Applied psychology. Health and well-being最新文献

Emotional health issues are on the rise globally. Exercise is a validated, stigma-free intervention. However, its monotony and self-discipline demands may hinder participation. Exergaming, blending exercise with gaming, presents an appealing alternative with emotional benefits. However, it remains unclear whether these benefits are stem primarily from the exercise or the game component. Here, we examined the contributions of each component to the emotional benefits within a single session. Using Ring Fit Adventure, participants completed three 20-min activities: exergaming, sedentary gaming, and video watching. Results showed that exergaming yielded the greatest improvements in positive affect and mitigations in state depression, followed by sedentary gaming and then video watching, suggesting the contributions of both exercise and game components. Our study highlights exergaming as a promising, stigma-free, non-pharmacological intervention for emotional well-being. Even a single session demonstrates its potential, and it also underscores exergaming's role in addressing global physical inactivity.

An expert meeting convened at the European Health Psychology Society conference in 2019 concluded that, to develop effective habit-based interventions, more knowledge was needed regarding how habit manifests in health behaviour, how to make and break habits, and how to develop optimal interventions. The articles included in this Collection represent remarkable progress in providing this knowledge. In this editorial, we discuss the various advances that these studies offer in understanding how to personalise and contextualise habit-based interventions, identifying which strategies appear effective for making and breaking habits, and highlighting constructs that may operate interdependently with habit to drive behaviour change maintenance. To maintain momentum in the development and application of habit theory for health, we encourage researchers to make greater use of artificial intelligence, both to learn more about habitual behaviour and to develop adaptive, user-centred interventions.

Low economic status is linked to poorer mental and physical well-being, but individual differences in emotional and cognitive resources may buffer this relationship. Indeed, previous research has shown that people with low income but a high sense of control have comparable levels of life satisfaction and health to people with higher income. Building on this, we conducted two cross-sectional online studies with US participants to examine whether healthy emotionality—a predisposition to adaptive affective responses—buffers the negative effects of low economic status on well-being. In Study 1 (N = 259), participants completed the Emotional Style Questionnaire, rated their life satisfaction and health, and reported annual household income. In Study 2 (N = 902), we used more comprehensive assessments of income and well-being, and additionally compared the moderating effects of healthy emotionality and sense of control. In both studies, healthy emotionality significantly moderated the relationship between income and well-being: individuals with high healthy emotionality maintained higher well-being despite low economic status. This buffering effect remained significant when the sense of control was included in the model. These results suggest that healthy emotionality is a robust resilience factor against socioeconomic adversity that goes beyond the protective role of perceived control.

Although students' proactive behaviors are known to positively impact their performance, the mechanisms and conditions shaping this relationship remain largely unexplored and not well understood. In the present study, using proactivity theory as an overarching framework, we propose that two forms of proactive behaviors – strengths use and playful study design – may enhance students' flow experiences. In turn, student's flow is hypothesized to be positively associated with subsequent attentional outcomes. Furthermore, drawing on reward sensitivity theory, we test moderation conditions and propose that individual differences in reward sensitivity moderate the relationship between proactive behaviors and flow. To test these hypotheses, we employed an experience sampling method (N_between = 117, N_within = 1,085) in combination with a computerized task to assess subjective attentional focus and objective attentional performance. Multilevel analyses revealed that strengths use and playful study design were positively associated with student flow experiences. There were mixed findings regarding flow and its attentional outcomes. Flow was positively related to subjective attentional focus but was not significantly related to objective attentional performance. These findings largely support our hypotheses and underscore the potential of proactive behaviors to positively impact students' daily well-being and their implications on attentional outcomes.

Organizations play a pivotal role in fostering employee safety behavior. Building on the social identity approach, we argue that organizational identification facilitates the internalization of organizational norms and values. Thus, organizational identification should strengthen the influence of organizational climate on employee behavior. More specifically, we predicted that the relationship between perceived COVID-19 safety climate and COVID-19 safety behavior (both at work and outside of work) would be stronger the more employees identify with their organization. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a two-wave lagged study with 709 employees after the lifting of government-imposed COVID-19 restrictions. Results showed that perceived COVID-19 safety climate predicted COVID-19 safety behavior at work, but not in the non-work domain. Organizational identification moderated the relationship between perceived COVID-19 safety climate and COVID-19 safety behavior in the non-work domain, but not at work. In particular, the positive link between safety climate and safety behavior outside of work emerged only for employees who strongly identified with their organization. Our findings highlight that organizational identification not only influences employee behavior within the workplace but also shapes how employees apply organizational safety norms in their non-work domain.

