Pub Date : 2021-10-25eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saab036
Victoria M Pocius, Ania A Majewska, Micah G Freedman
Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) (Lepidoptera Danaidae Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus)) are an iconic species of conservation concern due to declines in the overwintering colonies over the past twenty years. Because of this downward trend in overwintering numbers in both California and Mexico, monarchs are currently considered 'warranted-but-precluded' for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Monarchs have a fascinating life history and have become a model system in chemical ecology, migration biology, and host-parasite interactions, but many aspects of monarch biology important for informing conservation practices remain unresolved. In this review, we focus on recent advances using experimental and genetic approaches that inform monarch conservation. In particular, we emphasize three areas of broad importance, which could have an immediate impact on monarch conservation efforts: 1) breeding habitat and host plant use, 2) natural enemies and exotic caterpillar food plants, and 3) the utility of genetic and genomic approaches for understanding monarch biology and informing ongoing conservation efforts. We also suggest future studies in these areas that could improve our understanding of monarch behavior and conservation.
{"title":"The Role of Experiments in Monarch Butterfly Conservation: A Review of Recent Studies and Approaches.","authors":"Victoria M Pocius, Ania A Majewska, Micah G Freedman","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monarch butterflies (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>) (Lepidoptera Danaidae Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus)) are an iconic species of conservation concern due to declines in the overwintering colonies over the past twenty years. Because of this downward trend in overwintering numbers in both California and Mexico, monarchs are currently considered 'warranted-but-precluded' for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Monarchs have a fascinating life history and have become a model system in chemical ecology, migration biology, and host-parasite interactions, but many aspects of monarch biology important for informing conservation practices remain unresolved. In this review, we focus on recent advances using experimental and genetic approaches that inform monarch conservation. In particular, we emphasize three areas of broad importance, which could have an immediate impact on monarch conservation efforts: 1) breeding habitat and host plant use, 2) natural enemies and exotic caterpillar food plants, and 3) the utility of genetic and genomic approaches for understanding monarch biology and informing ongoing conservation efforts. We also suggest future studies in these areas that could improve our understanding of monarch behavior and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"10-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8764570/pdf/saab036.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39852434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Yokomi, Jennifer K Delgado, T. Unruh, N. Bárcenas, S. F. Garczynski, S. Walse, A. A. Pérez de León, W. Cooper
Abstract Molecular advances facilitate fruit export by improving rapid pest diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and advanced sequencing technology. Improved pest detection provides timely certification of the quarantine pest-free status in the commodity being exported, avoiding unnecessary commodity treatment. The U.S.–Japan Systems Approach to export fresh cherries from the Western United States that targets the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is used as an example. Suspect codling moth larvae interdicted at cherry packing houses are distinguished by PCR from other internal fruit moth larvae such as the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); lesser appleworm, G. prunivora (Walsh) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); cherry fruitworm, G. packardi (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); and filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Identification is confirmed by sequencing the amplicon of a 301 bp region of the COI gene produced by PCR of the DNA from a suspect moth and comparing this sequence of COI gene sequences of other internal fruit feeders of pome fruit. This sequence comparison results in unambiguous pest identification. These findings are discussed in the context of systems approach research to meet evolving needs of phytosanitary requirements for global export of fruits.
