Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-123834
I-Ching Chen, Sheng-Feng Shen, Shih-Fan Chan
Despite two centuries of research, the mechanisms underlying the formation of species’ elevational range limits remain poorly understood. The climatic variability hypothesis highlights the role of climatic conditions in shaping species’ thermal tolerance and distribution ranges, while the species interactions–abiotic stress hypothesis underscores the relative importance of biotic factors and abiotic stress along environmental gradients. We emphasize Darwin's perspective on the ubiquity of interspecific competition across climatic gradients and the importance of understanding how climate modulates biotic interactions to shape species distributions. Niche theory provides a comprehensive framework, combined with empirical research, to explore how environmental gradients influence species traits, leading to context-dependent species interactions that constrain distributions. In particular, the application of the concept of environmentally weighted performance can further elucidate these complex ecological mechanisms. Future research should integrate multiple approaches, including field and laboratory manipulative experiments, theoretical modeling, and interdisciplinary collaboration, to improve our understanding of species distributions in mountain regions and to inform biodiversity conservation strategies in the face of rapid environmental change.
{"title":"Niche Theory and Species Range Limits along Elevational Gradients: Perspectives and Future Directions","authors":"I-Ching Chen, Sheng-Feng Shen, Shih-Fan Chan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-123834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-123834","url":null,"abstract":"Despite two centuries of research, the mechanisms underlying the formation of species’ elevational range limits remain poorly understood. The climatic variability hypothesis highlights the role of climatic conditions in shaping species’ thermal tolerance and distribution ranges, while the species interactions–abiotic stress hypothesis underscores the relative importance of biotic factors and abiotic stress along environmental gradients. We emphasize Darwin's perspective on the ubiquity of interspecific competition across climatic gradients and the importance of understanding how climate modulates biotic interactions to shape species distributions. Niche theory provides a comprehensive framework, combined with empirical research, to explore how environmental gradients influence species traits, leading to context-dependent species interactions that constrain distributions. In particular, the application of the concept of environmentally weighted performance can further elucidate these complex ecological mechanisms. Future research should integrate multiple approaches, including field and laboratory manipulative experiments, theoretical modeling, and interdisciplinary collaboration, to improve our understanding of species distributions in mountain regions and to inform biodiversity conservation strategies in the face of rapid environmental change.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-102810
Anna L. Hargreaves
The idea that species interactions are more ecologically and evolutionarily important toward lower latitudes underpins seminal theories in ecology and evolution. Recent global studies have found the predicted latitudinal gradients in interactions, particularly predation. However, latitudinal patterns alone do not reveal why interactions vary geographically and so do not provide strong predictions in space (e.g., for specific ecosystems) or time (e.g., forecasting responses to global change). Here, I review theory to identify a clearer, mechanistic, and testable framework for predicting geographic variation in the importance of species interactions. I review competing metrics of importance, proximate mechanisms that can increase interaction importance, and environmental gradients that could generate predictable geographic patterns (climate extremes and stability, warmth, productivity, and biodiversity). Strong empirical tests are accumulating thanks to the rise of global experiments and datasets; renewed focus on testing why interactions vary spatially will help move the field from identifying latitudinal patterns to understanding broader mechanisms.
{"title":"Geographic Gradients in Species Interactions: From Latitudinal Patterns to Ecological Mechanisms","authors":"Anna L. Hargreaves","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-102810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-102810","url":null,"abstract":"The idea that species interactions are more ecologically and evolutionarily important toward lower latitudes underpins seminal theories in ecology and evolution. Recent global studies have found the predicted latitudinal gradients in interactions, particularly predation. However, latitudinal patterns alone do not reveal why interactions vary geographically and so do not provide strong predictions in space (e.g., for specific ecosystems) or time (e.g., forecasting responses to global change). Here, I review theory to identify a clearer, mechanistic, and testable framework for predicting geographic variation in the importance of species interactions. I review competing metrics of importance, proximate mechanisms that can increase interaction importance, and environmental gradients that could generate predictable geographic patterns (climate extremes and stability, warmth, productivity, and biodiversity). Strong empirical tests are accumulating thanks to the rise of global experiments and datasets; renewed focus on testing why interactions vary spatially will help move the field from identifying latitudinal patterns to understanding broader mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-124549
Jacob E. Allgeier
Early studies in coral reefs showed that simple measurements of ecosystem metabolism (primary production and ecosystem respiration) were useful for understanding complex reef dynamics at an ecosystem scale. These studies also helped establish the field of ecosystem ecology, but contemporary coral reef ecology has shifted away from these origins. In this manuscript, I describe the historical development of a theory of ecosystem metabolism that was foundational for the discipline of ecosystem ecology, and I update this theory to fully incorporate dynamics on coral reefs (and all ecosystems). I use this updated theory to (a) identify important controls on coral reef processes and (b) provide a rationale for patterns of coral reef carbon dynamics that allow me to generate hypotheses of coral reef ecosystem production. I then use existing data to broadly evaluate these hypotheses. My findings emphasize the importance of integrating measurements of ecosystem metabolism with current approaches to improve the development of theory and the efficacy of conservation and management of coral reefs.