Five decades of continuous research have revealed the relationship between income and subjective well-being (SWB) to be complex and multifaceted. Recent studies demonstrate significant variation in the importance of income for well-being across a variety of social contexts. A portion of this work has focused on Latin America, which contains some of the happiest countries in the world despite having relatively low standards of living and prosperity. Explanations for this paradox have usually focused on the role of culture, suggesting that income may be less relevant for shaping well-being in cultures that place more importance on strong ties to family, friends, and community rather than financial prosperity. The current study investigates whether the same pattern of findings holds in the U.S. among more and less acculturated Latine respondents in Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data after controlling for other key factors that influence SWB. Results reinforce the potential role of culture in moderating the income-happiness relationship, highlight the importance of not treating Latine people as a monolithic group in social science and public health research, and help address why findings regarding the relationship between income and SWB vary so much across populations and methodological approaches.

It is well established that inter-individual differences in life satisfaction positively predict health, but it is less clear how intra-individual variability in life satisfaction across time could influence health, particularly across individuals with different satisfaction levels. To address this gap, we analysed a large panel dataset from a national sample of 8,674 older adults, aged 50–70 (M = 59, SD = 5.42) in Singapore who completed surveys over 53 consecutive months. Results from multi-level modelling showed an interaction between variability in life satisfaction and life satisfaction mean on physical health. Specifically, there was no association between variability and health among individuals with higher satisfaction, but variability positively predicted health among individuals with lower satisfaction. This pattern of results suggests the importance of further investigation considering both variability and mean level of life satisfaction when examining health. Potential explanations for our findings, including the strengths and limitations of the current study and future research are discussed.

Individuals face many barriers to healthy behaviors, including a lack of time. Some research finds that individuals “borrow” from time that could be spent on health to “pay” for demands in other domains of their lives. This study aims to further explore these trade-offs as they are motivated by a broader set of life domains (assessing conflict across work, family, and school domains) and as they relate to participation in multiple health behaviors (examining sleep, diet, and exercise behaviors). This study also aims to provide insights that could reduce trade-offs, identifying individual and organizational characteristics that moderate the work-family-school conflict and health behavior relationship. Finally, we aim to better understand the decisional and motivational processes influencing trade-offs by examining the value placed on each health behavior. Seventy-three employed students completed a daily diary study assessing daily levels of work-family-school conflict and behaviors related to sleep, diet, and exercise. Multi-level modeling revealed a curvilinear relationship between work-family-school conflict and exercise and a negative linear relationship between work-family-school conflict and sleep. Proactive personality and time management moderated the work-family-school conflict and exercise relationship. Coping moderated the relationship between work-school-family conflict and daily time spent sleeping. Family supportive supervisor behaviors and workplace health climate moderated the relationship between work-family-school conflict and exercise. A latent profile analysis revealed differences in value placed on various health behaviors, and these value profiles moderated the relationship between work-family-school conflict and exercise. These results shed light on the trade-offs that may take place for busy individuals when time is scarce and provide insights that could be useful in promoting valuable health behaviors.

While research on internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is growing, questions remain regarding its mechanisms and broader benefits beyond reducing insomnia. The present study aims to contribute to the literature by developing, implementing, and evaluating a new internet-based self-help CBT-I among community adults with mild-to-moderate insomnia in Hong Kong. Participants were randomly assigned to either a CBT-I intervention group (n = 179) or a waitlist control group (n = 179). Both groups completed questionnaire measures at baseline (T1), immediately after the intervention (T2), and 4 weeks post-intervention (T3). Compared to the control group, the intervention group demonstrated greater reductions in insomnia symptoms, sleep disturbance, pre-sleep arousal, maladaptive sleep hygiene practices, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, depressive and anxiety symptoms, cognitive impairments, and work and social difficulties, as well as greater improvements in well-being and health-related quality of life at both T2 and T3. The effect sizes of these changes ranged from small to medium. Mediation analyses further revealed that pre-sleep arousal significantly mediated the effects of the intervention on insomnia symptoms. Importantly, our findings demonstrate that internet-based self-help CBT-I effectively reduces insomnia severity, with pre-sleep arousal as a key mechanism, and yields broader benefits, such as alleviating affective symptoms and functional impairments and promoting health and wellness. Given its efficacy, accessibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, this intervention represents a promising first-line approach for managing insomnia in the community.

Adults spend a significant amount of time alone every day, but mindfulness factors influencing the experience of solitude (time spent alone) are underexplored. Based on person-environment fit theory, we examined the moderating role of five facets of trait mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experiences, and nonreactivity to inner experiences) on the relationship between solitude and affective experiences. In this experience sampling study, 188 adults (M_age = 51.47, SD_age = 17.75, range = 19–93, 66.50% female) in Hong Kong completed a trait mindfulness questionnaire and then were notified five times a day for seven consecutive days to report their momentary social situation (in solitude or not) and affective states. We found that higher scores on describing and acting with awareness weakened the negative association between solitude and high-arousal positive affect. Higher nonreactivity to inner experiences amplified the positive association between solitude and low-arousal positive affect. Higher observing weakened the positive association between solitude and low-arousal negative affect. These findings enhance our understanding of solitude experiences by highlighting the role of trait mindfulness in enhancing affective experiences in solitude.