Rare-earth tritellurides (RTe3, R = lanthanide) represent an ideal platform for investigating charge density wave (CDW) order and associated Fermi surface reconstructions. While quantum oscillations have been observed in several RTe3 members, a detailed exploration of the low-temperature electronic transport properties of high-quality SmTe3 single crystals remains limited. In this study, we synthesized SmTe3 single crystals with a high residual resistivity ratio of 411. Transport measurements reveal pronounced Shubnikov–de Haas quantum oscillations below 30 K. The carriers in the observed Fermi pockets exhibit an extremely small effective mass of 0.119 m0 and a high mobility reaching 3.78×104 cm2 V−1 s−1. Furthermore, the material demonstrates remarkable anisotropic magnetoresistance, indicative of a highly anisotropic Fermi surface. Our work establishes high-quality SmTe3 as a compelling system for studying high-mobility transport in a CDW background, providing crucial insights for potential applications in advanced electronic devices.
稀土三碲化物（RTe3, R =镧系元素）是研究电荷密度波（CDW）阶和相关费米表面重构的理想平台。虽然在几个RTe3成员中已经观察到量子振荡，但对高质量SmTe3单晶的低温电子输运性质的详细探索仍然有限。在本研究中，我们合成了残余电阻率高达411的SmTe3单晶。输运测量显示在30k以下有明显的舒布尼科夫-德哈斯量子振荡。在观测到的费米袋中的载流子表现出极小的有效质量0.119 m0和高迁移率，达到3.78×104 cm2 V−1 s−1。此外，材料表现出显著的各向异性磁电阻，表明具有高度各向异性的费米表面。我们的工作建立了高质量的SmTe3作为研究CDW背景下高迁移率传输的引人注目的系统，为先进电子设备的潜在应用提供了重要的见解。
{"title":"Quantum oscillations and ultrahigh mobility in rare-earth tritellurides SmTe3","authors":"Hao Wang, Yang Chen, Fang Tang, Ziyi Fan, Peng Huang, Cheng Wang, Xue Liu, Yuyan Han, Yong Fang, Wenshuai Gao, Mingliang Tian","doi":"10.1063/5.0306708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0306708","url":null,"abstract":"Rare-earth tritellurides (RTe3, R = lanthanide) represent an ideal platform for investigating charge density wave (CDW) order and associated Fermi surface reconstructions. While quantum oscillations have been observed in several RTe3 members, a detailed exploration of the low-temperature electronic transport properties of high-quality SmTe3 single crystals remains limited. In this study, we synthesized SmTe3 single crystals with a high residual resistivity ratio of 411. Transport measurements reveal pronounced Shubnikov–de Haas quantum oscillations below 30 K. The carriers in the observed Fermi pockets exhibit an extremely small effective mass of 0.119 m0 and a high mobility reaching 3.78×104 cm2 V−1 s−1. Furthermore, the material demonstrates remarkable anisotropic magnetoresistance, indicative of a highly anisotropic Fermi surface. Our work establishes high-quality SmTe3 as a compelling system for studying high-mobility transport in a CDW background, providing crucial insights for potential applications in advanced electronic devices.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report β-Ga2O3 heterojunction barrier Schottky (HJBS) diodes featuring a low turn-on voltage (Von) and high surge robustness. A p-type NiO overlayer, fully covering the tungsten-based Schottky contacts, enables efficient minority carrier injection, thereby lowering Von and enhancing surge performance. Fabricated small-area diodes (0.15 × 0.12 mm2) exhibit a breakdown voltage of 1.4 kV and a Von of 0.51 V. Packaged large-area devices (3 × 3 mm2) deliver 6 A at a 2 V forward bias and sustain surge currents up to 50 A, attributed to conductivity modulation by the p-NiO overlayer. Technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations confirm that the proposed HJBS structure significantly reduces peak lattice temperatures compared to conventional designs. These results demonstrate the strong potential of β-Ga2O3 HJBS diodes for high-efficiency, low-loss power switching applications with enhanced transient tolerance.
