Pub Date : 1989-07-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390416
K. Yoshida, H. E. Bryant, N. Visser, M. Atiemo
Abstract In typical hospital settings, sterilizer operators can be exposed to extremely high concentrations of ethylene oxide (EtO) for very short time periods, although calculated values of time-weighted average exposure are usually below occupational exposure limits. This is a result of an extended average time and because of the absence of an appropriate sampling method to determine EtO concentrations for extremely short periods. The purpose of the study was to determine actual peak values of EtO emission and the time delay of peak values in routine sterilizer operations. A province wide survey included 26 exposure episodes at 18 hospitals where EtO sterilizers were routinely used. A remote-controlled sequential sampler with air bags was used to sample ambient air for 3 to 5 seconds. An infrared spectrophotometer was used to determine the EtO concentrations. Peak EtO concentrations occurred 20 seconds after the doors of portable and tabletop sterilizers were opened; however, there was a considerable de...
{"title":"Determination of Worker Exposure to Instantaneously Emitted Ethylene Oxide in Sterilization Facilities","authors":"K. Yoshida, H. E. Bryant, N. Visser, M. Atiemo","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390416","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In typical hospital settings, sterilizer operators can be exposed to extremely high concentrations of ethylene oxide (EtO) for very short time periods, although calculated values of time-weighted average exposure are usually below occupational exposure limits. This is a result of an extended average time and because of the absence of an appropriate sampling method to determine EtO concentrations for extremely short periods. The purpose of the study was to determine actual peak values of EtO emission and the time delay of peak values in routine sterilizer operations. A province wide survey included 26 exposure episodes at 18 hospitals where EtO sterilizers were routinely used. A remote-controlled sequential sampler with air bags was used to sample ambient air for 3 to 5 seconds. An infrared spectrophotometer was used to determine the EtO concentrations. Peak EtO concentrations occurred 20 seconds after the doors of portable and tabletop sterilizers were opened; however, there was a considerable de...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"38 1","pages":"166-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73534863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-07-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390417
U. Kristiansen, L. Hansen, G. D. Nielsen
Abstract This investigation shows that the vapor concentration of a mixture of cumene and propanol in an animal exposure chamber can be determined by single-beam infrared spectrophotometry. The method is not influenced by deviations from Beer's law and is not dependent on the possibility of selecting wavelengths where only one of the substances absorbs the light. The determination was based on a calibration with the substances in four combinations of concentrations at two different wavelengths. A chamber trial (i.e., operating the exposure system without the presence of animals) was carried out, and the absorbance of the gas-air mixture was measured at the two wavelengths. The exposure experiment with animals was then carried out under exactly the same conditions, and the concentration in air was monitored at one of the wavelengths to ensure that no change occurred in the experimental conditions. The method was evaluated in a real toxicological investigation dealing with interactions between two solvents ...
{"title":"Determination of Vapors of Cumene-Propanol Mixtures by Single-Beam Infrared Spectrophotometry","authors":"U. Kristiansen, L. Hansen, G. D. Nielsen","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390417","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This investigation shows that the vapor concentration of a mixture of cumene and propanol in an animal exposure chamber can be determined by single-beam infrared spectrophotometry. The method is not influenced by deviations from Beer's law and is not dependent on the possibility of selecting wavelengths where only one of the substances absorbs the light. The determination was based on a calibration with the substances in four combinations of concentrations at two different wavelengths. A chamber trial (i.e., operating the exposure system without the presence of animals) was carried out, and the absorbance of the gas-air mixture was measured at the two wavelengths. The exposure experiment with animals was then carried out under exactly the same conditions, and the concentration in air was monitored at one of the wavelengths to ensure that no change occurred in the experimental conditions. The method was evaluated in a real toxicological investigation dealing with interactions between two solvents ...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"27 1","pages":"171-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80742079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-07-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390418
B. Andersson, K. Andersson
Abstract Methods have been developed for air sampling of gaseous tertiary amines on solid sorbents. Sampling was performed at three different air levels and at 20 percent and 85 percent relative air humidity, respectively. Desorption was carried out by solvent extraction prior to high-resolution gas chromatographic analysis with flame ionization or nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Seven amines, differing in the length and shape of the carbon chains, were selected for the study and divided into three groups. The members of the first group, consisting of dimethylethylamine (DMEA), methyldiethylamine (MDEA), and triethylamine (TEA) were collected using charcoal tubes and desorbed with 5 percent ethanol in dichloromethane. The amine air levels were 1, 10, and 50 ppm. The recoveries of these amines were 92–100% (n = 6, RSD = 1–4%). Storage studies (5 days at room temperature followed by 9 days in a freezer) showed recoveries of 87 percent (DMEA), 89 percent (MDEA), and 82 percent (TEA). Determination of DMEA in ...
