Pub Date : 2011-02-25DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1988.10390261
J. Bowman, D. Garabrant, E. Sobel, J. Peters
Abstract In previous epidemiological studies, elevated leukemia rates have been found in a collection of occupational categories of “electrical workers.” In this study, spot measurements were taken of the Extremely Low Frequency (below 100 Hz) electric and magnetic field exposures of “electrical workers” at 114 work sites at an electric utility, an aerospace firm, a municipal government, motion picture theaters, and TV repair shops. For comparison, the fields were measured in 18 residences and 3 offices. The residential measurements had 95th percentiles at 3.4 × 10-7 Tesla for magnetic fields and 33.1 volts/meter for electric fields. For magnetic fields, the 95th percentile of the residential measurements was exceeded by 59 percent of the occupational measurements, covering all the “electrical worker” job categories with the exception of radio operators. The highest magnetic field encountered was 1250 × 10-7 Tesla on a battery-powered fork lift operator, which had not been considered an “electrical worker...
{"title":"Exposures to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Fields in Occupations with Elevated Leukemia Rates","authors":"J. Bowman, D. Garabrant, E. Sobel, J. Peters","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1988.10390261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1988.10390261","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In previous epidemiological studies, elevated leukemia rates have been found in a collection of occupational categories of “electrical workers.” In this study, spot measurements were taken of the Extremely Low Frequency (below 100 Hz) electric and magnetic field exposures of “electrical workers” at 114 work sites at an electric utility, an aerospace firm, a municipal government, motion picture theaters, and TV repair shops. For comparison, the fields were measured in 18 residences and 3 offices. The residential measurements had 95th percentiles at 3.4 × 10-7 Tesla for magnetic fields and 33.1 volts/meter for electric fields. For magnetic fields, the 95th percentile of the residential measurements was exceeded by 59 percent of the occupational measurements, covering all the “electrical worker” job categories with the exception of radio operators. The highest magnetic field encountered was 1250 × 10-7 Tesla on a battery-powered fork lift operator, which had not been considered an “electrical worker...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"36 1","pages":"189-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90089962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-02-24DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1988.10390331
Melvin W. First Sc.D.
{"title":"Focus on …: Air Sampling: Sampling and Analysis of Air Contaminants: An Overview","authors":"Melvin W. First Sc.D.","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1988.10390331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1988.10390331","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78072936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-12-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10389937
James K. Larson, R. Buchan, K. Blehm, C. W. Smith
Abstract This study was undertaken to determine if the welding fume generated during gas metal arc welding on carbon steel is a significant source of lead exposure to welders. Lead and total fume concentrations were determined for gas metal arc welding on three types of carbon steel. Lead concentrations between base metals were compared, and an attempt was made to generate a predictive model for lead concentration based on total welding fume. Total fume concentrations ranged from 10 to 110 mg/m3 with a geometric mean of 31.6 mg/m3. Lead concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 17.6 μg/m3 with a geometric mean of 4.8 μg/m3. These lead concentrations were well below the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure level of 50 μg/m3. The 1018 steel produced significantly higher lead concentrations compared to the other base metals. It was not possible to generate a strong predictive model for lead concentration based on total fume. This study indicated that the lead concentrations in the wel...
{"title":"Characterization of Lead Fume Exposure during Gas Metal Arc Welding on Carbon Steel","authors":"James K. Larson, R. Buchan, K. Blehm, C. W. Smith","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10389937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10389937","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study was undertaken to determine if the welding fume generated during gas metal arc welding on carbon steel is a significant source of lead exposure to welders. Lead and total fume concentrations were determined for gas metal arc welding on three types of carbon steel. Lead concentrations between base metals were compared, and an attempt was made to generate a predictive model for lead concentration based on total welding fume. Total fume concentrations ranged from 10 to 110 mg/m3 with a geometric mean of 31.6 mg/m3. Lead concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 17.6 μg/m3 with a geometric mean of 4.8 μg/m3. These lead concentrations were well below the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure level of 50 μg/m3. The 1018 steel produced significantly higher lead concentrations compared to the other base metals. It was not possible to generate a strong predictive model for lead concentration based on total fume. This study indicated that the lead concentrations in the wel...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"4 1","pages":"330-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90279260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-12-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10389933
C. Feigley, R. J. Kennedy, G. Dwiggins
Abstract Persons who work with human cadavers on dissection tables during and after embalming may be exposed to a variety of toxic vapors. The effectiveness of controlling such exposures by attaching an exhaust duct to the space below the work surface of a dissection table was investigated. Breathing zone concentrations of volatile materials emanating near the table surface were measured at four exhaust flow rates and two different levels of enclosure of the source. Test results showed mean reductions of 83–93 percent with exhaust flow rates from 1.4–4.2 m3/min (50–150 cfm) compared with no local exhaust ventilation, and a reduction of 100 percent at 7.1 m3/min (250 cfm). However, increased enclosure of the source, achieved by lowering the source into the table, did not appreciably affect breathing zone exposures. Since real work settings may differ from experimental conditions, verification of control efficacy by exposure monitoring is essential. Nevertheless, this simple table modification appears to be...