{"title":"Low turn-on and surge-robust β -Ga2O3 heterojunction barrier Schottky diodes enabled by conductivity modulation","authors":"Shengliang Cheng, Yuru Lai, Xing Lu, Huichao Hu, Rui Zhou, Rui Xie, Haowen Luo, Huaxing Jiang, Zhisheng Wu, Jun Liang, Zimin Chen, Gang Wang, Yanli Pei","doi":"10.1063/5.0291577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0291577","url":null,"abstract":"We report β-Ga2O3 heterojunction barrier Schottky (HJBS) diodes featuring a low turn-on voltage (Von) and high surge robustness. A p-type NiO overlayer, fully covering the tungsten-based Schottky contacts, enables efficient minority carrier injection, thereby lowering Von and enhancing surge performance. Fabricated small-area diodes (0.15 × 0.12 mm2) exhibit a breakdown voltage of 1.4 kV and a Von of 0.51 V. Packaged large-area devices (3 × 3 mm2) deliver 6 A at a 2 V forward bias and sustain surge currents up to 50 A, attributed to conductivity modulation by the p-NiO overlayer. Technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations confirm that the proposed HJBS structure significantly reduces peak lattice temperatures compared to conventional designs. These results demonstrate the strong potential of β-Ga2O3 HJBS diodes for high-efficiency, low-loss power switching applications with enhanced transient tolerance.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tae-In Jeong, Eunji Choi, Robert A. Taylor, Seungchul Kim
The terahertz (THz) frequency range has emerged as a promising spectral window for broad applications, including next-generation wireless communication, high-resolution imaging, and ultrafast spectroscopy. Among the essential components in these systems, amplitude modulators with high quality (Q) factors can provide sharp, selective frequency responses, which are key requirements for scalable and high-performance THz systems. However, designing high-Q THz modulators remains challenging, as conventional full-wave simulations are time-consuming and inefficient. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based inverse design framework tailored for THz metasurfaces composed of split-ring resonators (SRRs). The framework is built on a tandem neural network architecture that couples a forward model with an inverse network to retrieve structural parameters from desired spectral responses. To enhance physical feasibility and predictive stability, we introduce an autoencoder-based spectral projection method. Our model accurately reconstructs SRR geometries across a wide range of spectral targets by learning the underlying physical relationships. Notably, we demonstrate the inverse design of Fano resonant geometries characterized by high-Q factors and sharp asymmetric resonances, which are essential features for achieving deep modulation. By extending the tandem deep learning approach to the THz domain and incorporating an autoencoder-based spectral projection, our framework provides a scalable and efficient pathway for the rapid prototyping of tunable, high-Q THz devices and lays the foundation for artificial intelligence-driven design of advanced THz photonic components.
{"title":"Inverse design of terahertz amplitude modulator using tandem deep neural networks","authors":"Tae-In Jeong, Eunji Choi, Robert A. Taylor, Seungchul Kim","doi":"10.1063/5.0302765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0302765","url":null,"abstract":"The terahertz (THz) frequency range has emerged as a promising spectral window for broad applications, including next-generation wireless communication, high-resolution imaging, and ultrafast spectroscopy. Among the essential components in these systems, amplitude modulators with high quality (Q) factors can provide sharp, selective frequency responses, which are key requirements for scalable and high-performance THz systems. However, designing high-Q THz modulators remains challenging, as conventional full-wave simulations are time-consuming and inefficient. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based inverse design framework tailored for THz metasurfaces composed of split-ring resonators (SRRs). The framework is built on a tandem neural network architecture that couples a forward model with an inverse network to retrieve structural parameters from desired spectral responses. To enhance physical feasibility and predictive stability, we introduce an autoencoder-based spectral projection method. Our model accurately reconstructs SRR geometries across a wide range of spectral targets by learning the underlying physical relationships. Notably, we demonstrate the inverse design of Fano resonant geometries characterized by high-Q factors and sharp asymmetric resonances, which are essential features for achieving deep modulation. By extending the tandem deep learning approach to the THz domain and incorporating an autoencoder-based spectral projection, our framework provides a scalable and efficient pathway for the rapid prototyping of tunable, high-Q THz devices and lays the foundation for artificial intelligence-driven design of advanced THz photonic components.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Graphene-based hybrid structures offer a promising platform to enhance device performance via unique phenomena such as the photogating effect. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) has excellent optoelectronic properties, including pyroelectric, piezoelectric, electro-optic, and nonlinear optical characteristics, and is a promising pyroelectric photosensitizer for graphene infrared detectors. However, bulk LiNbO3 restricts the monolithic integration of devices onto complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) chips. In this work, we overcome that by employing an atomic layer deposition (ALD)-grown LiNbO3 thin film on a silicon substrate, a CMOS-compatible approach. This study presents the fabrication of an uncooled long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) graphene photodetector monolithically integrated with an ALD-grown LiNbO3 on a silicon substrate. The O3-assisted ALD process was investigated to achieve the minimum thickness required crystalline LiNbO3 growth at temperatures below 400 °C. Successful growth was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and Auger electron spectroscopy. The device, comprising graphene field effect transistors with the ALD-grown LiNbO3 photosensitizer layer, exhibited a clear photoresponse under irradiation by 8.0 and 10.5 μm LWIR light, with maximum responsivities of 95.9 and 187 kV/W, respectively. These findings contribute to the development of high-performance uncooled monolithic IR image sensors.