{"title":"Molecular Advances in Larval Fruit Moth Identification to Facilitate Fruit Export From Western United States Under Systems Approaches","authors":"R. Yokomi, Jennifer K Delgado, T. Unruh, N. Bárcenas, S. F. Garczynski, S. Walse, A. A. Pérez de León, W. Cooper","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Molecular advances facilitate fruit export by improving rapid pest diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and advanced sequencing technology. Improved pest detection provides timely certification of the quarantine pest-free status in the commodity being exported, avoiding unnecessary commodity treatment. The U.S.–Japan Systems Approach to export fresh cherries from the Western United States that targets the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is used as an example. Suspect codling moth larvae interdicted at cherry packing houses are distinguished by PCR from other internal fruit moth larvae such as the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); lesser appleworm, G. prunivora (Walsh) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); cherry fruitworm, G. packardi (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); and filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Identification is confirmed by sequencing the amplicon of a 301 bp region of the COI gene produced by PCR of the DNA from a suspect moth and comparing this sequence of COI gene sequences of other internal fruit feeders of pome fruit. This sequence comparison results in unambiguous pest identification. These findings are discussed in the context of systems approach research to meet evolving needs of phytosanitary requirements for global export of fruits.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"105 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44224270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Our understanding of how natural selection and demographic processes produce and maintain biological diversity remains limited. However, developments in high-throughput genomic sequencing coupled with new analytical tools and phylogenetic methods now allow detailed analyses of evolutionary patterns in genes and genomes responding to specific demographic events, ecological changes, or other selection pressures. Here, we propose that the mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex, which include taxa of significant medical importance, provide an exceptional system for examining the mechanisms underlying speciation and taxonomic radiation. Furthermore, these insects may shed light on the influences that historical and contemporary admixture have on taxonomic integrity. Such studies will have specific importance for mitigating the disease and nuisance burdens caused by these mosquitoes. More broadly, they could inform predictions about future evolutionary trajectories in response to changing environments and patterns of evolution in other cosmopolitan and invasive species that have developed recent associations with humans.
{"title":"The Enigmatic Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Species Complex: Phylogenetic Challenges and Opportunities From a Notoriously Tricky Mosquito Group","authors":"M. Aardema, Sarah K Olatunji, D. Fonseca","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Our understanding of how natural selection and demographic processes produce and maintain biological diversity remains limited. However, developments in high-throughput genomic sequencing coupled with new analytical tools and phylogenetic methods now allow detailed analyses of evolutionary patterns in genes and genomes responding to specific demographic events, ecological changes, or other selection pressures. Here, we propose that the mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex, which include taxa of significant medical importance, provide an exceptional system for examining the mechanisms underlying speciation and taxonomic radiation. Furthermore, these insects may shed light on the influences that historical and contemporary admixture have on taxonomic integrity. Such studies will have specific importance for mitigating the disease and nuisance burdens caused by these mosquitoes. More broadly, they could inform predictions about future evolutionary trajectories in response to changing environments and patterns of evolution in other cosmopolitan and invasive species that have developed recent associations with humans.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"95 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46255627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sexual selection is central to many theories on mate selection and individual behavior. Relatively little is known, however, about the impacts that human-induced rapid environmental change are having on secondary sexually selected characteristics. Honest signals function as an indicator of mate quality when there are differences in nutrient acquisition and are thus potentially sensitive to anthropogenically altered nutrient inputs. We used the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), to investigate differences in color and testes size in a system that is often exposed to agricultural landscapes with nitrogen addition. We collected individuals from four sites in California and Nevada to investigate variation in key traits and the possibility that any relationship between wing color and a reproductive trait (testes size) could vary among locations in the focal butterfly. Coloration variables and testes size were positively albeit weakly associated across sites, consistent with the hypothesis that females could use nitrogen-based coloration in the cabbage white as an indicator for a male mating trait that has the potential to confer elevated mating success in progeny. However, variation in testes size and in the relationship between testes size and wing color suggest complexities that need exploration, including the possibility that the signal is not of equal value in all populations. Thus these results advance our understanding of complex relationships among environmental change and sexual selection in the wild.
