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Urban Pollination Ecology 城市授粉生态学
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-044616
E. Youngsteadt, Melina C. Keighron
Pollination is an essential component of plant reproduction that is transformed by the novel environmental conditions in cities. We summarize patterns of urban plant reproduction and trace the mechanisms by which urban environments influence pollination, beginning at the level of the individual plant. We then progress through several processes unique to animal-pollinated plants, including plant–pollinator signaling, community-level effects, and emergent plant–pollinator interaction networks. Last, we review pollen movement and plant spatial mating networks. Despite a global signal of reduced pollination in urban, animal-pollinated plants, effects vary among studies, and the extent of pollen dispersal through a city remains difficult to predict. We highlight recent progress, as well as areas where new research will help crystallize our understanding of urban pollination. These advances have the potential to spur exciting new insights into network dynamics and pollen movement, and may ultimately inform the sustainable design of urban conservation and ecosystem services. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 54 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
传粉是植物繁殖的一个重要组成部分,它被城市的新环境条件所改变。我们总结了城市植物繁殖的模式,并追踪了城市环境影响授粉的机制,从单个植物的水平开始。然后,我们通过动物传粉植物特有的几个过程进行进展,包括植物-传粉者信号,群落水平效应和新兴的植物-传粉者相互作用网络。最后,对花粉运动和植物空间交配网络进行了综述。尽管全球都有信号表明城市和动物传粉的植物授粉减少,但不同研究的影响各不相同,花粉在城市中的传播程度仍然难以预测。我们强调了最近的进展,以及新的研究将有助于明确我们对城市授粉的理解的领域。这些进展有可能激发对网络动力学和花粉运动令人兴奋的新见解,并可能最终为城市保护和生态系统服务的可持续设计提供信息。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第54卷的最终在线出版日期是2023年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
The Diverse Mechanisms that Animals Use to Resist Toxins 动物抵抗毒素的多种机制
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-102117
Rebecca D. Tarvin, Kannon C. Pearson, Tyler E. Douglas, Valeria Ramírez-Castañeda, M. Navarrete
Biological toxins are entrenched within ecosystems. Thus, animals are often exposed to such toxins, and how they adapt can be a key determinant of their evolutionary trajectories. In this review, we provide an overview of the diversity of toxin resistance mechanisms, with a focus on animals that sequester toxins from their diet and their natural predators and parasites. We propose a structured framework in which to study toxin resistance by recategorizing and reorganizing known mechanisms into avoidance, metabolism, and target categories. Then, using this framework, we review evidence regarding how animals resist four widely studied compounds: tetrodotoxin, batrachotoxin, cardiac glycosides, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Based on the available data, we conclude that toxin resistance and sequestration are interrelated from both ecological and evolutionary perspectives. To conclude, we highlight open questions regarding toxin resistance and review its importance as a field. En los ecosistemas las toxinas de origen biológico son componentes intrínsecos. Por esta razón, los animales se ven expuestos frecuenciamente a dichas toxinas y la forma en que se adaptan puede ser un factor que determina su trayectoria evolutiva. Esta revisión ofrece una visión general de la diversidad de mecanismos de resistencia a toxinas, centrándose en animales que secuestran toxinas de su dieta y en sus depredadores y parásitos naturales. En este texto se propone un marco estructural para estudiar la resistencia a toxinas mediante la recategorización y reorganización de mecanismos conocidos en categorías de: evación, metabolismo y moléculas diana. A continuación, utilizando este marco, revisamos la literatura científica en busca de evidencia sobre cómo los animales resisten a cuatro compuestos ampliamente estudiados: tetrodotoxina, batracotoxina, glucósidos cardíacos y alcaloides de pirrolizidina. A partir de los datos disponibles, llegamos a la conclusión de que la resistencia y la retención de toxinas están interrelacionadas tanto desde el punto de vista ecológico como evolutivo. Por último, destacamos algunas preguntas abiertas en torno a la resistencia a las toxinas y resaltamos su importancia como campo de estudio en el futuro. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 54 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
