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Drivers and scorecards to improve hypertension control in primary care practice: Recommendations from the HEARTS in the Americas Innovation Group. 在初级医疗实践中改善高血压控制的驱动因素和记分卡:美洲 HEARTS 创新小组的建议。
IF 7 Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100223
Jeffrey W Brettler, Gloria P Giraldo Arcila, Teresa Aumala, Allana Best, Norm Rc Campbell, Shana Cyr, Angelo Gamarra, Marc G Jaffe, Mirna Jimenez De la Rosa, Javier Maldonado, Carolina Neira Ojeda, Modesta Haughton, Taraleen Malcolm, Vivian Perez, Gonzalo Rodriguez, Andres Rosende, Yamilé Valdés González, Peter W Wood, Eric Zúñiga, Pedro Ordunez

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Americas, and hypertension is the most significant modifiable risk factor. However, hypertension control rates remain low, and CVD mortality is stagnant or rising after decades of continuing reduction. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the HEARTS technical package to improve hypertension control. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) designed the HEARTS in the Americas Initiative to improve CVD risk management, emphasizing hypertension control, to date implemented in 21 countries.

Methods: To advance implementation, an interdisciplinary group of practitioners was engaged to select the key evidence-based drivers of hypertension control and to design a comprehensive scorecard to monitor their implementation at primary care health facilities (PHC). The group studied high-performing health systems that achieve high hypertension control through quality improvement programs focusing on specific process measures, with regular feedback to providers at health facilities.

Findings: The final selected eight drivers were categorized into five main domains: (1) diagnosis (blood pressure measurement accuracy and CVD risk evaluation); (2) treatment (standardized treatment protocol and treatment intensification); (3) continuity of care and follow-up; (4) delivery system (team-based care, medication refill), and (5) system for performance evaluation. The drivers and recommendations were then translated into process measures, resulting in two interconnected scorecards integrated into the HEARTS in the Americas monitoring and evaluation system.

Interpretation: Focus on these key hypertension drivers and resulting scorecards, will guide the quality improvement process to achieve population control goals at the participating health centers in HEARTS implementing countries.

Funding: No funding to declare.

背景:心血管疾病(CVD)是美洲发病和死亡的主要原因,而高血压是最重要的可改变风险因素。然而,高血压控制率仍然很低,心血管疾病死亡率在持续降低数十年后停滞不前或有所上升。2016 年,世界卫生组织(WHO)推出了 HEARTS 技术包,以改善高血压控制。泛美卫生组织(PAHO)设计了美洲 HEARTS 倡议,以改善心血管疾病风险管理,强调高血压控制,迄今已在 21 个国家实施:方法:为了推动该计划的实施,一个跨学科的从业人员小组参与其中,以选择高血压控制的关键循证驱动因素,并设计一个综合记分卡来监测其在初级保健医疗机构(PHC)的实施情况。该小组研究了通过质量改进计划实现高血压控制的高绩效医疗系统,这些计划侧重于具体的流程措施,并定期向医疗机构的服务提供者提供反馈:最终选定的八个驱动因素分为五个主要领域:(1) 诊断(血压测量准确性和心血管疾病风险评估);(2) 治疗(标准化治疗方案和强化治疗);(3) 持续护理和随访;(4) 交付系统(团队护理、药物补充);(5) 绩效评估系统。然后,将这些驱动因素和建议转化为过程措施,形成两张相互关联的记分卡,纳入美洲 HEARTS 监测和评估系统:重点关注这些关键的高血压驱动因素和由此产生的记分卡,将指导质量改进过程,以实现 HEARTS 实施国参与保健中心的人口控制目标:无资金申报。
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引用次数: 0
SPARTA at CASE 2021 Task 1: Evaluating Different Techniques to Improve Event Extraction 任务1:评估改进事件提取的不同技术
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.case-1.27
Arthur Müller, Andreas Dafnos
We participated in the Shared Task 1 at CASE 2021, Subtask 4 on protest event extraction from news articles and examined different techniques aimed at improving the performance of the winning system from the last competition round. We evaluated in-domain pre-training, task-specific pre-fine-tuning, alternative loss function, translation of the English training dataset into other target languages (i.e., Portuguese, Spanish, and Hindi) for the token classification task, and a simple data augmentation technique by random sentence reordering. This paper summarizes the results, showing that random sentence reordering leads to a consistent improvement of the model performance.