{"title":"The Ecosystem Ecology of Coral Reefs Revisited","authors":"Jacob E. Allgeier","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-124549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-124549","url":null,"abstract":"Early studies in coral reefs showed that simple measurements of ecosystem metabolism (primary production and ecosystem respiration) were useful for understanding complex reef dynamics at an ecosystem scale. These studies also helped establish the field of ecosystem ecology, but contemporary coral reef ecology has shifted away from these origins. In this manuscript, I describe the historical development of a theory of ecosystem metabolism that was foundational for the discipline of ecosystem ecology, and I update this theory to fully incorporate dynamics on coral reefs (and all ecosystems). I use this updated theory to (a) identify important controls on coral reef processes and (b) provide a rationale for patterns of coral reef carbon dynamics that allow me to generate hypotheses of coral reef ecosystem production. I then use existing data to broadly evaluate these hypotheses. My findings emphasize the importance of integrating measurements of ecosystem metabolism with current approaches to improve the development of theory and the efficacy of conservation and management of coral reefs.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141922425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-122317
Emily Fairfax, Cherie Westbrook
Beavers, Castor canadensis in North America and Castor fiber in Eurasia, are widely referred to as nature's engineers due to their ability to rapidly transform diverse landscapes into dynamic wetland ecosystems. Few other organisms exhibit the same level of control over local geomorphic, hydrologic, and ecological conditions. Though freshwater ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to changing climate, beavers and their wetland homes have persisted throughout the Northern Hemisphere during numerous prior periods of climatic change. Some research suggests that the need to create stable, climate-buffered habitats at high latitudes during the Miocene directly led to the evolution of dam construction. As we follow an unprecedented trajectory of anthropogenic warming, we have the unique opportunity to describe how beaver ecosystem engineering ameliorates climate change today. Here, we review how beavers create and maintain local hydroclimatic stability and influence larger-scale biophysical ecosystem processes in the context of past, present, and future climate change.
{"title":"The Ecology and Evolution of Beavers: Ecosystem Engineers that Ameliorate Climate Change","authors":"Emily Fairfax, Cherie Westbrook","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-122317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-122317","url":null,"abstract":"Beavers, Castor canadensis in North America and Castor fiber in Eurasia, are widely referred to as nature's engineers due to their ability to rapidly transform diverse landscapes into dynamic wetland ecosystems. Few other organisms exhibit the same level of control over local geomorphic, hydrologic, and ecological conditions. Though freshwater ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to changing climate, beavers and their wetland homes have persisted throughout the Northern Hemisphere during numerous prior periods of climatic change. Some research suggests that the need to create stable, climate-buffered habitats at high latitudes during the Miocene directly led to the evolution of dam construction. As we follow an unprecedented trajectory of anthropogenic warming, we have the unique opportunity to describe how beaver ecosystem engineering ameliorates climate change today. Here, we review how beavers create and maintain local hydroclimatic stability and influence larger-scale biophysical ecosystem processes in the context of past, present, and future climate change.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-025653
Robert J. Fletcher, Thomas A.H. Smith, Savannah Troy, N. Kortessis, Edgar C. Turner, Emilio M. Bruna, Robert D. Holt
As the Anthropocene proceeds, the matrix in which remaining habitats are embedded is an increasingly dominant component of altered landscapes. The matrix appears to have diverse and far-reaching effects, yet our understanding of the causes and consequences of these effects remains limited. We first synthesize the broad range of perspectives on the matrix, provide a generalized framing that captures these perspectives, and propose hypotheses for how and why the matrix matters for ecological and evolutionary processes. We then summarize evidence for these hypotheses from experiments in which the matrix was manipulated. Nearly all experiments revealed matrix effects, including changes in local spillover, individual movement and dispersal, and use of resources in the matrix. Finally, we discuss how the matrix has been, and should be, incorporated into conservation and management and suggest future issues to advance research on and applications of the matrix in ecology, evolution, and conservation.