生物毒素在生态系统中根深蒂固。因此,动物经常暴露在这样的毒素中,它们如何适应可能是它们进化轨迹的关键决定因素。在这篇综述中,我们概述了毒素抗性机制的多样性,重点介绍了从食物、天敌和寄生虫中吸收毒素的动物。我们提出了一个结构化的框架,通过将已知机制重新分类和重组为避免,代谢和目标类别来研究毒素抗性。然后,使用这个框架,我们回顾了关于动物如何抵抗四种广泛研究的化合物的证据:河豚毒素,蝙蝠毒素,心脏苷和吡咯利西啶生物碱。根据现有的数据,我们得出结论,从生态学和进化的角度来看,毒素抗性和隔离是相互关联的。最后,我们强调了关于毒素抗性的开放问题,并回顾了其作为一个领域的重要性。En los ecosistemas las toxinas de origen biológico son components intrínsecos。在巴西razón,许多动物甚至可以通过一种特殊的形式来表达对毒素的频繁吸收,这种形式是一种适应性的反应,这种反应是一种决定进化进程的因素。Esta revisión ofrece una visión general de la diversidad de mecanmos de resistencia a toxin, centrándose动物对毒素的抗性是由动物对毒素的抗性是由动物对毒素的抗性是由parásitos natural ales产生的。在此基础上,研究人员研究了一种新的生物结构:抗毒素和毒素的中间途径:recategorización和reorganización; conocidos的机制:categorías和evación;代谢:molacculas diana。A continuación,利用este marco,修正文献científica en busca de证据sobre cómo los动物对curo计算机的抗性:河豚毒素,batracotoxina, glucósidos cardíacos y alcaloides de pirrolizidina。一组数据的可弃性,legamos A la conclusión de que la resistance通过retención de毒素están相互关系和tanto de el punto de vista ecológico共同进化。穷人último, destacamos algunas preguntas abiertas的研究结果表明,这些研究结果对生物毒素的抗性和毒性具有重要意义。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第54卷的最终在线出版日期是2023年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 2
Density-Dependent Selection 密度制约的选择
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110321-055345
J. Travis, R. Bassar, T. Coulson, D. Reznick, Matthew Walsh
Density-dependent selection, which promotes contrasting patterns of trait means at different population densities, has a long history in population genetics and ecology. The unifying principle from theory is that density-dependent selection operates on phenotypic traits whose values counter the effects of whatever ecological agent is limiting population growth, be it resource competition, predators, or pathogens. However, the complexity inherent in density dependence means that the same selective process can generate multiple outcomes, depending upon the details of how population density affects vital rates and the age or size structure of a population. Failure to appreciate the potential for multiple outcomes confounded many early studies of the process. Nonetheless, careful empirical work in laboratory studies, long-term field studies, and studies of sexual selection demonstrates the wide reach of density-dependent selection. The inconsistent outcomes observed in these studies call for renewed research into how the details of density dependence channel adaptive responses. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 54 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
密度依赖选择促进性状手段在不同种群密度下的差异模式,在种群遗传学和生态学中有着悠久的历史。理论的统一原则是,密度依赖性选择作用于表型性状,其值抵消任何限制人口增长的生态因子的影响,无论是资源竞争、捕食者还是病原体。然而,密度依赖性固有的复杂性意味着相同的选择过程可以产生多种结果,这取决于人口密度如何影响生命率、人口年龄或人口规模结构的细节。由于未能认识到多种结果的可能性,许多早期的研究都对这一过程感到困惑。尽管如此,在实验室研究、长期实地研究和性选择研究中进行的仔细实证工作表明,密度依赖选择的影响范围很广。在这些研究中观察到的不一致的结果要求重新研究密度依赖通道适应性反应的细节。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第54卷的最终在线出版日期是2023年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 1
Functional Trait Variation Along Animal Invasion Pathways 动物入侵途径中的功能性状变异
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102220-013423
S. Chown, M. McGeoch