{"title":"In Search of an Honest Butterfly: Sexually Selected Wing Coloration and Reproductive Traits From Wild Populations of the Cabbage White Butterfly","authors":"Anne E. Espeset, M. Forister","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sexual selection is central to many theories on mate selection and individual behavior. Relatively little is known, however, about the impacts that human-induced rapid environmental change are having on secondary sexually selected characteristics. Honest signals function as an indicator of mate quality when there are differences in nutrient acquisition and are thus potentially sensitive to anthropogenically altered nutrient inputs. We used the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), to investigate differences in color and testes size in a system that is often exposed to agricultural landscapes with nitrogen addition. We collected individuals from four sites in California and Nevada to investigate variation in key traits and the possibility that any relationship between wing color and a reproductive trait (testes size) could vary among locations in the focal butterfly. Coloration variables and testes size were positively albeit weakly associated across sites, consistent with the hypothesis that females could use nitrogen-based coloration in the cabbage white as an indicator for a male mating trait that has the potential to confer elevated mating success in progeny. However, variation in testes size and in the relationship between testes size and wing color suggest complexities that need exploration, including the possibility that the signal is not of equal value in all populations. Thus these results advance our understanding of complex relationships among environmental change and sexual selection in the wild.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"156 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47810613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Previous exploration has found that bee visitation tends to benefit yields of many pollinator-independent crops. However, the reverse of this relationship—if pollinator-independent crops benefit bees—has not been extensively studied or explicitly reviewed. Therefore, we initiated a review of the literature using Web of Science and EBSCOhost to determine whether: 1) bees collect pollen from pollinator-independent crops, and 2) pollinator-independent crops provided adequate nutrition for bees.These factors help establish if pollinator-independent crops could benefit bees. We found 45 peer-review articles that included bee pollen trap data on 13 pollinator-independent crops (self-pollinating and wind-pollinated plants), with Zea mays, Brassica napus, and Glycine max pollen most often found in pollen traps. Pollinator-independent crops averaged 12% of total pollen loads, but due to high variability, the median was only 1.6%. Pollen from pollinator-independent crops increased in landscapes with more agricultural cover, but our data was heavily skewed towards honey bees (Apis mellifera). We found the average crude protein for B. napus and G. max was high enough to support honey bee requirements (>20%), along with providing essential amino acids; however, average crude protein and essential amino acids may be lacking in Z. mays. Although some pollinator-independent crops are found in pollen traps and provide adequate resources for bees, they may fail to provide temporally stable resources and chemical-free space. For improved health and reproduction, bees need access to semi-natural landscapes within diverse cropping systems to increase diet mixing. This will help amplify the mutualistic relationship between bees and pollinator-independent crops.
以往的研究发现，蜜蜂的造访往往有利于许多不依赖传粉媒介的作物的产量。然而，这种关系的相反——不依赖传粉媒介的作物是否对蜜蜂有益——尚未得到广泛研究或明确评论。因此，我们利用Web of Science和EBSCOhost对相关文献进行了梳理，以确定:1)蜜蜂是否从不依赖传粉媒介的作物中采集花粉，2)不依赖传粉媒介的作物是否为蜜蜂提供了足够的营养。这些因素有助于确定不依赖传粉媒介的作物是否对蜜蜂有益。我们发现了45篇同行评议的文章，其中包括13种不依赖传粉媒介的作物(自传粉和风传粉植物)的蜂花粉诱捕器数据，其中玉米、甘蓝型油菜和甘氨酸花粉最常出现在花粉诱捕器中。非传粉媒介作物平均占总花粉负荷的12%，但由于高变异性，中位数仅为1.6%。在农业覆盖较多的地区，来自非传粉媒介作物的花粉增加，但我们的数据严重偏向于蜜蜂。我们发现，甘蓝型油菜和g.m ax的平均粗蛋白质足以支持蜜蜂的需求(>20%)，并提供必需氨基酸;然而，平均粗蛋白质和必需氨基酸可能缺乏。虽然在花粉陷阱中发现了一些不依赖传粉媒介的作物，为蜜蜂提供了充足的资源，但它们可能无法提供暂时稳定的资源和无化学物质的空间。为了改善健康和繁殖，蜜蜂需要在不同的种植系统中进入半自然的景观，以增加饮食的混合。这将有助于扩大蜜蜂和不依赖传粉媒介的作物之间的互惠关系。
{"title":"Quid Pro Quo? A Review on Bee Utilization of Pollinator-Independent Crops","authors":"K. Kral‐O'Brien, T. Hovick, J. Harmon","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous exploration has found that bee visitation tends to benefit yields of many pollinator-independent crops. However, the reverse of this relationship—if pollinator-independent crops benefit bees—has not been extensively studied or explicitly reviewed. Therefore, we initiated a review of the literature using Web of Science and EBSCOhost to determine whether: 1) bees collect pollen from pollinator-independent crops, and 2) pollinator-independent crops provided adequate nutrition for bees.These factors help establish if pollinator-independent crops could benefit bees. We found 45 peer-review articles that included bee pollen