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Biotic and Abiotic Controls on the Phanerozoic History of Marine Animal Biodiversity 海洋动物显生宙生物多样性的生物与非生物控制
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-035131
Andrew M. Bush, J. Payne
During the past 541 million years, marine animals underwent three intervals of diversification (early Cambrian, Ordovician, Cretaceous–Cenozoic) separated by nondirectional fluctuation, suggesting diversity-dependent dynamics with the equilibrium diversity shifting through time. Changes in factors such as shallow-marine habitat area and climate appear to have modulated the nondirectional fluctuations. Directional increases in diversity are best explained by evolutionary innovations in marine animals and primary producers coupled with stepwise increases in the availability of food and oxygen. Increasing intensity of biotic interactions such as predation and disturbance may have led to positive feedbacks on diversification as ecosystems became more complex. Important areas for further research include improving the geographic coverage and temporal resolution of paleontological data sets, as well as deepening our understanding of Earth system evolution and the physiological and ecological traits that modulated organismal responses to environmental change. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在过去的5.41亿年里,海洋动物经历了以无方向性波动分隔的早寒武世、奥陶世、白垩纪—新生代3个多样化时期,表现出多样性依赖的动态变化,平衡多样性随时间变化。浅海生境面积和气候等因素的变化似乎调节了这种非定向波动。海洋动物和初级生产者的进化创新,加上食物和氧气供应的逐步增加,最好地解释了多样性的定向增加。随着生态系统变得更加复杂,捕食和干扰等生物相互作用强度的增加可能导致了对多样化的积极反馈。进一步研究的重要领域包括提高古生物数据集的地理覆盖范围和时间分辨率,以及加深我们对地球系统进化和调节生物对环境变化反应的生理和生态特征的理解。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 12
Are Terrestrial Biological Invasions Different in the Tropics? 热带地区的陆地生物入侵是否不同?
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-095454
K. Chong, R. Corlett, Martin A. Nuñez, Jing Hua Chiu, F. Courchamp, W. Dawson, Sara E. Kuebbing, Andrew M. Liebhold, M. Padmanaba, Lara Souza, K. Andersen, S. Fei, B. Lee, S. Lum, M. Luskin, K. M. Ngo, D. Wardle
Most biological invasion literature—including syntheses and meta-analyses and the resulting theory—is reported from temperate regions, drawing only minimally from the tropics except for some island systems. The lack of attention to invasions in the tropics results from and reinforces the assumption that tropical ecosystems, and especially the continental tropics, are more resistant to invasions. We have critically assessed biological invasions in the tropics and compared them with temperate regions, finding relatively weak evidence that tropical and temperate regions differ in their invasibility and in the traits that determine invader success and impacts. Propagule pressure and the traits that promote adaptation to disturbances (e.g., high fecundity or fast growth rates) are generally favorable to invasions in both tropical and temperate regions. We emphasize the urgent need for greater investment and regional cooperation in the study, prevention, and management of biological invasions in the tropics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
大多数生物入侵文献——包括综合和荟萃分析以及由此产生的理论——都是从温带地区报道的,除了一些岛屿系统外,对热带地区的研究很少。缺乏对热带地区入侵的关注源于并强化了一种假设,即热带生态系统,特别是热带大陆,对入侵的抵抗力更强。我们对热带地区的生物入侵进行了严格评估,并将其与温带地区进行了比较,发现相对薄弱的证据表明热带和温带地区在入侵性以及决定入侵成功和影响的特征方面存在差异。在热带和温带地区,繁殖体压力和促进适应干扰的性状(例如,高繁殖力或快速生长率)通常有利于入侵。我们强调迫切需要在热带生物入侵的研究、预防和管理方面加大投资和区域合作。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 16
Multispecies Coalescent: Theory and Applications in Phylogenetics 多物种聚结:系统发育理论与应用
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012121-095340
S. Mirarab, L. Nakhleh, T. Warnow