Functional trait–based mediation of animal invasions is only now developing, yet it is already showing as much promise as the approach has for plant invasion biology. Here, we provide a theory-founded examination of functional trait-based ecology with respect to animal invasions, together with a review of the empirical research. Recent developments in the scaling of traits to ecosystems, along with the frameworks for invasion ecology, provide a powerful foundation for investigations. Despite growing empirical research in this field, interspecific comparisons incorporating comparative phylogenetic approaches remain uncommon, and those examining assemblages are even more so. Despite the importance of time since introduction, it is rarely included in studies. Broad environmental tolerances, life history traits associated with fast growth or greater reproduction, and in some cases, greater phenotypic plasticity of traits, mediate the success of animal alien species at various stages of invasion, although introduction effort remains one of the most important factors affecting success. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 54 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
基于功能性状的动物入侵调解目前才刚刚开始发展,但它已经显示出与植物入侵生物学方法一样的前景。在这里,我们提供了一个基于动物入侵的功能性状生态学的理论基础检查,并对实证研究进行了回顾。最近在生态系统特征尺度上的发展,以及入侵生态学的框架,为研究提供了强有力的基础。尽管这一领域的实证研究越来越多,但采用比较系统发育方法的种间比较仍然不常见,而那些研究组合的研究更是如此。尽管时间从一开始就很重要,但它很少被纳入研究。广泛的环境耐受性,与快速生长或繁殖有关的生活史性状,以及在某些情况下,性状的更大表型可塑性,介导了动物外来物种在入侵的各个阶段的成功,尽管引入努力仍然是影响成功的最重要因素之一。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第54卷的最终在线出版日期是2023年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 1
Ecological and Evolutionary Insights About Emerging Infectious Diseases from the COVID-19 Pandemic COVID-19大流行中新发传染病的生态学和进化见解
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-101234
A. Kilpatrick
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenged the workings of human society, but in doing so, it advanced our understanding of the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. Fluctuating transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) demonstrated the highly dynamic nature of human social behavior, often without government intervention. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the first two years following spillover resulted primarily in increased transmissibility, while in the third year, the globally dominant virus variants had all evolved substantial immune evasion. The combination of viral evolution and the buildup of host immunity through vaccination and infection greatly decreased the realized virulence of SARS-CoV-2 due to the age dependence of disease severity. The COVID-19 pandemic was exacerbated by presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and highly heterogeneous transmission, as well as highly variable disease severity and the broad host range of SARS-CoV-2. Insights and tools developed during the COVID-19 pandemic could provide a stronger scientific basis for preventing, mitigating, and controlling future pandemics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 54 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行对人类社会的运作提出了挑战,但同时也促进了我们对传染病生态学和进化的理解。严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)的波动传播表明,人类社会行为具有高度动态性,往往没有政府干预。在外溢后的头两年,SARS-CoV-2的进化主要导致传播性增加,而在第三年,全球占主导地位的病毒变体都进化出了大量的免疫逃避。由于疾病严重程度的年龄依赖性,病毒进化和通过接种和感染建立宿主免疫力的结合大大降低了SARS-CoV-2的实现毒力。SARS-CoV-2的症状前传播、无症状传播和高度异质性传播,以及疾病严重程度的高度变化和广泛的宿主范围,加剧了COVID-19大流行。在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间开发的见解和工具可以为预防、缓解和控制未来的大流行提供更强大的科学基础。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第54卷的最终在线出版日期是2023年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Sky Islands Are a Global Tool for Predicting the Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Climate Change 天空岛屿是预测气候变化的生态和进化后果的全球工具
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-050029
S. J. Love, J. Schweitzer, S. A. Woolbright, J. Bailey