trap data on 13 pollinator-independent crops (self-pollinating and wind-pollinated plants), with Zea mays, Brassica napus, and Glycine max pollen most often found in pollen traps. Pollinator-independent crops averaged 12% of total pollen loads, but due to high variability, the median was only 1.6%. Pollen from pollinator-independent crops increased in landscapes with more agricultural cover, but our data was heavily skewed towards honey bees (Apis mellifera). We found the average crude protein for B. napus and G. max was high enough to support honey bee requirements (>20%), along with providing essential amino acids; however, average crude protein and essential amino acids may be lacking in Z. mays. Although some pollinator-independent crops are found in pollen traps and provide adequate resources for bees, they may fail to provide temporally stable resources and chemical-free space. For improved health and reproduction, bees need access to semi-natural landscapes within diverse cropping systems to increase diet mixing. This will help amplify the mutualistic relationship between bees and pollinator-independent crops.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42117063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract During a recent pig carrion succession study in northwest Florida, United States, we noticed an abundance of spiders but found that literature on spider ecology at carrion is sparse and scattered. We compiled a literature review of 569 carrion succession studies, of which 37 studies specifically mentioned the presence of spiders, with less than a third providing species-level identifications and only half providing family-level identifications. Nineteen spider families have been reported at carrion in the literature. Spiders are recognized as generalist, opportunistic predators in carrion succession studies, but only 38% of the studies that mentioned spiders during carrion succession included any ecological information. Data on spiders in the present experiment were compared to background samples, finding that the difference in abundance was statistically significant for all spider species combined. Seven species of spiders from five families were identified from both background and carrion succession samples; statistical differences in abundance were found for three species: the linyphiid Florinda coccinea and the lycosids Tigrosa annexa and Pirata seminolus. The family Corinnidae is reported from carrion for the first time. This research reviews the existing literature on spider ecology during carrion succession, provides additional data on species identity and abundance, and demonstrates the potential significance of spiders in carrion ecology and forensic investigations.
{"title":"Review of Spider Ecology During Carrion Decomposition, with a Field Study on Density and Taxa Richness in Pitfall Trap Captures of Geophilic Spiders (Aranea: Anyphaenidae, Corinnidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae)","authors":"G. D. De Jong, F. Meyer, J. Goddard","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During a recent pig carrion succession study in northwest Florida, United States, we noticed an abundance of spiders but found that literature on spider ecology at carrion is sparse and scattered. We compiled a literature review of 569 carrion succession studies, of which 37 studies specifically mentioned the presence of spiders, with less than a third providing species-level identifications and only half providing family-level identifications. Nineteen spider families have been reported at carrion in the literature. Spiders are recognized as generalist, opportunistic predators in carrion succession studies, but only 38% of the studies that mentioned spiders during carrion succession included any ecological information. Data on spiders in the present experiment were compared to background samples, finding that the difference in abundance was statistically significant for all spider species combined. Seven species of spiders from five families were identified from both background and carrion succession samples; statistical differences in abundance were found for three species: the linyphiid Florinda coccinea and the lycosids Tigrosa annexa and Pirata seminolus. The family Corinnidae is reported from carrion for the first time. This research reviews the existing literature on spider ecology during carrion succession, provides additional data on species identity and abundance, and demonstrates the potential significance of spiders in carrion ecology and forensic investigations.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"114 1","pages":"756 - 764"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43307360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Aguin-Pombo, M. Rodrigues, B. Voetdijk, J. Breeuwer