{"title":"The Prominent Role of the Matrix in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation","authors":"Robert J. Fletcher, Thomas A.H. Smith, Savannah Troy, N. Kortessis, Edgar C. Turner, Emilio M. Bruna, Robert D. Holt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-025653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-025653","url":null,"abstract":"As the Anthropocene proceeds, the matrix in which remaining habitats are embedded is an increasingly dominant component of altered landscapes. The matrix appears to have diverse and far-reaching effects, yet our understanding of the causes and consequences of these effects remains limited. We first synthesize the broad range of perspectives on the matrix, provide a generalized framing that captures these perspectives, and propose hypotheses for how and why the matrix matters for ecological and evolutionary processes. We then summarize evidence for these hypotheses from experiments in which the matrix was manipulated. Nearly all experiments revealed matrix effects, including changes in local spillover, individual movement and dispersal, and use of resources in the matrix. Finally, we discuss how the matrix has been, and should be, incorporated into conservation and management and suggest future issues to advance research on and applications of the matrix in ecology, evolution, and conservation.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-051057
Jonathan P. Green, Jay M. Biernaskie, Milo C. Mee, Amy E. Leedale
Kin discrimination, the differential treatment of conspecifics based on kinship, occurs across the tree of life, from animals to plants to fungi to bacteria. When kin and nonkin interact, the ability to identify kin enables individuals to increase their inclusive fitness by helping kin, harming nonkin, and avoiding inbreeding. For a given species, the strength of selection for kin discrimination mechanisms is influenced by demographic, ecological, and life-history processes that collectively determine the scope for discrimination and the payoffs from kin-biased behavior. In this review, we explore how these processes drive variation in kin discrimination across taxa, highlighting contributions of recent empirical, comparative, and theoretical work to our understanding of when, how, and why kin discrimination evolves.
{"title":"The Evolution of Kin Discrimination Across the Tree of Life","authors":"Jonathan P. Green, Jay M. Biernaskie, Milo C. Mee, Amy E. Leedale","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-051057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-051057","url":null,"abstract":"Kin discrimination, the differential treatment of conspecifics based on kinship, occurs across the tree of life, from animals to plants to fungi to bacteria. When kin and nonkin interact, the ability to identify kin enables individuals to increase their inclusive fitness by helping kin, harming nonkin, and avoiding inbreeding. For a given species, the strength of selection for kin discrimination mechanisms is influenced by demographic, ecological, and life-history processes that collectively determine the scope for discrimination and the payoffs from kin-biased behavior. In this review, we explore how these processes drive variation in kin discrimination across taxa, highlighting contributions of recent empirical, comparative, and theoretical work to our understanding of when, how, and why kin discrimination evolves.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-102101
A. Contosta, Kyle A. Arndt, H. Baulch, Nora J. Casson, Adrian Harpold, Toni Lyn Morelli, Alexej P. K. Sirén, P. Templer
Globally, winter temperatures are rising, and snowpack is shrinking or disappearing entirely. Despite previous research and published literature reviews, it remains unknown whether biomes across the globe will cross important thresholds in winter temperature and precipitation that will lead to significant ecological changes. Here, we combine the widely used Köppen–Geiger climate classification system with worst-case-scenario projected changes in global monthly temperature and precipitation to illustrate how multiple climatic zones across Earth may experience shifting winter conditions by the end of this century. We then examine how these shifts may affect ecosystems within corresponding biomes. Our analysis demonstrates potential widespread losses of extreme cold (<−20°C) in Arctic, boreal, and cool temperate regions. We also show the possible disappearance of freezing temperatures (<0°C) and large decreases in snowfall in warm temperate and dryland areas. We identify important and potentially irreversible ecological changes associated with crossing these winter climate thresholds.
{"title":"Threshold Changes in Winter Temperature and Precipitation Drive Threshold Responses Across Nine Global Climate Zones and Associated Biomes","authors":"A. Contosta, Kyle A. Arndt, H. Baulch, Nora J. Casson, Adrian Harpold, Toni Lyn Morelli, Alexej P. K. Sirén, P. Templer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-102101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-102101","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, winter temperatures are rising, and snowpack is shrinking or disappearing entirely. Despite previous research and published literature reviews, it remains unknown whether biomes across the globe will cross important thresholds in winter temperature and precipitation that will lead to significant ecological changes. Here, we combine the widely used Köppen–Geiger climate classification system with worst-case-scenario projected changes in global monthly temperature and precipitation to illustrate how multiple climatic zones across Earth may experience shifting winter conditions by the end of this century. We then examine how these shifts may affect ecosystems within corresponding biomes. Our analysis demonstrates potential widespread losses of extreme cold (<−20°C) in Arctic, boreal, and cool temperate regions. We also show the possible disappearance of freezing temperatures (<0°C) and large decreases in snowfall in warm temperate and dryland areas. We identify important and potentially irreversible ecological changes associated with crossing these winter climate thresholds.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-050754
Charlie K. Cornwallis, Ashleigh S. Griffin
Phylogenetic comparative methods are important tools in biology, providing insights into the way traits evolve. There are many technical resources describing how these methods work. Our aim here is to complement these with an overview of the types of biological questions that can be addressed by different methods and to outline potential pitfalls and considerations when embarking on comparative studies. First, we introduce what comparative methods are and why they are important. Second, we outline how they can be used to understand when, where, and how frequently traits evolve. Third, we examine how the coevolution of traits within and between species can be studied, along with patterns of causality. Finally, we discuss how to approach comparative analyses and the ways in which different types of data, such as published relationships, omic, and remote sensing data, can be integrated.