Species tree estimation is a basic part of many biological research projects, ranging from answering basic evolutionary questions (e.g., how did a group of species adapt to their environments?) to addressing questions in functional biology. Yet, species tree estimation is very challenging, due to processes such as incomplete lineage sorting, gene duplication and loss, horizontal gene transfer, and hybridization, which can make gene trees differ from each other and from the overall evolutionary history of the species. Over the last 10–20 years, there has been tremendous growth in methods and mathematical theory for estimating species trees and phylogenetic networks, and some of these methods are now in wide use. In this survey, we provide an overview of the current state of the art, identify the limitations of existing methods and theory, and propose additional research problems and directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
物种树估计是许多生物学研究项目的基本组成部分,从回答基本的进化问题(例如,一群物种如何适应它们的环境?)到解决功能生物学中的问题。然而,由于谱系分类不完整、基因复制和丢失、水平基因转移和杂交等过程,可能导致基因树彼此之间以及物种的整体进化史存在差异,因此物种树的估计非常具有挑战性。在过去的10-20年里,估计物种树和系统发育网络的方法和数学理论有了巨大的发展,其中一些方法现在得到了广泛的应用。在本调查中,我们概述了当前的艺术状态,确定了现有方法和理论的局限性,并提出了更多的研究问题和方向。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 20
A Genetic Perspective on Cetacean Evolution 鲸类动物进化的遗传学观点
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-105003
A. Cabrera, M. Bérubé, Xênia M Lopes, M. Louis, T. Oosting, A. Rey-Iglesia, Vania E. Rivera-León, D. Székely, E. Lorenzen, P. Palsbøll
Studies of cetacean evolution using genetics and other biomolecules have come a long way—from the use of allozymes and short sequences of mitochondrial or nuclear DNA to the assembly of full nuclear genomes and characterization of proteins and lipids. Cetacean research has also advanced from using only contemporary samples to analyzing samples dating back thousands of years, and to retrieving data from indirect environmental sources, including water or sediments. Combined, these studies have profoundly deepened our understanding of the origin of cetaceans; their adaptation and speciation processes; and of the past population change, migration, and admixture events that gave rise to the diversity of cetaceans found today. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
利用遗传学和其他生物分子研究鲸类动物的进化已经走过了漫长的道路——从使用同酶和线粒体或核DNA的短序列到组装完整的核基因组和表征蛋白质和脂质。鲸类动物的研究也从只使用当代样本发展到分析几千年前的样本,并从间接的环境来源(包括水或沉积物)中检索数据。综合起来,这些研究深刻地加深了我们对鲸类动物起源的理解;它们的适应和物种形成过程;以及过去的种群变化、迁徙和混合事件,这些事件产生了今天发现的鲸类动物的多样性。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 8
The Invisible Hand of the Periodic Table: How Micronutrients Shape Ecology 元素周期表的无形之手:微量元素如何塑造生态
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-090118
M. Kaspari
Beyond the better-studied carbohydrates and the macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, a remaining 20 or so elements are essential for life and have distinct geographical distributions, making them of keen interest to ecologists. Here, I provide a framework for understanding how shortfalls in micronutrients like iodine, copper, and zinc can regulate individual fitness, abundance, and ecosystem function. With a special focus on sodium, I show how simple experiments manipulating biogeochemistry can reveal why many of the variables that ecologists study vary so dramatically from place to place. I conclude with a discussion of how the Anthropocene's changing temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2 levels are contributing to nutrient dilution (decreases in the nutrient quality at the base of food webs). Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
除了研究得比较透彻的碳水化合物和大量营养元素氮和磷之外,还有大约20种元素是生命所必需的,它们具有不同的地理分布,使它们成为生态学家的浓厚兴趣。在这里,我提供了一个框架来理解像碘、铜和锌这样的微量营养素的缺乏是如何调节个体健康、丰度和生态系统功能的。通过对钠的特别关注,我展示了操纵生物地球化学的简单实验如何揭示了生态学家研究的许多变量在不同地方差异如此之大的原因。最后,我讨论了人类世不断变化的温度、降水和大气二氧化碳水平是如何导致营养物质稀释的(食物网底部营养物质质量的降低)。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 34
Demographic Consequences of Phenological Shifts in Response to Climate Change 气候变化对物候变化的人口影响
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011921-032939
A. Iler, Paul J. CaraDonna, J. Forrest, E. Post