{"title":"Monolithic integration of graphene and lithium niobate layer grown by atomic layer deposition for uncooled infrared photodetectors","authors":"S. Fukushima, M. Shimatani, M. Iwakawa, S. Ogawa","doi":"10.1063/5.0302025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0302025","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene-based hybrid structures offer a promising platform to enhance device performance via unique phenomena such as the photogating effect. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) has excellent optoelectronic properties, including pyroelectric, piezoelectric, electro-optic, and nonlinear optical characteristics, and is a promising pyroelectric photosensitizer for graphene infrared detectors. However, bulk LiNbO3 restricts the monolithic integration of devices onto complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) chips. In this work, we overcome that by employing an atomic layer deposition (ALD)-grown LiNbO3 thin film on a silicon substrate, a CMOS-compatible approach. This study presents the fabrication of an uncooled long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) graphene photodetector monolithically integrated with an ALD-grown LiNbO3 on a silicon substrate. The O3-assisted ALD process was investigated to achieve the minimum thickness required crystalline LiNbO3 growth at temperatures below 400 °C. Successful growth was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and Auger electron spectroscopy. The device, comprising graphene field effect transistors with the ALD-grown LiNbO3 photosensitizer layer, exhibited a clear photoresponse under irradiation by 8.0 and 10.5 μm LWIR light, with maximum responsivities of 95.9 and 187 kV/W, respectively. These findings contribute to the development of high-performance uncooled monolithic IR image sensors.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we propose an auto-frequency-adaptive three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonic phased-array system for visualizing internal defects in concrete. Given the high attenuation and diversity of aging concrete structures, we use a piezoelectric and laser ultrasonic system combining broadband ultrasonic transmission (up to several hundred kHz) with two-dimensional scanning reception using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). This system, originally developed for imaging less attenuative metallic samples, is adapted here for highly attenuative materials like concrete. During the propagation of ultrasonic waves in highly attenuative materials, such as concrete, the high-frequency components of a broadband incident wave are preferably attenuated. As a result, the frequency components of the surviving wave change depending on the attenuation of materials. Although the remaining frequency changes depending on concrete structures, the LDV with a broad reception bandwidth can receive such waves regardless of the degree of attenuation. This enables the automatic frequency adaptation in 3D imaging. After confirming the broadband transmission, we demonstrate the 3D imaging capabilities for different attenuative materials (i.e., mortar with delamination and carbon fiber-reinforced concrete with a slit). The proposed method would be useful for improving the maintenance management of aging concrete structures with unknown ultrasonic attenuation.
{"title":"Auto-frequency-adaptive 3D ultrasonic phased-array imaging system for highly attenuative materials","authors":"Yuto Fujikawa, Yoshikazu Ohara, Timothy J. Ulrich","doi":"10.1063/5.0291949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0291949","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose an auto-frequency-adaptive three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonic phased-array system for visualizing internal defects in concrete. Given the high attenuation and diversity of aging concrete structures, we use a piezoelectric and laser ultrasonic system combining broadband ultrasonic transmission (up to several hundred kHz) with two-dimensional scanning reception using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). This system, originally developed for imaging less attenuative metallic samples, is adapted here for highly attenuative materials like concrete. During the propagation of ultrasonic waves in highly attenuative materials, such as concrete, the high-frequency components of a broadband incident wave are preferably attenuated. As a result, the frequency components of the surviving wave change depending on the attenuation of materials. Although the remaining frequency changes depending on concrete structures, the LDV with a broad reception bandwidth can receive such waves regardless of the degree of attenuation. This enables the automatic frequency adaptation in 3D imaging. After confirming the broadband transmission, we demonstrate the 3D imaging capabilities for different attenuative materials (i.e., mortar with delamination and carbon fiber-reinforced concrete with a slit). The proposed method would be useful for improving the maintenance management of aging concrete structures with unknown ultrasonic attenuation.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yinan Wang, Byeongjin Kim, Nishanth Ravi, Kapil Saha, Supratik Dasgupta, Vakhtang Chulukhadze, Eugene Kwon, Lezli Matto, Pietro Simeoni, Omar Barrera, Ian Anderson, Tzu-Hsuan Hsu, Jue Hou, Matteo Rinaldi, Mark S. Goorsky, Ruochen Lu
We demonstrate a record-high 62.6 GHz solidly mounted acoustic resonator (SMR) incorporating a 67.6 nm scandium aluminum nitride (Sc0.3Al0.7N) piezoelectric layer on a 40 nm buried platinum (Pt) bottom electrode, positioned above an acoustic Bragg reflector composed of alternating SiO2 (28.2 nm) and Ta2O5 (24.3 nm) layers in 8.5 pairs. The Bragg reflector and piezoelectric stack above are designed to confine a third-order thickness-extensional bulk acoustic wave mode, while efficiently transducing with thickness-field excitation. The fabricated SMR exhibits an extracted piezoelectric coupling coefficient (k2) of 0.8% and a maximum Bode quality factor (Q) of 51 at 63 GHz, representing the highest operating frequency reported for an SMR to date. These results establish a pathway toward mmWave SMR devices for filters and resonators in next-generation RF front ends.
