Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390653
M. T. Abell, S. Shulman, P. Baron
Abstract Optical fiber counts are used to determine asbestos exposure, so it is important to assess, control, and document the quality of those counts. These functions are the responsibility of the quality assurance (QA) coordinator in each laboratory. The QA coordinator must recognize that, compared to the analytical results for other substances, fiber count data are much more variable and have different statistical properties. These data, therefore, warrant special treatment. This article discusses the need to recount some samples, the procedures for determining bias and variability from these recount data, and the use of these statistics to test analytical results or assign confidence limits to them. Three kinds of bias and variability must be considered: intracounter, intra-laboratory, and interlaboratory. As data pairs (count and recount) are obtained, the first consideration is whether bias is present. If bias is detected in a set of data, that data should not be used for any purpose until the sourc...
{"title":"The Quality of Fiber Count Data","authors":"M. T. Abell, S. Shulman, P. Baron","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390653","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Optical fiber counts are used to determine asbestos exposure, so it is important to assess, control, and document the quality of those counts. These functions are the responsibility of the quality assurance (QA) coordinator in each laboratory. The QA coordinator must recognize that, compared to the analytical results for other substances, fiber count data are much more variable and have different statistical properties. These data, therefore, warrant special treatment. This article discusses the need to recount some samples, the procedures for determining bias and variability from these recount data, and the use of these statistics to test analytical results or assign confidence limits to them. Three kinds of bias and variability must be considered: intracounter, intra-laboratory, and interlaboratory. As data pairs (count and recount) are obtained, the first consideration is whether bias is present. If bias is detected in a set of data, that data should not be used for any purpose until the sourc...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"48 1","pages":"273-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87081433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390654
C. Cox, B. Grajewski, R. M. Edwards, W. Murray, D. Conover
Abstract The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, the American National Standards Institute, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration limits for workers exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation specify a time-weighted average over any 6-minute period within the workday. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are conducting epidemiologic studies of male and female workers exposed to RF radiation at or near a frequency of 27.12 MHz. These studies require the characterization of the workers' exposure to RF radiation. Exposure data need to be collected over at least 6-minute periods and analyzed to make valid comparisons with present and past exposure standards. Field survey instruments used to measure RF radiation in the near field usually have a volt meter-type output, e.g., 1 volt is a full scale reading. These instruments can record a single maximum reading during a measurement period, but they are not capable of repeated data storage ov...
{"title":"Two Systems for Collection, Storage, and Analysis of Measurements Made with RF Field Survey Instruments","authors":"C. Cox, B. Grajewski, R. M. Edwards, W. Murray, D. Conover","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390654","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, the American National Standards Institute, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration limits for workers exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation specify a time-weighted average over any 6-minute period within the workday. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are conducting epidemiologic studies of male and female workers exposed to RF radiation at or near a frequency of 27.12 MHz. These studies require the characterization of the workers' exposure to RF radiation. Exposure data need to be collected over at least 6-minute periods and analyzed to make valid comparisons with present and past exposure standards. Field survey instruments used to measure RF radiation in the near field usually have a volt meter-type output, e.g., 1 volt is a full scale reading. These instruments can record a single maximum reading during a measurement period, but they are not capable of repeated data storage ov...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"93 1","pages":"286-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77071215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390655
R. M. Edwards, C. Cox, B. Grajewski
Abstract A computer program has been written that can transfer data from a Holaday HI-3320 or the equivalent Metrosonics dl-332 data logger to an MS-DOS™ computer and present that data in numeric or graphic format. A radiofrequency (RF) field survey instrument was connected to a Holaday Model HI-3320 Data Logger which recorded continuous data. After data were stored, the data logger was interfaced with an MS-DOS-compatible computer, and the software was used to upload the data to a computer. Measurement data could be saved and viewed in a variety of report forms, plotted onscreen, printed, or transferred in an ASCII file format to a separate statistics program for more detailed analysis. This software expedites determination of compliance with occupational exposure standards and guidelines or comparison with other exposure data.