When a phenological shift affects a demographic vital rate such as survival or reproduction, the altered vital rate may or may not have population-level consequences. We review the evidence that climate change affects populations by shifting species’ phenologies, emphasizing the importance of demographic life-history theory. We find many examples of phenological shifts having both positive and negative consequences for vital rates. Yet, few studies link phenological shifts to changes in vital rates known to drive population dynamics, especially in plants. When this link is made, results are largely consistent with life-history theory: Phenological shifts have population-level consequences when they affect survival in longer-lived organisms and reproduction in shorter-lived organisms. However, there are just as many cases in which demographic mechanisms buffer population growth from phenologically induced changes in vital rates. We provide recommendations for future research aiming to understand the complex relationships among climate, phenology, and demography, which will help to elucidate the extent to which phenological shifts actually alter population persistence. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
当物候变化影响人口的生命率,如生存或繁殖时,生命率的改变可能会也可能不会产生人口水平的后果。我们回顾了气候变化通过改变物种物候来影响种群的证据,强调了人口生活史理论的重要性。我们发现物候变化的许多例子对生命率有积极和消极的影响。然而,很少有研究将物候变化与已知的驱动种群动态的生命速率变化联系起来,特别是在植物中。当这种联系被建立时,结果在很大程度上与生活史理论一致:物候变化在影响寿命较长的生物体的生存和寿命较短的生物体的繁殖时,具有种群水平的后果。然而,在同样多的情况下,人口机制使人口增长不受物候引起的生命率变化的影响。我们为未来的研究提供了建议,旨在了解气候、物候和人口统计学之间的复杂关系,这将有助于阐明物候变化在多大程度上改变种群持久性。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 51
Plant Communication 工厂沟通
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-010421-020045
R. Karban
Communication occurs when a sender emits a cue perceived by a receiver that changes the receiver's behavior. Plants perceive information regarding light, water, other nutrients, touch, herbivores, pathogens, mycorrhizae, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Plants also emit cues perceived by other plants, beneficial microbes, herbivores, enemies of herbivores, pollinators, and seed dispersers. Individuals responding to light cues experienced increased fitness. Evidence for benefits of responding to cues involving herbivores and pathogens is more limited. The benefits of emitting cues are also less clear, particularly for plant–plant communication. Reliance on multiple or dosage-dependent cues can reduce inappropriate responses, and plants often remember past cues. Plants have multiple needs and prioritize conflicting cues such that the risk of abiotic stress is treated as greater than that of shading, which is in turn treated as greater than that of consumption. Plants can distinguish self from nonself and kin from strangers. They can identify the species of competitor or consumer and respond appropriately. Cues involving mutualists often contain highly specific information. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
当发送者发出被接收者感知到的改变接收者行为的提示时,通信就发生了。植物感知光、水、其他营养物质、触摸、食草动物、病原体、菌根和固氮细菌等信息。植物也会发出被其他植物、有益微生物、食草动物、食草动物的敌人、传粉者和种子传播者感知的信号。对光线有反应的个体的适应性增强了。对涉及食草动物和病原体的线索作出反应的益处的证据更为有限。发出信号的好处也不太清楚,特别是对于植物间的交流。依赖于多种或剂量依赖的线索可以减少不适当的反应,植物通常会记住过去的线索。植物有多种需求,并优先考虑相互冲突的线索,因此非生物胁迫的风险被视为大于遮阳的风险,而遮阳的风险又被视为大于消耗的风险。植物可以区分自我与非我,亲属与陌生人。他们可以识别竞争对手或消费者的种类,并作出适当的反应。涉及互惠者的线索通常包含高度具体的信息。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 19
The Ecological Importance of Allelopathy 化感作用的生态学意义
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-051120-030619
J. Hierro, R. Callaway
Allelopathy (i.e., chemical interaction among species) was originally conceived as inclusive of positive and negative effects of plants on other plants, and we adopt this view. Most studies of allelopathy have been phenomenological, but we focus on studies that have explored the ecological significance of this interaction. The literature suggests that studies of allelopathy have been particularly important for three foci in ecology: species distribution, conditionality of interactions, and maintenance of species diversity. There is evidence that allelopathy influences local distributions of plant species around the world. Allelopathic conditionality appears to arise through coevolution, and this is a mechanism for plant invasions. Finally, allelopathy promotes species coexistence via intransitive competition, modifications of direct interactions, and (co)evolution. Recent advances additionally suggest that coexistence might be favored through biochemical recognition. The preponderance of phenomenological studies notwithstanding, allelopathy has broad ecological consequences. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