Abstract Endosymbiotic bacteria can induce parthenogenesis in many haplo-diploid species, but little is known about their role in asexual reproduction in diplodiploids. Bacteria are essential for reproduction in the asexual lineages of springtails and booklice, and possibly some weevils, but whether they are the causative agent of parthenogenesis remains to be proven. This would require comparing unisexual forms and their closely related bisexual species, but such model species are very rare. Empoasca leafhoppers from the Madeira Archipelago provide an excellent case to test whether bacterial infections can cause parthenogenesis. Here we examined the diversity of the sex-distorting bacteria, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Rickettsia, and Arsenophonus, in three apomictic morphotypes (A, B, C) and three bisexual relatives of Empoasca. Wolbachia of group B was present in all unisexual and bisexual species. Rickettsia were the only bacteria restricted to the three unisexual forms, suggesting an association between infection and asexual reproduction. In addition, we found Asaia for the third time in the Cicadellidae, although this may have little to do with the reproductive mode of its host. Adult females of morphotype C reared on plants watered with tetracycline solution did not result in the production of male offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest a possible association between bacterial infection and parthenogenesis in apomictic XO/XX diplodiploid bisexual species based on a range of sex ratio-distorting bacteria.
{"title":"Parthenogenesis and Sex-Ratio Distorting Bacteria in Empoasca (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Leafhoppers","authors":"D. Aguin-Pombo, M. Rodrigues, B. Voetdijk, J. Breeuwer","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Endosymbiotic bacteria can induce parthenogenesis in many haplo-diploid species, but little is known about their role in asexual reproduction in diplodiploids. Bacteria are essential for reproduction in the asexual lineages of springtails and booklice, and possibly some weevils, but whether they are the causative agent of parthenogenesis remains to be proven. This would require comparing unisexual forms and their closely related bisexual species, but such model species are very rare. Empoasca leafhoppers from the Madeira Archipelago provide an excellent case to test whether bacterial infections can cause parthenogenesis. Here we examined the diversity of the sex-distorting bacteria, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Rickettsia, and Arsenophonus, in three apomictic morphotypes (A, B, C) and three bisexual relatives of Empoasca. Wolbachia of group B was present in all unisexual and bisexual species. Rickettsia were the only bacteria restricted to the three unisexual forms, suggesting an association between infection and asexual reproduction. In addition, we found Asaia for the third time in the Cicadellidae, although this may have little to do with the reproductive mode of its host. Adult females of morphotype C reared on plants watered with tetracycline solution did not result in the production of male offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest a possible association between bacterial infection and parthenogenesis in apomictic XO/XX diplodiploid bisexual species based on a range of sex ratio-distorting bacteria.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"114 1","pages":"738 - 749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42184965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Polycultures and conventional monoculture have different effects on insect pests and natural enemies. Little is known about the parasitoid response to landrace and hybrid plants damaged by insect pests within organic-polyculture agroecosystems vs. monoculture ones.The aim of the present study was to compare the suitability of these agroecosystems for hosting parasitic wasps by evaluating the parasitism rate, parasitoid abundance, and species composition on landrace and hybrid maize races within organic-polyculture and conventional maize agroecosystems.This study was performed within the Mesoamerican region where maize was originally domesticated and where the maize insect pest Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) originated. Maize plants of landrace and hybrid varieties were used to attract egg parasitoids of D. maidis within each of the two agroecosystems; conventional maize monoculture and an organic-polyculture of landrace maize, beans, and squash, which also included weed plants. Four treatments were conducted in this field experiment: 1) landrace-within organic agroecosystem, 2) hybrid-within organic agroecosystem, 3) landrace-within conventional agroecosystem, and 4) hybrid-within conventional agroecosystem. A community of parasitic wasps, of which the micro-wasp Paracentrobia sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was the most abundant member, was found attacking the D. maidis eggs in both agroecosystems.The parasitism rate and parasitoid abundance were similar among the four treatments. However, the abundance of parasitoids was greater in the conventional maize monoculture. Bait plants (landrace and hybrid maize) within each agroecosystem did not show differences in either parasitoid abundance or parasitism rate.