{"title":"A Computer Program for Use with the Holaday HI-3320 or Metrosonics dl-332 Data Logger","authors":"R. M. Edwards, C. Cox, B. Grajewski","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390655","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A computer program has been written that can transfer data from a Holaday HI-3320 or the equivalent Metrosonics dl-332 data logger to an MS-DOS™ computer and present that data in numeric or graphic format. A radiofrequency (RF) field survey instrument was connected to a Holaday Model HI-3320 Data Logger which recorded continuous data. After data were stored, the data logger was interfaced with an MS-DOS-compatible computer, and the software was used to upload the data to a computer. Measurement data could be saved and viewed in a variety of report forms, plotted onscreen, printed, or transferred in an ASCII file format to a separate statistics program for more detailed analysis. This software expedites determination of compliance with occupational exposure standards and guidelines or comparison with other exposure data.","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"42 1","pages":"291-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85774675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390663
Cih Roh Gyan S. Rajhans P. Eng., D. S. Blackwell
{"title":"Focus on …: A Respiratory Protection Program: The Essential Components","authors":"Cih Roh Gyan S. Rajhans P. Eng., D. S. Blackwell","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390663","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84726502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390660
R. J. Mahoney
{"title":"Horizons: Finding a Balance: Technology and Public Safety","authors":"R. J. Mahoney","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390660","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83661299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390652
W. H. Kramer
Abstract Benzene and total hydrocarbon (as hexane) exposures were measured during removal, cleaning, pumping, and testing of underground gasoline storage tanks at five gasoline retail outlets in New Jersey during 1988. Personal air samples were collected using 3M 3500 Organic Vapor Monitors with sampling times ranging from 15 minutes to 6.5 hours. Benzene exposures to the observer ranged from 0.12 to 0.43 ppm (sampling times ranging from 4.75 to 6.5 hours). Benzene exposures to laborers during tank removal (including cutting and cleaning) ranged from 0.43 to 3.84 ppm (sampling times ranging from 1.5 to 6 hours). The highest short-term benzene exposure was 9.14 ppm (sampling time 15 minutes) for a tank cleaning assistant. Benzene exposures during tank cutting ranged from 2.16 to 4.57 ppm (sampling times ranged from 0.5 to 3 hours). Benzene exposure to a tank tester was 0.23 ppm (sampling time of 4.75 hours). Total hydrocarbons as hexane were also determined. The mean ratio of benezene to total hydrocarbon ...
{"title":"Benzene Exposure Assessment of Underground Storage Tank Contractors","authors":"W. H. Kramer","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390652","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Benzene and total hydrocarbon (as hexane) exposures were measured during removal, cleaning, pumping, and testing of underground gasoline storage tanks at five gasoline retail outlets in New Jersey during 1988. Personal air samples were collected using 3M 3500 Organic Vapor Monitors with sampling times ranging from 15 minutes to 6.5 hours. Benzene exposures to the observer ranged from 0.12 to 0.43 ppm (sampling times ranging from 4.75 to 6.5 hours). Benzene exposures to laborers during tank removal (including cutting and cleaning) ranged from 0.43 to 3.84 ppm (sampling times ranging from 1.5 to 6 hours). The highest short-term benzene exposure was 9.14 ppm (sampling time 15 minutes) for a tank cleaning assistant. Benzene exposures during tank cutting ranged from 2.16 to 4.57 ppm (sampling times ranged from 0.5 to 3 hours). Benzene exposure to a tank tester was 0.23 ppm (sampling time of 4.75 hours). Total hydrocarbons as hexane were also determined. The mean ratio of benezene to total hydrocarbon ...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"10 1","pages":"269-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77760996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10388585
T. Kauppinen, J. Alho, L. Lindroos
Abstract The use of hydrazine in power plants was surveyed with a postal inquiry to detect differences in exposure when alternative technical procedures were used in the handling of hydrazine. The exposure level of employees in eight plants was estimated based on the concentration of hydrazine in the air and the potential absorption through the skin. The questionnaire was sent to 288 power plants and 264 were returned, 100 of which used hydrazine. About 500 employees dosed and diluted strong (15% or 35%) hydrazine solution. The dosing was usually done with a pump or an ejector in bigger plants and with a measure in small plants. The airborne hydrazine concentrations in the rooms where hydrazine was handled were: < 0.01–0.06 ppm (mean < 0.02 ppm) for dosing with measure; < 0.01–0.37 ppm (mean 0.12 ppm) for dosing with pump; < 0.01–0.33 ppm (mean 0.09 ppm) for dosing with ejector, tank not closed; and < 0.01–0.04 ppm (mean 0.02 ppm) for dosing with ejector, tank closed and equipped with exhaust. The time-we...