我们参加了CASE 2021的共享任务1,从新闻文章中提取抗议事件的子任务4,并研究了旨在提高上一轮比赛中获胜系统性能的不同技术。我们评估了域内预训练、任务特定的预微调、替代损失函数、将英语训练数据集翻译成其他目标语言(即葡萄牙语、西班牙语和印地语)用于标记分类任务,以及通过随机句子重新排序的简单数据增强技术。本文对结果进行了总结,结果表明,随机句子重新排序导致模型性能的持续提高。
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引用次数: 1
Hybrid Knowledge Engineering Leveraging a Robust ML Framework to Produce an Assassination Dataset 利用鲁棒ML框架生成暗杀数据集的混合知识工程
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.case-1.15
Abigail Sticha, P. Brenner
Social and political researchers require robust event datasets to conduct data-driven analysis, an example being the need for trigger event datasets to analyze under what conditions and in what patterns certain trigger-type events increase the probability of mass killings. Fortunately, NLP and ML can be leveraged to create these robust datasets. In this paper we (i) outline a robust ML framework that prioritizes understandability through visualizations and generalizability through the ability to implement different ML algorithms, (ii) perform a comparative analysis of these ML tools within the framework for the coup trigger, (iii) leverage our ML framework along with a unique combination of NLP tools, such as NER and knowledge graphs, to produce a dataset for the the assassination trigger, and (iv) make this comprehensive, consolidated, and cohesive assassination dataset publicly available to provide temporal data for understanding political violence as well as training data for further socio-political research.
社会和政治研究人员需要强大的事件数据集来进行数据驱动的分析,例如需要触发事件数据集来分析在什么条件和什么模式下某些触发类型的事件会增加大规模杀戮的可能性。幸运的是,可以利用NLP和ML来创建这些健壮的数据集。在本文中,我们(i)概述了一个强大的ML框架,通过可视化和通过实现不同ML算法的能力来优先考虑可理解性,(ii)在政变触发的框架内对这些ML工具进行比较分析,(iii)利用我们的ML框架以及NLP工具的独特组合,如NER和知识图,为暗杀触发生成数据集,(iv)使其全面。统一的、有凝聚力的暗杀数据集公开可用,为理解政治暴力提供时间数据,也为进一步的社会政治研究提供训练数据。
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引用次数: 1
CamPros at CASE 2022 Task 1: Transformer-based Multilingual Protest News Detection CamPros在CASE 2022任务1:基于变压器的多语言抗议新闻检测
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.case-1.24
Kumari Neha, Mrinal Anand, Tushar Mohan, P. Kumaraguru, Arun Balaji Buduru
Socio-political protests often lead to grave consequences when they occur. The early detection of such protests is very important for taking early precautionary measures. However, the main shortcoming of protest event detection is the scarcity of sufficient training data for specific language categories, which makes it difficult to train data-hungry deep learning models effectively. Therefore, cross-lingual and zero-shot learning models are needed to detect events in various low-resource languages. This paper proposes a multi-lingual cross-document level event detection approach using pre-trained transformer models developed for Shared Task 1 at CASE 2022. The shared task constituted four subtasks for event detection at different granularity levels, i.e., document level to token level, spread over multiple languages (English, Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Urdu, and Mandarin). Our system achieves an average F1 score of 0.73 for document-level event detection tasks. Our approach secured 2nd position for the Hindi language in subtask 1 with an F1 score of 0.80. While for Spanish, we secure 4th position with an F1 score of 0.69. Our code is available at https://github.com/nehapspathak/campros/.
社会政治抗议一旦发生,往往会导致严重后果。及早发现这类抗议对于采取早期预防措施非常重要。然而,抗议事件检测的主要缺点是缺乏足够的特定语言类别的训练数据,这使得难以有效地训练数据饥渴型深度学习模型。因此,需要跨语言和零概率学习模型来检测各种低资源语言中的事件。本文提出了一种多语言跨文档级事件检测方法,该方法使用为CASE 2022共享任务1开发的预训练变压器模型。共享任务构成了四个子任务,用于在不同粒度级别(即从文档级别到令牌级别)进行事件检测,它们分布在多种语言(英语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、土耳其语、乌尔都语和普通话)上。我们的系统在文档级事件检测任务上的平均F1分数为0.73。我们的方法确保了印地语在子任务1中的第二名,F1得分为0.80。而在西班牙语方面,我们以0.69的F1分数获得了第四名。我们的代码可在https://github.com/nehapspathak/campros/上获得。
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引用次数: 1
A Multi-Modal Dataset for Hate Speech Detection on Social Media: Case-study of Russia-Ukraine Conflict 社交媒体上仇恨言论检测的多模态数据集:以俄乌冲突为例
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.case-1.1
Surendrabikram Thapa, Aditya Shah, F. Jafri, Usman Naseem, Imran Razzak
This paper presents a new multi-modal dataset for identifying hateful content on social media, consisting of 5,680 text-image pairs collected from Twitter, labeled across two labels. Experimental analysis of the presented dataset has shown that understanding both modalities is essential for detecting these techniques. It is confirmed in our experiments with several state-of-the-art multi-modal models. In future work, we plan to extend the dataset in size. We further plan to develop new multi-modal models tailored explicitly to hate-speech detection, aiming for a deeper understanding of the text and image relation. It would also be interesting to perform experiments in a direction that explores what social entities the given hate speech tweet targets.