{"title":"Suitability of Hybrid and Landrace Maize Plants Within Conventional and Organic-Polyculture Maize Agroecosystems for Hosting Parasitic Wasps","authors":"G. Moya‐Raygoza, Pedro Figueroa-Bautista","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polycultures and conventional monoculture have different effects on insect pests and natural enemies. Little is known about the parasitoid response to landrace and hybrid plants damaged by insect pests within organic-polyculture agroecosystems vs. monoculture ones.The aim of the present study was to compare the suitability of these agroecosystems for hosting parasitic wasps by evaluating the parasitism rate, parasitoid abundance, and species composition on landrace and hybrid maize races within organic-polyculture and conventional maize agroecosystems.This study was performed within the Mesoamerican region where maize was originally domesticated and where the maize insect pest Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) originated. Maize plants of landrace and hybrid varieties were used to attract egg parasitoids of D. maidis within each of the two agroecosystems; conventional maize monoculture and an organic-polyculture of landrace maize, beans, and squash, which also included weed plants. Four treatments were conducted in this field experiment: 1) landrace-within organic agroecosystem, 2) hybrid-within organic agroecosystem, 3) landrace-within conventional agroecosystem, and 4) hybrid-within conventional agroecosystem. A community of parasitic wasps, of which the micro-wasp Paracentrobia sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was the most abundant member, was found attacking the D. maidis eggs in both agroecosystems.The parasitism rate and parasitoid abundance were similar among the four treatments. However, the abundance of parasitoids was greater in the conventional maize monoculture. Bait plants (landrace and hybrid maize) within each agroecosystem did not show differences in either parasitoid abundance or parasitism rate.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"114 1","pages":"750 - 755"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43890894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05eCollection Date: 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saab023
Eda Sezen, Emily Dereszkiewicz, Alvin Hozan, Meghan M Bennett, Cahit Ozturk, Brian H Smith, Chelsea N Cook
Learning and attention allow animals to better navigate complex environments. While foraging, honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) learn several aspects of their foraging environment, such as color and odor of flowers, which likely begins to happen before they evaluate the quality of the food. If bees begin to evaluate quality before they taste food, and then learn the food is depleted, this may create a conflict in what the bee learns and remembers. Individual honey bees differ in their sensitivity to information, thus creating variation in how they learn or do not learn certain environmental stimuli. For example, foraging honey bees exhibit differences in latent inhibition (LI), a learning process through which regular encounter with a stimulus without a consequence such as food can later reduce conditioning to that stimulus. Here, we test whether bees from distinct selected LI genotypes learn differently if reinforced via just antennae or via both antennae + proboscis. We also evaluate whether learned information goes extinct at different rates in these distinct LI genetic lines. We find that high LI bees learned significantly better when they were reinforced both antenna + proboscis, while low LI and control bees learned similarly with the two reinforcement pathways. We also find no differences in the acquisition and extinction of learned information in high LI and low LI bees. Our work provides insight into how underlying cognition may influence how honey bees learn and value information, which may lead to differences in how individuals and colonies make foraging decisions.
