化:低纬度地区的生态和进化响应
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-11-04 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ECOLSYS-110218-025005
Kimberly S. Sheldon
Climate change is affecting every ecosystem on Earth. Though climate change is global in scope, literature reviews on the biotic impacts of climate change have focused on temperate and polar regions. Tropical species have distinct life histories and physiologies, and ecological communities are assembled differently across latitude. Thus, tropical species and communities may exhibit different responses to climate change compared with those in temperate and polar regions. What are the fingerprints of climate change in the tropics? This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on impacts of climate change in tropical regions and discusses research priorities to better understand the ways in which species and ecological communities are responding to climate change in the most biodiverse places on Earth.
气候变化正在影响地球上的每一个生态系统。虽然气候变化是全球性的,但关于气候变化对生物影响的文献综述主要集中在温带和极地地区。热带物种具有不同的生活史和生理特征,不同纬度的生态群落组成也不同。因此,与温带和极地地区相比,热带物种和群落可能对气候变化表现出不同的反应。热带地区气候变化的指纹是什么?本文总结了气候变化对热带地区影响的现状,并讨论了研究重点,以更好地了解地球上生物多样性最丰富地区的物种和生态群落对气候变化的响应方式。
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引用次数: 71
Experimental Studies of Evolution and Eco-Evo Dynamics in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) 孔雀鱼(Poecilia reticulata)进化与生态进化动力学的实验研究
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-11-04 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ECOLSYS-110218-024926
D. Reznick, J. Travis
Guppies in Trinidad range across aquatic environments with fish communities that vary in risk of predation. These communities are often discrete, separated by waterfalls, with high-predation communities downstream and low-predation communities upstream. This gradient is repeated in many rivers; in each one, we see the same divergence between guppy populations in life history, behavior, morphology, and physiology. We have shown that the agent of selection on the life history, behavior, and physiology in low-predation communities is high population density and the cascade of ecological effects that stems from it. In effect, guppy populations modify their ecosystem and, in so doing, impose selection on themselves and shape their own evolution, which further changes the ecosystem. Evolution unfolds rapidly in this system, which has enabled us to study the dynamics of the process, not just its end points. Those studies enable us to answer some very general questions in ecology and evolutionary biology.
特立尼达的孔雀鱼分布在各种水生环境中,鱼类群落的被捕食风险各不相同。这些群落通常是离散的,被瀑布隔开,下游有高捕食者群落,上游有低捕食者群落。这种梯度在许多河流中重复出现;在每一项研究中,我们都看到了孔雀鱼种群在生活史、行为、形态和生理上的相同差异。我们已经证明,低捕食性群落的生活史、行为和生理选择的代理人是高人口密度和由此产生的级联生态效应。实际上,孔雀鱼种群改变了它们的生态系统,在这样做的过程中,它们对自己施加了选择,塑造了自己的进化,从而进一步改变了生态系统。进化在这个系统中迅速展开,这使我们能够研究过程的动力学,而不仅仅是它的终点。这些研究使我们能够回答生态学和进化生物学中一些非常普遍的问题。
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引用次数: 33
Consequences of Multispecies Introductions on Island Ecosystems 多物种引进对岛屿生态系统的影响
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-11-04 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-ECOLSYS-110218-024942
J. Russell, C. Kaiser‐Bunbury
The rate of non-native species introductions continues to increase, with directionality from continents to islands. It is no longer single species but entire networks of coevolved and newly interacting continental species that are establishing on islands. The consequences of multispecies introductions on the population dynamics and interactions of native and introduced species will depend on the form of trophic limitation on island ecosystems. Freed from biotic constraints in their native range, species introduced to islands no longer experience top-down limitation, instead becoming limited by and disrupting bottom-up processes that dominate on resource-limited islands. This framing of the ecological and evolutionary relationships among introduced species with one another and their ecosystem has important consequences for conservation. Whereas on continents the focus of conservation is on restoring native apex species and top-down limitation, on islands the focus must instead be on removing introduced animal and plant species to restore bottom-up limitation.