Sky islands are unique geologic formations, home to populations of organisms that have weathered climate change since the Pleistocene. Long-term isolation and climatic differences between sky islands and adjacent mountain chains result in natural laboratories well suited for examining the direct effects of climate change. Here, we review the global sky island literature to examine how taxa have responded to climate change. Results show lineage formation, reduced genetic variation, and trait evolution across taxa driven by genetic drift and natural selection. These effects continue today due to ongoing habitat reduction and steep selective gradients on sky islands relative to mountain chains. Comparative studies and experimental manipulations are needed to build broad inference into how past climate change has shaped the structure and function of whole ecosystems. The next era of sky island research is poised to create a model for climate change responses and eco-evolutionary dynamics, with profound conservation implications. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 54 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
天空岛是独特的地质构造,是自更新世以来经受住气候变化的生物种群的家园。天空岛屿和相邻山脉之间的长期隔离和气候差异导致天然实验室非常适合研究气候变化的直接影响。在这里,我们回顾了全球天空岛的文献,以研究分类群如何应对气候变化。结果表明,在遗传漂变和自然选择的驱动下,谱系形成、遗传变异减少和性状进化在不同分类群之间发生。由于栖息地的不断减少和天空岛屿相对于山脉的陡峭的选择性梯度,这些影响今天仍在继续。为了对过去的气候变化如何塑造整个生态系统的结构和功能建立广泛的推断,需要进行比较研究和实验操作。天空岛研究的下一个时代是准备为气候变化响应和生态进化动力学创造一个模型,具有深远的保护意义。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第54卷的最终在线出版日期是2023年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 4
Patterns of Non-Native Species Introduction, Spread, and Ecological Impact in South Florida, the World's Most Invaded Continental Ecoregion 非本地物种在南佛罗里达——世界上入侵最严重的大陆生态区的引入、传播和生态影响模式
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-103104
Christopher A. Searcy, Hunter J. Howell, A. S. David, Reid B. Rumelt, Stephanie L. Clements
Invasive species are a chief threat to native biodiversity and are only becoming more common with human globalization. This creates a need to understand the patterns in invasion biology, including where invasions are most likely to occur, which species are most likely to establish and spread, and what are likely to be the most influential ecological consequences. We examine these questions through the lens of South Florida, the continental region with the most invasive species across the globe. First, understanding why South Florida has so many invasives and how they are distributed across South Florida helps us to understand where we can expect similar levels of invasion to occur. Second, understanding which species are most likely to establish, spread, and have the greatest ecological impact informs which invasions we should be most concerned about. Finally, the history of control efforts and their relative success can help guide future management practices. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 54 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
入侵物种是本地生物多样性的主要威胁,随着人类的全球化,入侵物种只会变得越来越普遍。这就需要了解入侵生物学的模式,包括入侵最有可能发生的地方,哪些物种最有可能建立和传播,以及最有可能产生的最具影响力的生态后果。我们通过南佛罗里达州的镜头来研究这些问题,南佛罗里达州是全球入侵物种最多的大陆地区。首先,了解为什么南佛罗里达有这么多的入侵物种,以及它们是如何在南佛罗里达分布的,有助于我们了解在哪里可能发生类似程度的入侵。其次,了解哪些物种最有可能建立、传播和产生最大的生态影响,从而告知我们应该最关注哪些入侵。最后,控制工作的历史及其相对成功可以帮助指导未来的管理实践。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第54卷的最终在线出版日期是2023年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 1
The Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Chemical Defenses: From Molecules to Communities 植物化学防御的进化生态学:从分子到群落
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-045254
María‐José Endara, Dale L. Forrister, P. D. Coley
Classic theory relates herbivore pressure to the ecology and evolution of plant defenses. Here, we summarize current trends in the study of plant–herbivore interactions and how they shape the evolution of plant chemical defenses, host choice, and community composition and diversity. Inter- and intraspecific variation in defense investment is driven by resource availability. The evolution of defenses at deeper nodes of plant phylogeny is conserved, yet defenses are highly labile at the tips. On an ecological timescale, while greater specialization of tropical herbivores enhances local diversity by reducing the performance of plants with similar defenses, in temperate ecosystems with more generalist herbivores, rare defense profiles are at a disadvantage. On an evolutionary timescale, host choice by herbivores is largely determined by plant defenses rather than host phylogeny, leading to evolutionary tracking by herbivores rather than cocladogenesis. The interplay between plants and herbivores shapes both the origin and maintenance of diversity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 54 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