{"title":"62.6 GHz ScAlN solidly mounted acoustic resonators","authors":"Yinan Wang, Byeongjin Kim, Nishanth Ravi, Kapil Saha, Supratik Dasgupta, Vakhtang Chulukhadze, Eugene Kwon, Lezli Matto, Pietro Simeoni, Omar Barrera, Ian Anderson, Tzu-Hsuan Hsu, Jue Hou, Matteo Rinaldi, Mark S. Goorsky, Ruochen Lu","doi":"10.1063/5.0306947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0306947","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a record-high 62.6 GHz solidly mounted acoustic resonator (SMR) incorporating a 67.6 nm scandium aluminum nitride (Sc0.3Al0.7N) piezoelectric layer on a 40 nm buried platinum (Pt) bottom electrode, positioned above an acoustic Bragg reflector composed of alternating SiO2 (28.2 nm) and Ta2O5 (24.3 nm) layers in 8.5 pairs. The Bragg reflector and piezoelectric stack above are designed to confine a third-order thickness-extensional bulk acoustic wave mode, while efficiently transducing with thickness-field excitation. The fabricated SMR exhibits an extracted piezoelectric coupling coefficient (k2) of 0.8% and a maximum Bode quality factor (Q) of 51 at 63 GHz, representing the highest operating frequency reported for an SMR to date. These results establish a pathway toward mmWave SMR devices for filters and resonators in next-generation RF front ends.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenxiang Liu, Yu Wang, Wenpeng Guo, Chao Xu, Xingkai Che, Jingyu Pang, Xiangda Meng, Peng Tan, Li Li, Hao Tian
As a kind of essential functional device, beam splitters can separate beams into desired directions and divide energy into two or more portions, which can find critical applications in interferometry, communication link construction, and imaging. Here, we propose a programmable terahertz beam splitter based on liquid crystal and metasurface. This device combines the dual-channel beam deflection of a geometric-phase metasurface with the phase-shifting offered by a digital coding liquid crystal array consisting of 64 elements. By dynamically adjusting the energy distribution between the two deflection channels, the device can achieve splitting ratios ranging from 9:1 to 2:3 using five distinct coding sequences, while maintaining a constant deflection angle of ±24° at 1.1 THz. This work offers a valuable reference for the development of liquid crystal integrated functional devices for the terahertz band, with potential applications in terahertz optics and communications.