{"title":"Exposure to Hydrazine and its Control in Power Plants","authors":"T. Kauppinen, J. Alho, L. Lindroos","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10388585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10388585","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of hydrazine in power plants was surveyed with a postal inquiry to detect differences in exposure when alternative technical procedures were used in the handling of hydrazine. The exposure level of employees in eight plants was estimated based on the concentration of hydrazine in the air and the potential absorption through the skin. The questionnaire was sent to 288 power plants and 264 were returned, 100 of which used hydrazine. About 500 employees dosed and diluted strong (15% or 35%) hydrazine solution. The dosing was usually done with a pump or an ejector in bigger plants and with a measure in small plants. The airborne hydrazine concentrations in the rooms where hydrazine was handled were: < 0.01–0.06 ppm (mean < 0.02 ppm) for dosing with measure; < 0.01–0.37 ppm (mean 0.12 ppm) for dosing with pump; < 0.01–0.33 ppm (mean 0.09 ppm) for dosing with ejector, tank not closed; and < 0.01–0.04 ppm (mean 0.02 ppm) for dosing with ejector, tank closed and equipped with exhaust. The time-we...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"87 1","pages":"245-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89047493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10388587
M. Dosemeci, P. Stewart, A. Blair
Abstract In most occupational case-control studies, assessment of exposures is based on occupation and industry due to the lack of any other exposure information. The traditional approach to assessing exposures to specific substances is to estimate exposure for each occupation/industry combination. A modified procedure that substantially reduces the effort necessary to complete such assessments is described. In this procedure, exposure levels (none, low, medium, and high) are estimated for each occupation and industry separately. Numeric weights are assigned to these exposures levels. Final estimates for each occupation/industry combination are derived using exposure weights for occupations and industries. This method was applied to a case-control data set to estimate levels of silica exposure for the work histories of subject. The traditional method required 13,445 individual evaluations while the new approach required only 2,000 estimates. Results from the new approach were compared with those from the ...
{"title":"Evaluating Occupation and Industry Separately to Assess Exposures in Case-Control Studies","authors":"M. Dosemeci, P. Stewart, A. Blair","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10388587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10388587","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In most occupational case-control studies, assessment of exposures is based on occupation and industry due to the lack of any other exposure information. The traditional approach to assessing exposures to specific substances is to estimate exposure for each occupation/industry combination. A modified procedure that substantially reduces the effort necessary to complete such assessments is described. In this procedure, exposure levels (none, low, medium, and high) are estimated for each occupation and industry separately. Numeric weights are assigned to these exposures levels. Final estimates for each occupation/industry combination are derived using exposure weights for occupations and industries. This method was applied to a case-control data set to estimate levels of silica exposure for the work histories of subject. The traditional method required 13,445 individual evaluations while the new approach required only 2,000 estimates. Results from the new approach were compared with those from the ...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"1 1","pages":"256-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84070697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10388578
J. May
{"title":"Agricultural Medicine in New York","authors":"J. May","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10388578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10388578","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88200262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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