本文提出了一个新的多模态数据集,用于识别社交媒体上的仇恨内容,该数据集由从Twitter收集的5680对文本图像组成,分为两个标签。对数据集的实验分析表明,理解这两种模式对于检测这些技术至关重要。我们用几个最先进的多模态模型进行了实验,证实了这一点。在未来的工作中,我们计划扩展数据集的大小。我们进一步计划开发专门针对仇恨言论检测的新多模态模型,旨在更深入地理解文本和图像的关系。在探索特定仇恨言论推特针对哪些社会实体的方向上进行实验也会很有趣。
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引用次数: 19
Political Event Coding as Text-to-Text Sequence Generation 文本到文本序列生成的政治事件编码
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.case-1.16
Yaoyao Dai, Benjamin J. Radford, Andrew Halterman
We report on the current status of an effort to produce political event data from unstructured text via a Transformer language model. Compelled by the current lack of publicly available and up-to-date event coding software, we seek to train a model that can produce structured political event records at the sentence level. Our approach differs from previous efforts in that we conceptualize this task as one of text-to-text sequence generation. We motivate this choice by outlining desirable properties of text generation models for the needs of event coding. To overcome the lack of sufficient training data, we also describe a method for generating synthetic text and event record pairs that we use to fit our model.
我们报告了通过Transformer语言模型从非结构化文本生成政治事件数据的工作的当前状态。由于目前缺乏公开可用的和最新的事件编码软件,我们寻求训练一个可以在句子级别生成结构化政治事件记录的模型。我们的方法不同于以前的工作,因为我们将此任务概念化为文本到文本序列生成之一。我们通过概述事件编码需要的文本生成模型的理想属性来激励这种选择。为了克服缺乏足够的训练数据,我们还描述了一种生成合成文本和事件记录对的方法,我们使用它们来拟合我们的模型。
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引用次数: 1
Cross-modal Transfer Between Vision and Language for Protest Detection 视觉和语言的跨模态迁移用于抗议检测
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.case-1.8
R. Raj, Kajsa Andreasson, Tobias Norlund, Richard Johansson, Aron Lagerberg
Most of today’s systems for socio-political event detection are text-based, while an increasing amount of information published on the web is multi-modal. We seek to bridge this gap by proposing a method that utilizes existing annotated unimodal data to perform event detection in another data modality, zero-shot. Specifically, we focus on protest detection in text and images, and show that a pretrained vision-and-language alignment model (CLIP) can be leveraged towards this end. In particular, our results suggest that annotated protest text data can act supplementarily for detecting protests in images, but significant transfer is demonstrated in the opposite direction as well.
当今大多数社会政治事件检测系统都是基于文本的,而越来越多的发布在网络上的信息是多模式的。我们试图通过提出一种方法来弥合这一差距,该方法利用现有的带注释的单模态数据在另一种数据模态(zero-shot)中执行事件检测。具体来说,我们专注于文本和图像中的抗议检测,并表明可以利用预训练的视觉和语言对齐模型(CLIP)来实现这一目标。特别是,我们的研究结果表明,注释的抗议文本数据可以补充检测图像中的抗议,但也证明了相反方向的显著迁移。
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引用次数: 1
A Hybrid Knowledge and Transformer-Based Model for Event Detection with Automatic Self-Attention Threshold, Layer and Head Selection 一种基于知识和变换的混合事件检测模型,具有自动自注意阈值、层和头部选择
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.case-1.4
Thierry Desot, Orphée De Clercq, Veronique Hoste
Event and argument role detection are frequently conceived as separate tasks. In this work we conceive both processes as one taskin a hybrid event detection approach. Its main component is based on automatic keyword extraction (AKE) using the self-attention mechanism of a BERT transformer model. As a bottleneck for AKE is defining the threshold of the attention values, we propose a novel method for automatic self-attention thresholdselection. It is fueled by core event information, or simply the verb and its arguments as the backbone of an event. These are outputted by a knowledge-based syntactic parser. In a secondstep the event core is enriched with other semantically salient words provided by the transformer model. Furthermore, we propose an automatic self-attention layer and head selectionmechanism, by analyzing which self-attention cells in the BERT transformer contribute most to the hybrid event detection and which linguistic tasks they represent. This approach was integrated in a pipeline event extraction approachand outperforms three state of the art multi-task event extraction methods.