{"title":"Tunable terahertz beam splitter based on programmable liquid crystal integrated metasurface","authors":"Chenxiang Liu, Yu Wang, Wenpeng Guo, Chao Xu, Xingkai Che, Jingyu Pang, Xiangda Meng, Peng Tan, Li Li, Hao Tian","doi":"10.1063/5.0307340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0307340","url":null,"abstract":"As a kind of essential functional device, beam splitters can separate beams into desired directions and divide energy into two or more portions, which can find critical applications in interferometry, communication link construction, and imaging. Here, we propose a programmable terahertz beam splitter based on liquid crystal and metasurface. This device combines the dual-channel beam deflection of a geometric-phase metasurface with the phase-shifting offered by a digital coding liquid crystal array consisting of 64 elements. By dynamically adjusting the energy distribution between the two deflection channels, the device can achieve splitting ratios ranging from 9:1 to 2:3 using five distinct coding sequences, while maintaining a constant deflection angle of ±24° at 1.1 THz. This work offers a valuable reference for the development of liquid crystal integrated functional devices for the terahertz band, with potential applications in terahertz optics and communications.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuhao Wang, Zhixing Liu, Yihan Zhang, Chunlan Ma, Langsheng Ling, Lei Zhang, Caixia Wang, Yan Zhu, Fengjiao Qian, Jiyu Fan
Magnetic skyrmions emerge as promising candidates for next-generation magnetic storage technologies. However, their direct detection requires advanced techniques such as Lorentz transmission electron microscopy or small-angle neutron scattering. In this study, we propose an indirect approach to identify skyrmions in MnSi through the analysis of magnetic entropy change (ΔSM). Magnetocaloric measurements reveal both first- and second-order magnetic phase transitions, where subtle entropy variations correspond to the skyrmion phase. To enhance sensitivity and interpretability, we employ artificial intelligence (AI) techniques—convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks—to analyze ΔSM data. Fourier-transformed spectral representations enable CNNs to capture spatial correlations, while LSTMs identify dynamic field-dependent patterns. The models reproduce the experimentally reported skyrmion region (170–230 mT) and distinguish between formation and annihilation processes. These results demonstrate that AI-assisted magnetic entropy analysis provides an effective, low-cost, and experimentally accessible approach for probing magnetic skyrmions, offering a generalizable framework for identifying topological spin textures using conventional magnetometry.
{"title":"Neural network-assisted indirect probing of magnetic skyrmions in MnSi via magnetic entropy variation","authors":"Shuhao Wang, Zhixing Liu, Yihan Zhang, Chunlan Ma, Langsheng Ling, Lei Zhang, Caixia Wang, Yan Zhu, Fengjiao Qian, Jiyu Fan","doi":"10.1063/5.0309094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0309094","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic skyrmions emerge as promising candidates for next-generation magnetic storage technologies. However, their direct detection requires advanced techniques such as Lorentz transmission electron microscopy or small-angle neutron scattering. In this study, we propose an indirect approach to identify skyrmions in MnSi through the analysis of magnetic entropy change (ΔSM). Magnetocaloric measurements reveal both first- and second-order magnetic phase transitions, where subtle entropy variations correspond to the skyrmion phase. To enhance sensitivity and interpretability, we employ artificial intelligence (AI) techniques—convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks—to analyze ΔSM data. Fourier-transformed spectral representations enable CNNs to capture spatial correlations, while LSTMs identify dynamic field-dependent patterns. The models reproduce the experimentally reported skyrmion region (170–230 mT) and distinguish between formation and annihilation processes. These results demonstrate that AI-assisted magnetic entropy analysis provides an effective, low-cost, and experimentally accessible approach for probing magnetic skyrmions, offering a generalizable framework for identifying topological spin textures using conventional magnetometry.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiale Xie, Kai Zhang, Yutian Liu, Zijun Zhang, Qinran Jiang, Zhimin Hu, Yini Lv, Jingli Wang, Hongdan Wan
A label-free, ultra-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) biosensor based on two-mode microfiber ring laser is proposed and demonstrated. A tapered two-mode fiber interferometer (TTMFI) is developed to excite strong evanescent waves and achieve single-longitudinal-mode laser mode-selection inside an active fiber ring laser cavity. Self-assembled tetrahedral DNA nanostructure probes are functionalized onto the TTMFI's surface, with increased DNA binding efficiency and enhanced light interaction. DNA hybridization detection with concentration ranging from 10 aM to 100 fM is achieved, with a limit of detection (LoD) of ∼0.1 aM and sensitivity of 1.626 nm/lg(aM). In addition, single-base mismatched detection of 20-base target DNA with high specificity is achieved. The proposed biosensor has the advantages of ultra-low LoD, high specificity, and real-time detection, having broad application prospects in fields such as disease diagnosis, microbial detection, and environmental science.