{"title":"A Guided Tour of Phylogenetic Comparative Methods for Studying Trait Evolution","authors":"Charlie K. Cornwallis, Ashleigh S. Griffin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-050754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-050754","url":null,"abstract":"Phylogenetic comparative methods are important tools in biology, providing insights into the way traits evolve. There are many technical resources describing how these methods work. Our aim here is to complement these with an overview of the types of biological questions that can be addressed by different methods and to outline potential pitfalls and considerations when embarking on comparative studies. First, we introduce what comparative methods are and why they are important. Second, we outline how they can be used to understand when, where, and how frequently traits evolve. Third, we examine how the coevolution of traits within and between species can be studied, along with patterns of causality. Finally, we discuss how to approach comparative analyses and the ways in which different types of data, such as published relationships, omic, and remote sensing data, can be integrated.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102622-030253
Toshitaka N. Suzuki
Animal linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates animal behavior, linguistics, and cognitive science to explore issues such as (a) what animal signals mean, (b) what cognitive abilities are necessary for the production and understanding of these signals, and (c) how communication systems have evolved. Despite the traditional belief that language evolved through a single mutation in our ancestors, accumulating evidence suggests that many cognitive abilities underlying human language have also evolved in nonhuman animals. For example, several species of birds and nonhuman primates convey conceptual meanings through specific vocalizations and/or combine multiple meaning-bearing calls into sequences using syntactic rules. Using experimental paradigms inspired by cognitive science and linguistics, animal linguistics aims to uncover the cognitive mechanisms underlying animal language and explores its evolutionary principles. This review examines previous studies exploring the meanings and cognitive abilities underlying animal language and introduces key methodologies in this emerging field.
{"title":"Animal Linguistics","authors":"Toshitaka N. Suzuki","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102622-030253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102622-030253","url":null,"abstract":"Animal linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates animal behavior, linguistics, and cognitive science to explore issues such as (<jats:italic>a</jats:italic>) what animal signals mean, (<jats:italic>b</jats:italic>) what cognitive abilities are necessary for the production and understanding of these signals, and (<jats:italic>c</jats:italic>) how communication systems have evolved. Despite the traditional belief that language evolved through a single mutation in our ancestors, accumulating evidence suggests that many cognitive abilities underlying human language have also evolved in nonhuman animals. For example, several species of birds and nonhuman primates convey conceptual meanings through specific vocalizations and/or combine multiple meaning-bearing calls into sequences using syntactic rules. Using experimental paradigms inspired by cognitive science and linguistics, animal linguistics aims to uncover the cognitive mechanisms underlying animal language and explores its evolutionary principles. This review examines previous studies exploring the meanings and cognitive abilities underlying animal language and introduces key methodologies in this emerging field.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-125156
Riikka Rinnan
Arctic ecosystems have long been thought to be minimal sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere because of their low plant biomass and cold temperatures. However, these ecosystems experience rapid climatic warming that alters vegetation composition. Tundra vegetation VOC emissions have stronger temperature dependency than current emission models estimate. Thus, warming, both directly and indirectly (via vegetation changes) likely increases the release and alters the blend of emitted plant volatiles, such as isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, from Arctic ecosystems. Climate change also increases the pressure of both background herbivory and insect outbreaks. The resulting leaf damage induces the production of volatile defense compounds, and warming amplifies this response. Soils function as both sources and sinks of VOCs, and thawing permafrost is a hotspot for soil VOC emissions, contributing to ecosystem emissions if the VOCs bypass microbial uptake. Overall, Arctic VOC emissions are likely to increase in the future with implications for ecological interactions and atmospheric composition.
{"title":"Volatile Organic Compound Emissions in the Changing Arctic","authors":"Riikka Rinnan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-125156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-125156","url":null,"abstract":"Arctic ecosystems have long been thought to be minimal sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere because of their low plant biomass and cold temperatures. However, these ecosystems experience rapid climatic warming that alters vegetation composition. Tundra vegetation VOC emissions have stronger temperature dependency than current emission models estimate. Thus, warming, both directly and indirectly (via vegetation changes) likely increases the release and alters the blend of emitted plant volatiles, such as isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, from Arctic ecosystems. Climate change also increases the pressure of both background herbivory and insect outbreaks. The resulting leaf damage induces the production of volatile defense compounds, and warming amplifies this response. Soils function as both sources and sinks of VOCs, and thawing permafrost is a hotspot for soil VOC emissions, contributing to ecosystem emissions if the VOCs bypass microbial uptake. Overall, Arctic VOC emissions are likely to increase in the future with implications for ecological interactions and atmospheric composition.","PeriodicalId":7988,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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