{"title":"Local Exhaust Ventilation of a Dissection Table","authors":"C. Feigley, R. J. Kennedy, G. Dwiggins","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10389933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10389933","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Persons who work with human cadavers on dissection tables during and after embalming may be exposed to a variety of toxic vapors. The effectiveness of controlling such exposures by attaching an exhaust duct to the space below the work surface of a dissection table was investigated. Breathing zone concentrations of volatile materials emanating near the table surface were measured at four exhaust flow rates and two different levels of enclosure of the source. Test results showed mean reductions of 83–93 percent with exhaust flow rates from 1.4–4.2 m3/min (50–150 cfm) compared with no local exhaust ventilation, and a reduction of 100 percent at 7.1 m3/min (250 cfm). However, increased enclosure of the source, achieved by lowering the source into the table, did not appreciably affect breathing zone exposures. Since real work settings may differ from experimental conditions, verification of control efficacy by exposure monitoring is essential. Nevertheless, this simple table modification appears to be...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"32 1","pages":"309-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75283073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-12-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10389935
J. R. Casciano, K. Blehm, R. Buchan
Abstract Pneumatic power is used extensively throughout industry and can be a major contributor to elevated noise levels within a shop. Traditionally, pneumatic noise has been controlled using mufflers specifically designed for noise reduction. This study was intended to investigate the use of flexible hose for ducting released air and the resulting noise away from the working area or to a sound-absorbing box. The effects of hose length and thickness were evaluated as well as the effect of altering the exhaust direction at the end of the tube. Measurements were taken near the release point, near the end of the tubes, and near the absorptive boxes. Back pressure was measured for each noise control device evaluated in the study. Noise reduction increased with increasing tube length, yet absorptive box size had little effect on attenuation results (contrary to theoretical considerations). Back pressure increased with increased tube length; however, overall back pressure increases were low. Changing exhaust d...
{"title":"Evaluation of Ducting and Absorptive Techniques for the Control of Pneumatic Noise","authors":"J. R. Casciano, K. Blehm, R. Buchan","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10389935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10389935","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pneumatic power is used extensively throughout industry and can be a major contributor to elevated noise levels within a shop. Traditionally, pneumatic noise has been controlled using mufflers specifically designed for noise reduction. This study was intended to investigate the use of flexible hose for ducting released air and the resulting noise away from the working area or to a sound-absorbing box. The effects of hose length and thickness were evaluated as well as the effect of altering the exhaust direction at the end of the tube. Measurements were taken near the release point, near the end of the tubes, and near the absorptive boxes. Back pressure was measured for each noise control device evaluated in the study. Noise reduction increased with increasing tube length, yet absorptive box size had little effect on attenuation results (contrary to theoretical considerations). Back pressure increased with increased tube length; however, overall back pressure increases were low. Changing exhaust d...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"9 1","pages":"320-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85707361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-12-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10389931
T. Hatch
{"title":"Major Accomplishments in Occupational Health in the past Fifty Years","authors":"T. Hatch","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10389931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10389931","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73481471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-12-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10389936
E. C. Gunderson, Barbara A. Kingsley, C. Witham, D. Bomberger
Abstract Persistent dermal exposure of workers and facility contamination by meta-phenylenediamine (MPDA) during a research project precipitated a concentrated testing program to evaluate protective gloves, clothing, and usage procedures. The objective of this work was to determine the proper gloves and procedures needed to protect workers from dermal exposure to chemicals which were potential carcinogens. MPDA is a very sensitive indicator of contamination because it readily discolors on exposure to air. It is not unique in its permeation characteristics; other chemicals only differ in relative rates of permeation. Therefore, the results obtained are applicable to other situations with different chemicals. In our operation, MPDA was present in an amine hardener mixture. An epoxy resin was also a test material, and acetone was used as a solvent. Glove manufacturers' recommendations and breakthrough time data for these and similar compounds conflicted with the experiences in our operation. In addition, lim...
{"title":"A Practical Study in Laboratory and Workplace Permeation Testing","authors":"E. C. Gunderson, Barbara A. Kingsley, C. Witham, D. Bomberger","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10389936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10389936","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Persistent dermal exposure of workers and facility contamination by meta-phenylenediamine (MPDA) during a research project precipitated a concentrated testing program to evaluate protective gloves, clothing, and usage procedures. The objective of this work was to determine the proper gloves and procedures needed to protect workers from dermal exposure to chemicals which were potential carcinogens. MPDA is a very sensitive indicator of contamination because it readily discolors on exposure to air. It is not unique in its permeation characteristics; other chemicals only differ in relative rates of permeation. Therefore, the results obtained are applicable to other situations with different chemicals. In our operation, MPDA was present in an amine hardener mixture. An epoxy resin was also a test material, and acetone was used as a solvent. Glove manufacturers' recommendations and breakthrough time data for these and similar compounds conflicted with the experiences in our operation. In addition, lim...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"9 1","pages":"324-329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89389292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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