事件和参数角色检测通常被视为单独的任务。在这项工作中,我们将这两个过程设想为一个混合事件检测方法的任务。其主要组成部分是基于BERT转换模型的自关注机制的自动关键字提取(AKE)。针对自注意阈值的定义是自注意阈值自动选择的瓶颈,提出了一种新的自注意阈值自动选择方法。它是由核心事件信息推动的,或者仅仅是动词及其参数作为事件的主干。这些由基于知识的语法解析器输出。在第二步中,用转换器模型提供的其他语义上重要的单词充实事件核心。此外,我们通过分析BERT转换器中哪些自注意细胞对混合事件检测贡献最大以及它们代表哪些语言任务,提出了一个自动自注意层和头部选择机制。该方法集成在一个管道事件提取方法中,并且优于三种最先进的多任务事件提取方法。
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引用次数: 1
ARC-NLP at CASE 2022 Task 1: Ensemble Learning for Multilingual Protest Event Detection 案例2022的ARC-NLP任务1:多语言抗议事件检测的集成学习
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.case-1.25
Umitcan Sahin, Oguzhan Ozcelik, Izzet Emre Kucukkaya, Cagri Toraman
Automated socio-political protest event detection is a challenging task when multiple languages are considered. In CASE 2022 Task 1, we propose ensemble learning methods for multilingual protest event detection in four subtasks with different granularity levels from document-level to entity-level. We develop an ensemble of fine-tuned Transformer-based language models, along with a post-processing step to regularize the predictions of our ensembles. Our approach places the first place in 6 out of 16 leaderboards organized in seven languages including English, Mandarin, and Turkish.
当考虑多种语言时,自动化的社会政治抗议事件检测是一项具有挑战性的任务。在CASE 2022任务1中,我们在从文档级到实体级的四个不同粒度级别的子任务中提出了用于多语言抗议事件检测的集成学习方法。我们开发了一个基于transformer的微调语言模型的集合,以及一个后期处理步骤来规范我们的集合的预测。我们的方法在英语、汉语和土耳其语等7种语言的16个排行榜中,有6个排名第一。
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引用次数: 3
NSUT-NLP at CASE 2022 Task 1: Multilingual Protest Event Detection using Transformer-based Models NSUT-NLP在CASE 2022任务1:使用基于变压器的模型进行多语言抗议事件检测
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.case-1.23
M. Suri, Krishna Chopra, Adwita Arora
Event detection, specifically in the socio-political domain, has posed a long-standing challenge to researchers in the NLP domain. Therefore, the creation of automated techniques that perform classification of the large amounts of accessible data on the Internet becomes imperative. This paper is a summary of the efforts we made in participating in Task 1 of CASE 2022. We use state-of-art multilingual BERT (mBERT) with further fine-tuning to perform document classification in English, Portuguese, Spanish, Urdu, Hindi, Turkish and Mandarin. In the document classification subtask, we were able to achieve F1 scores of 0.8062, 0.6445, 0.7302, 0.5671, 0.6555, 0.7545 and 0.6702 in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Hindi, Urdu, Mandarin and Turkish respectively achieving a rank of 5 in English and 7 on the remaining language tasks.
事件检测,特别是在社会政治领域,对NLP领域的研究人员提出了一个长期的挑战。因此,创建对Internet上大量可访问数据进行分类的自动化技术变得势在必行。本文是我们在参与CASE 2022的Task 1中所做努力的总结。我们使用最先进的多语言BERT (mBERT)进行进一步的微调,以执行英语,葡萄牙语,西班牙语,乌尔都语,印地语,土耳其语和普通话的文档分类。在文档分类子任务中,我们能够在英语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、印地语、乌尔都语、普通话和土耳其语中分别获得0.8062、0.6445、0.7302、0.5671、0.6555、0.7545和0.6702的F1分数,在英语中获得5分,在其余语言任务中获得7分。
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引用次数: 1
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