{"title":"Determination of Tertiary Amines in Air","authors":"B. Andersson, K. Andersson","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390418","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Methods have been developed for air sampling of gaseous tertiary amines on solid sorbents. Sampling was performed at three different air levels and at 20 percent and 85 percent relative air humidity, respectively. Desorption was carried out by solvent extraction prior to high-resolution gas chromatographic analysis with flame ionization or nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Seven amines, differing in the length and shape of the carbon chains, were selected for the study and divided into three groups. The members of the first group, consisting of dimethylethylamine (DMEA), methyldiethylamine (MDEA), and triethylamine (TEA) were collected using charcoal tubes and desorbed with 5 percent ethanol in dichloromethane. The amine air levels were 1, 10, and 50 ppm. The recoveries of these amines were 92–100% (n = 6, RSD = 1–4%). Storage studies (5 days at room temperature followed by 9 days in a freezer) showed recoveries of 87 percent (DMEA), 89 percent (MDEA), and 82 percent (TEA). Determination of DMEA in ...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"26 1","pages":"175-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74586074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-07-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390415
T. C. Cooper
Abstract Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have studied the control of dust exposures associated with packaging operations (filling of bags with a dry material and subsequent handling operations) to identify dust sources and to determine the effectiveness of some of the dust controls presently in use. This case study describes the evaluation of controls at one plant. The plant used force-flow packer units (packers) to fill bags with a dry powder on either a manual or automatic packaging system. Combinations of ventilation, booths, enclosures, hoppers, work practices, and other controls were used at this packaging operation. For this high volume packaging operation of a crystalline silica material, an automatic system with well-designed capture hoods and high exhaust ventilation rates provided dust control resulting in average personal respirable dust exposures below 0.2 mg/m3.
{"title":"Dust Controls for the Bagging of Dry Chemicals: A Case Study","authors":"T. C. Cooper","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390415","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have studied the control of dust exposures associated with packaging operations (filling of bags with a dry material and subsequent handling operations) to identify dust sources and to determine the effectiveness of some of the dust controls presently in use. This case study describes the evaluation of controls at one plant. The plant used force-flow packer units (packers) to fill bags with a dry powder on either a manual or automatic packaging system. Combinations of ventilation, booths, enclosures, hoppers, work practices, and other controls were used at this packaging operation. For this high volume packaging operation of a crystalline silica material, an automatic system with well-designed capture hoods and high exhaust ventilation rates provided dust control resulting in average personal respirable dust exposures below 0.2 mg/m3.","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"146 1","pages":"161-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77684283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-07-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390419
S. Levine, Ying Li-Shi, C. Strang, Xiao Hong-Kui
Abstract The important differences between Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and filter infrared (FIR) systems for air monitoring are explored, and the strengths and weaknesses of these technologies when applied to industrial hygiene problems are defined and illustrated with actual workplace air monitoring examples. The discussion of the differences in FTIR and FIR instrumentation is structured around the principal components of these spectrophotometers: the optical, sample, and data handling and interpretation systems. Workplace air monitoring applications that are discussed as illustrations of the relative utility of these systems are remote sensing at a hazardous waste site, emissions from a chemical vapor deposition furnace, irritating odors from resin regeneration, and trichloroethylene and Freon® samples from a degreasing operation. In addition, cautionary notes are given for the application of FTIR by nonspectroscopists. Finally, the direction of future research and technical advances are discussed.