经典理论将食草动物的压力与植物防御的生态学和进化联系起来。在此,我们总结了植物-食草动物相互作用的最新研究趋势,以及它们如何影响植物化学防御、寄主选择、群落组成和多样性的进化。国防投资的种间和种内变化是由资源可用性驱动的。植物系统发育较深节点的防御进化是保守的,但顶端的防御是高度不稳定的。在生态时间尺度上,热带食草动物专业化程度的提高通过降低具有类似防御能力的植物的表现来增强当地多样性,而在具有更多通才食草动物的温带生态系统中,稀有防御概况处于不利地位。在进化的时间尺度上,食草动物对宿主的选择在很大程度上是由植物防御决定的,而不是由宿主系统发育决定的,这导致食草动物的进化跟踪,而不是由共生进化决定的。植物和食草动物之间的相互作用决定了多样性的起源和维持。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第54卷的最终在线出版日期是2023年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 2
Novel Disturbance Regimes and Ecological Responses 新的干扰机制和生态响应
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-101120
M. Turner, R. Seidl
Many natural disturbances have a strong climate forcing, and concern is rising about how ecosystems will respond to disturbance regimes to which they are not adapted. Novelty can arise either as attributes of the disturbance regime (e.g., frequency, severity, duration) shift beyond their historical ranges of variation or as new disturbance agents not present historically emerge. How much novelty ecological systems can absorb and whether changing disturbance regimes will lead to novel outcomes is determined by the ecological responses of communities, which are also subject to change. Powerful conceptual frameworks exist for anticipating consequences of novel disturbance regimes, but these remain challenging to apply in real-world settings. Nonlinear relationships (e.g., tipping points, feedbacks) are of particular concern because of their disproportionate effects. Future research should quantify the rise of novelty in disturbance regimes and assess the capacity of ecosystems to respond to these changes. Novel disturbance regimes will be potent catalysts for ecological change. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 54 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
许多自然干扰具有强烈的气候强迫作用,人们越来越关注生态系统将如何对它们不适应的干扰制度作出反应。新颖性可能出现在干扰状态的属性(例如,频率,严重程度,持续时间)超出其历史变化范围,或者作为历史上不存在的新干扰因子出现。生态系统能吸收多少新事物,以及变化的干扰制度是否会导致新的结果,取决于群落的生态反应,而群落的生态反应也会发生变化。存在强大的概念框架来预测新干扰制度的后果,但在现实世界中应用这些框架仍然具有挑战性。非线性关系(例如,引爆点,反馈)由于其不成比例的影响而受到特别关注。未来的研究应该量化干扰制度中新颖性的增加,并评估生态系统应对这些变化的能力。新的干扰机制将成为生态变化的有力催化剂。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第54卷的最终在线出版日期是2023年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 1
Rethinking the Prevalence and Relevance of Chaos in Ecology 重新思考混沌在生态学中的普遍性和相关性
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-111320-052920
S. Munch, T. Rogers, Bethany J. Johnson, Uttam Bhat, C. Tsai
Chaos was proposed in the 1970s as an alternative explanation for apparently noisy fluctuations in population size. Although readily demonstrated in models, the search for chaos in nature proved challenging and led many to conclude that chaos is either rare or nigh impossible to detect. However, in the intervening half-century, it has become clear that ecosystems are replete with the enabling conditions for chaos. Chaos has been repeatedly demonstrated under laboratory conditions and has been found in field data using updated detection methods. Together, these developments indicate that the apparent rarity of chaos was an artifact of data limitations and overreliance on low-dimensional population models. We invite readers to reevaluate the relevance of chaos in ecology, and we suggest that chaos is not as rare or undetectable as previously believed.
混沌在20世纪70年代被提出,作为种群规模明显嘈杂波动的另一种解释。尽管在模型中很容易得到证明,但对自然界混沌的探索被证明是具有挑战性的,并导致许多人得出这样的结论:混沌要么很少,要么几乎不可能被探测到。然而,在这中间的半个世纪里,很明显,生态系统充满了导致混乱的有利条件。混沌已在实验室条件下反复证明,并已在使用最新检测方法的现场数据中发现。总之,这些发展表明,混沌的明显罕见是数据限制和过度依赖低维人口模型的产物。我们邀请读者重新评估混沌在生态学中的相关性,我们认为混沌并不像以前认为的那样罕见或不可检测。
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引用次数: 3
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