化感作用(即物种之间的化学相互作用)最初被认为包括植物对其他植物的积极和消极影响,我们采用了这一观点。大多数化感作用的研究都是现象学的,但我们关注的是探索这种相互作用的生态意义的研究。文献表明,化感作用的研究在生态学的三个领域尤为重要:物种分布、相互作用的条件性和物种多样性的维持。有证据表明化感作用影响着世界各地植物物种的局部分布。化感条件似乎是通过共同进化产生的,这是植物入侵的一种机制。最后,化感作用通过非传递竞争、直接相互作用的修改和(共同)进化促进物种共存。最近的进展还表明,共存可能通过生物化学识别。尽管现象学研究占据优势,化感作用具有广泛的生态影响。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 36
Ancient Invaders: How Paleogenetic Tools Help to Identify and Understand Biological Invasions of the Past 古代入侵者:古遗传学工具如何帮助识别和理解过去的生物入侵
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-100938
M. Knapp, Catherine J. Collins, E. Matisoo-Smith
Past biological invasions have contributed to shaping our present day biodiversity. For many island ecosystems, they are the only source of terrestrial life. At the same time, biological invasions, in particular when caused by human activity, are a major concern for the conservation of native species. It is therefore essential to understand the drivers of biological invasions as well as the role invasions have played in different ecosystems. Molecular tools have provided valuable data to reconstruct biological invasions, their drivers, and their impacts. Recent technological developments have further increased the potential of molecular tools to track past shifts in biodiversity. Here, we provide a perspective on how such molecular tools have influenced our understanding of past biological invasions and discuss how they may further help to shape our understanding and management of biological invasions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
过去的生物入侵有助于塑造我们今天的生物多样性。对于许多岛屿生态系统来说,它们是陆地生命的唯一来源。与此同时,生物入侵,特别是由人类活动引起的入侵,是保护本地物种的一个主要问题。因此,了解生物入侵的驱动因素以及入侵在不同生态系统中所扮演的角色至关重要。分子工具为重建生物入侵、其驱动因素及其影响提供了有价值的数据。最近的技术发展进一步增加了分子工具追踪生物多样性过去变化的潜力。在这里,我们提供了一个关于这些分子工具如何影响我们对过去生物入侵的理解的观点,并讨论了它们如何进一步帮助塑造我们对生物入侵的理解和管理。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 2
The Biology of Chernobyl 切尔诺贝利的生物学
IF 11.8 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024827
Timothy A Mousseau
Environmental disasters offer the unique opportunity for landscape-scale ecological and evolutionary studies that are not possible in the laboratory or small experimental plots. The nuclear accident at Chernobyl (1986) allows for rigorous analyses of radiation effects on individuals and populations at an ecosystem scale. Here, the current state of knowledge related to populations within the Chernobyl region of Ukraine and Belarus following the largest civil nuclear accident in history is reviewed. There is now a significant literature that provides contrasting and occasionally conflicting views of the state of animals and how they are affected by this mutagenic stressor. Studies of genetic and physiological effects have largely suggested significant injuries to individuals inhabiting the more radioactive areas of the Chernobyl region. Most population censuses for most species suggest that abundances are reduced in the more radioactive areas. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
环境灾害为景观尺度的生态和进化研究提供了独特的机会,而这在实验室或小的实验地块上是不可能的。切尔诺贝利核事故(1986年)允许在生态系统尺度上对辐射对个人和种群的影响进行严格的分析。本文回顾了历史上最大的民用核事故发生后,乌克兰和白俄罗斯切尔诺贝利地区人口的现状。现在有一个重要的文献提供了动物状态的对比和偶尔相互矛盾的观点,以及它们是如何受到这种诱变压力源的影响的。对遗传和生理影响的研究在很大程度上表明,居住在切尔诺贝利地区放射性较强地区的个人受到了重大伤害。大多数物种的人口普查表明,在放射性更强的地区,丰度会减少。预计《生态、进化和分类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2021年11月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 12
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Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
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