{"title":"Advantages and Disadvantages in the Use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Filter Infrared (FIR) Spectrometers for Monitoring Airborne Gases and Vapors of Industrial Hygiene Concern","authors":"S. Levine, Ying Li-Shi, C. Strang, Xiao Hong-Kui","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390419","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The important differences between Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and filter infrared (FIR) systems for air monitoring are explored, and the strengths and weaknesses of these technologies when applied to industrial hygiene problems are defined and illustrated with actual workplace air monitoring examples. The discussion of the differences in FTIR and FIR instrumentation is structured around the principal components of these spectrophotometers: the optical, sample, and data handling and interpretation systems. Workplace air monitoring applications that are discussed as illustrations of the relative utility of these systems are remote sensing at a hazardous waste site, emissions from a chemical vapor deposition furnace, irritating odors from resin regeneration, and trichloroethylene and Freon® samples from a degreasing operation. In addition, cautionary notes are given for the application of FTIR by nonspectroscopists. Finally, the direction of future research and technical advances are discussed.","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"109 1","pages":"180-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80878166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-06-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390403
R. J. Sherwood
{"title":"Critiques: Comments on a Strategy for Assessing Exposures with Reference to Multiple Limits","authors":"R. J. Sherwood","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390403","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"6 1","pages":"158-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82655505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-06-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390402
M. Corn
Abstract Industrial hygiene in the United States began with the work of Alice Hamilton during the first and second decades of the 20th century. After educational efforts initiated at Harvard University in the late 1920s, there was growth stemming from the Social Security Act in the 1930s, with selected states providing services. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists was formed in 1938 and the American Industrial Hygiene Association in 1939. The Second World War and the immediate postwar period provided some growth of industrial hygiene in the private sector. Increased federal legislation addressing the environment called for research, training, and, ultimately, regulation in the 1960s; this set the stage for the landmark Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct) of 1970. In this article, pre-OSHAct and post-OSHAct industrial hygiene regulation and practice are characterized by six distinct periods of time. Each period is described and characteristics of, or implications for, prof...
{"title":"The Progression of Industrial Hygiene","authors":"M. Corn","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390402","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Industrial hygiene in the United States began with the work of Alice Hamilton during the first and second decades of the 20th century. After educational efforts initiated at Harvard University in the late 1920s, there was growth stemming from the Social Security Act in the 1930s, with selected states providing services. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists was formed in 1938 and the American Industrial Hygiene Association in 1939. The Second World War and the immediate postwar period provided some growth of industrial hygiene in the private sector. Increased federal legislation addressing the environment called for research, training, and, ultimately, regulation in the 1960s; this set the stage for the landmark Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct) of 1970. In this article, pre-OSHAct and post-OSHAct industrial hygiene regulation and practice are characterized by six distinct periods of time. Each period is described and characteristics of, or implications for, prof...","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"116 1","pages":"153-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79724810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-06-01DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1989.10390400
M. T. Abell, J. Agee, P. A. Hentz, M. Anastas, J. E. Boyd
Abstract A test instrument has been built that measures, displays, and records the flow rate of up to 15 personal sampling pumps. The “Pump Tester” is typically run for eight hours with five or six pumps of one type and displays a graph of flow rate over time for each pump. The flow record for each pump contains up to 240 data points and, although not continuous, provides a useful record of pump performance over long test periods. The numerical flow data can be printed and saved to disk. At the end of the test, the flow-rate graph for each pump is printed. The flow-rate graph can be added to the maintenance and calibration record for the pump to document its performance. Occasionally, erratic pump performance is documented that would not have been detected by flow-rate checks at the beginning and end of an eight-hour period. The Pump Tester can also be used for more formal studies to demonstrate the relative performance of different kinds of pumps under different conditions.
{"title":"Personal Pump Reliability Tester","authors":"M. T. Abell, J. Agee, P. A. Hentz, M. Anastas, J. E. Boyd","doi":"10.1080/08828032.1989.10390400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390400","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A test instrument has been built that measures, displays, and records the flow rate of up to 15 personal sampling pumps. The “Pump Tester” is typically run for eight hours with five or six pumps of one type and displays a graph of flow rate over time for each pump. The flow record for each pump contains up to 240 data points and, although not continuous, provides a useful record of pump performance over long test periods. The numerical flow data can be printed and saved to disk. At the end of the test, the flow-rate graph for each pump is printed. The flow-rate graph can be added to the maintenance and calibration record for the pump to document its performance. Occasionally, erratic pump performance is documented that would not have been detected by flow-rate checks at the beginning and end of an eight-hour period. The Pump Tester can also be used for more formal studies to demonstrate the relative performance of different kinds of pumps under different conditions.","PeriodicalId":8049,"journal":{"name":"Applied Industrial Hygiene","volume":"10 1","pages":"143-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82959431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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