外来物种的引进率继续增加,并具有从大陆到岛屿的方向性。它不再是单一物种,而是整个共同进化和新相互作用的大陆物种正在岛屿上建立的网络。多物种引进对种群动态和本地物种与引进物种相互作用的影响将取决于岛屿生态系统的营养限制形式。从原生范围的生物限制中解放出来,引入岛屿的物种不再受到自上而下的限制,而是受到资源有限的岛屿上占主导地位的自下而上过程的限制和破坏。这种对引进物种之间及其生态系统之间的生态和进化关系的框架对保护具有重要意义。在大陆上,保护的重点是恢复本地顶端物种和自上而下的限制,而在岛屿上,保护的重点必须是消除引入的动植物物种,以恢复自下而上的限制。
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引用次数: 16
Origins and Assembly of Malesian Rainforests 马来雨林的起源与聚集
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-11-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024737
R. Kooyman, R. Morley, D. Crayn, E. Joyce, M. Rossetto, J. Slik, J. S. Strijk, T. Su, J. Yap, P. Wilf
Unraveling the origins of Malesia's once vast, hyperdiverse rainforests is a perennial challenge. Major contributions to rainforest assembly came from floristic elements carried on the Indian Plate and montane elementsfrom the Australian Plate (Sahul). The Sahul component is now understood to include substantial two-way exchanges with Sunda inclusive of lowland taxa. Evidence for the relative contributions of the great Asiatic floristic interchanges (GAFIs) with India and Sahul, respectively, to the flora of Malesia comes from contemporary lineage distributions, the fossil record, time-calibrated phylogenies, functional traits, and the spatial structure of genetic diversity. Functional-trait and biome conservatism are noted features of montane austral lineages from Sahul (e.g., diverse Podocarpaceae), whereas the abundance and diversity of lowland lineages, including Syzygium (Myrtaceae) and the Asian dipterocarps (Dipterocarpoideae), reflect a less well understood combination of dispersal, ecology, and adaptive radiations. Thus, Malesian rainforest assembly has been shaped by sharply contrasting evolutionary origins and biogeographic histories.
解开马来西亚曾经广袤多样的热带雨林的起源是一个长期的挑战。对雨林形成的主要贡献来自印度板块携带的植物区系元素和来自澳大利亚板块的山地元素(Sahul)。Sahul的组成部分现在被理解为包括低地分类群在内的Sunda的大量双向交流。大亚洲植物区系交换(GAFIs)分别与印度和萨胡尔对马来西亚植物区系的相对贡献的证据来自当代谱系分布、化石记录、时间校准的系统发育、功能特征和遗传多样性的空间结构。功能性状和生物群落的保守性是Sahul山区南部谱系(例如,Podocarpaceae的多样性)的显著特征,而低地谱系(包括Syzygium (Myrtaceae)和亚洲龙心科(Dipterocarpoideae))的丰富度和多样性反映了一个鲜为人知的分散、生态和适应性辐射的组合。因此,马来雨林的组合是由截然不同的进化起源和生物地理历史形成的。
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引用次数: 46
Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mediators of Soil Organic Matter Dynamics 菌根真菌作为土壤有机质动态的介质
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-11-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062331
S. Frey
Inhabiting the interface between plant roots and soil, mycorrhizal fungi play a unique but underappreciated role in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. Their hyphae provide an efficient mechanism for distributing plant carbon throughout the soil, facilitating its deposition into soil pores and onto mineral surfaces, where it can be protected from microbial attack. Mycorrhizal exudates and dead tissues contribute to the microbial necromass pool now known to play a dominant role in SOM formation and stabilization. While mycorrhizal fungi lack the genetic capacity to act as saprotrophs, they use several strategies to access nutrients locked in SOM and thereby promote its decay, including direct enzymatic breakdown, oxidation via Fenton chemistry, and stimulation of heterotrophic microorganisms through carbon provision to the rhizosphere. An additional mechanism, competition with free-living saprotrophs, potentially suppresses SOM decomposition, leading to its accumulation. How these various nutrient acquisition strategies differentially influence SOM formation, stabilization, and loss is an area of critical research need.
菌根真菌栖息于植物根系与土壤的界面,在土壤有机质动态中发挥着独特但未被充分认识的作用。它们的菌丝提供了一种有效的机制,将植物碳分布在整个土壤中,促进其沉积到土壤孔隙和矿物表面,在那里它可以免受微生物的攻击。菌根渗出物和死亡组织有助于微生物坏死团池,现在已知在SOM的形成和稳定中起主导作用。虽然菌根真菌缺乏作为腐养菌的遗传能力,但它们使用几种策略来获取锁定在SOM中的营养物质,从而促进其腐烂,包括直接酶促分解,通过芬顿化学氧化,以及通过向根际提供碳来刺激异养微生物。另一种机制,与自由生长的腐养菌的竞争,可能抑制SOM的分解,导致其积累。这些不同的营养获取策略如何不同地影响SOM的形成、稳定和损失是一个关键的研究领域。
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引用次数: 197
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