{"title":"Heritable Cognitive Phenotypes Influence Appetitive Learning but not Extinction in Honey Bees.","authors":"Eda Sezen, Emily Dereszkiewicz, Alvin Hozan, Meghan M Bennett, Cahit Ozturk, Brian H Smith, Chelsea N Cook","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Learning and attention allow animals to better navigate complex environments. While foraging, honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) learn several aspects of their foraging environment, such as color and odor of flowers, which likely begins to happen before they evaluate the quality of the food. If bees begin to evaluate quality before they taste food, and then learn the food is depleted, this may create a conflict in what the bee learns and remembers. Individual honey bees differ in their sensitivity to information, thus creating variation in how they learn or do not learn certain environmental stimuli. For example, foraging honey bees exhibit differences in latent inhibition (LI), a learning process through which regular encounter with a stimulus without a consequence such as food can later reduce conditioning to that stimulus. Here, we test whether bees from distinct selected LI genotypes learn differently if reinforced via just antennae or via both antennae + proboscis. We also evaluate whether learned information goes extinct at different rates in these distinct LI genetic lines. We find that high LI bees learned significantly better when they were reinforced both antenna + proboscis, while low LI and control bees learned similarly with the two reinforcement pathways. We also find no differences in the acquisition and extinction of learned information in high LI and low LI bees. Our work provides insight into how underlying cognition may influence how honey bees learn and value information, which may lead to differences in how individuals and colonies make foraging decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"114 5","pages":"606-613"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8423107/pdf/saab023.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39409515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Leafhoppers in the tribe Erythroneurini are a concern for grape growers in California due to direct feeding damage by piercing the leaves. Management of leafhopper populations in vineyards may be accomplished by insecticide applications, the release of natural enemies, conservation biological control, exploitation of controlled deficit irrigation, or a combination of the above. Based on research on other leafhopper species, a behavioral mating disruption is a viable option, but nothing is known about the mating communication and circadian signaling of these species in vineyards. The objectives of this study were to identify and describe vibrational signals associated with mate selection behavior of Erasmoneura variabilis and Erythroneura ziczac, and evaluate the occurrence of vibrational signals within sympatric populations of E. variabilis, E. ziczac, and Homalodisca vitripennis on grapevines. Analysis of vibrational communication signals revealed that 1) one female signal and two distinct male signals are used in E. variabilis pair formation, 2) the pair formation process in E. variabilis is divided into three communication phases, 3) E. variabilis pre-copulatory communication is longer in the presence than in the absence of male-male rivalry, 4) two distinct signals are used in E. ziczac pair formation, and 5) E. variabilis, E. ziczac, and H. vitripennis sing at night and during the day. Results include detailed descriptions of leafhopper communication signals that are relevant for future development of vibrational disruption as a novel method to suppress populations under field conditions.
{"title":"Mating Communication of the Variegated Leafhopper, Erasmoneura variabilis, With Notes on Vibrational Signaling of Other Grapevine Cicadellids in California","authors":"R. Krugner, Shira D. Gordon","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Leafhoppers in the tribe Erythroneurini are a concern for grape growers in California due to direct feeding damage by piercing the leaves. Management of leafhopper populations in vineyards may be accomplished by insecticide applications, the release of natural enemies, conservation biological control, exploitation of controlled deficit irrigation, or a combination of the above. Based on research on other leafhopper species, a behavioral mating disruption is a viable option, but nothing is known about the mating communication and circadian signaling of these species in vineyards. The objectives of this study were to identify and describe vibrational signals associated with mate selection behavior of Erasmoneura variabilis and Erythroneura ziczac, and evaluate the occurrence of vibrational signals within sympatric populations of E. variabilis, E. ziczac, and Homalodisca vitripennis on grapevines. Analysis of vibrational communication signals revealed that 1) one female signal and two distinct male signals are used in E. variabilis pair formation, 2) the pair formation process in E. variabilis is divided into three communication phases, 3) E. variabilis pre-copulatory communication is longer in the presence than in the absence of male-male rivalry, 4) two distinct signals are used in E. ziczac pair formation, and 5) E. variabilis, E. ziczac, and H. vitripennis sing at night and during the day. Results include detailed descriptions of leafhopper communication signals that are relevant for future development of vibrational disruption as a novel method to suppress populations under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"114 1","pages":"528 - 537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47035216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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