提出并演示了一种基于双模超光纤环形激光的无标记超灵敏脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）生物传感器。为了在有源光纤环形激光腔内激发强倏逝波，实现单纵模激光选模，研制了一种锥形双模光纤干涉仪（TTMFI）。自组装的四面体DNA纳米结构探针被功能化到TTMFI表面，具有更高的DNA结合效率和增强的光相互作用。DNA杂交检测的浓度范围为10 aM ~ 100 fM，检测限（LoD）为~ 0.1 aM，灵敏度为1.626 nm/lg（aM）。此外，还实现了高特异性的20碱基靶DNA单碱基错配检测。该传感器具有超低LoD、高特异性、实时检测等优点，在疾病诊断、微生物检测、环境科学等领域具有广阔的应用前景。
{"title":"Label-free, ultra-sensitive DNA biosensing using active two-mode microfiber ring laser functionalized by self-assembled DNA nanoprobes","authors":"Jiale Xie, Kai Zhang, Yutian Liu, Zijun Zhang, Qinran Jiang, Zhimin Hu, Yini Lv, Jingli Wang, Hongdan Wan","doi":"10.1063/5.0309643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0309643","url":null,"abstract":"A label-free, ultra-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) biosensor based on two-mode microfiber ring laser is proposed and demonstrated. A tapered two-mode fiber interferometer (TTMFI) is developed to excite strong evanescent waves and achieve single-longitudinal-mode laser mode-selection inside an active fiber ring laser cavity. Self-assembled tetrahedral DNA nanostructure probes are functionalized onto the TTMFI's surface, with increased DNA binding efficiency and enhanced light interaction. DNA hybridization detection with concentration ranging from 10 aM to 100 fM is achieved, with a limit of detection (LoD) of ∼0.1 aM and sensitivity of 1.626 nm/lg(aM). In addition, single-base mismatched detection of 20-base target DNA with high specificity is achieved. The proposed biosensor has the advantages of ultra-low LoD, high specificity, and real-time detection, having broad application prospects in fields such as disease diagnosis, microbial detection, and environmental science.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yalin Zhang, Genhong Dai, Yilin Zhang, Liang He, Yu Deng, Yan Zhu, Min Zhou, Tong Wang, Tian-Wei Wang, Zhongwen Xing
This study investigates the interplay between superconductivity and topological surface states in heterostructures formed by combining the well-known three-dimensional topological insulator Sb2Te3 with the iron chalcogenide superconductor FeSe0.5Te0.5, which is characterized by its simple crystal structure and high critical field. Remarkably, even with a certain lattice mismatch between Sb2Te3 and FeSe0.5Te0.5, superconductivity is successfully induced on the surface of Sb2Te3 film, as demonstrated by the observation of a zero-resistance state. Based on this observation, we conducted a detailed investigation into the impact of Sb2Te3 film thickness on superconductivity in these heterostructures. Our results show that the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) decreases as the Sb2Te3 film thickness increases, yet remains unexpectedly high, even for films as thick as about 670 nm. This suggests that the long-range superconducting proximity effects in Sb2Te3 films are likely due to the topological surface states, which possess long mean free paths. The Sb2Se3/FeSe0.5Te0.5 heterostructure formed using Sb2Se3 without topological surface states, along with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of Sb2Te3/FeSe0.5Te0.5, further suggested the possible coexistence of topological surface states and superconductivity in the Sb2Te3/FeSe0.5Te0.5 heterostructure. These findings offer an excellent platform for exploring the properties of topological superconductivity and detecting Majorana fermions.
{"title":"Investigation of long-range superconducting proximity effects in Sb2Te3/FeSe0.5Te0.5 heterostructures with topological surface states","authors":"Yalin Zhang, Genhong Dai, Yilin Zhang, Liang He, Yu Deng, Yan Zhu, Min Zhou, Tong Wang, Tian-Wei Wang, Zhongwen Xing","doi":"10.1063/5.0300607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0300607","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the interplay between superconductivity and topological surface states in heterostructures formed by combining the well-known three-dimensional topological insulator Sb2Te3 with the iron chalcogenide superconductor FeSe0.5Te0.5, which is characterized by its simple crystal structure and high critical field. Remarkably, even with a certain lattice mismatch between Sb2Te3 and FeSe0.5Te0.5, superconductivity is successfully induced on the surface of Sb2Te3 film, as demonstrated by the observation of a zero-resistance state. Based on this observation, we conducted a detailed investigation into the impact of Sb2Te3 film thickness on superconductivity in these heterostructures. Our results show that the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) decreases as the Sb2Te3 film thickness increases, yet remains unexpectedly high, even for films as thick as about 670 nm. This suggests that the long-range superconducting proximity effects in Sb2Te3 films are likely due to the topological surface states, which possess long mean free paths. The Sb2Se3/FeSe0.5Te0.5 heterostructure formed using Sb2Se3 without topological surface states, along with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of Sb2Te3/FeSe0.5Te0.5, further suggested the possible coexistence of topological surface states and superconductivity in the Sb2Te3/FeSe0.5Te0.5 heterostructure. These findings offer an excellent platform for exploring the properties of topological superconductivity and detecting Majorana fermions.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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