Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100086
M. Kang, Yoon-Sung Choi, Jiyoung Lee, K. Shin, Y. Uh, Young Kwon Kim, Hyunwoo Jin, Sunghyun Kim
Background: Although Candida albicans is considered to be the major fungal pathogen of candidemia, severe infections by non-albicans Candida (NAC) spp. have been on the increase in recent years. Among NAC spp., C. glabrata has emerged as the second most common pathogen. Unlike other Candida spp., it is often resistant to various azole antifungal agents, such as fluconazole. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate its structure, epidemiology, and basic biology. Recently, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) has been developed as a highly useful and portable molecular biology technique. Methods: In the present study, MLST was performed with a total of 102 C. glabrata clinical isolates that were isolated from various types of clinical specimens. The present study was performed with a total of 102 C. glabrata clinical isolates that were isolated from various types of clinical specimens. The fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene wad amplified and sequenced to identify and confirm C. glabrata clinical isolates. For MLST, six housekeeping genes including 1,3-beta-glucan synthase (FKS), 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (LEU2),myristoyl-CoA, protein Nmyristoyltransferase (NMT1), phosphoribosyl-anthranilate isomerase (TRP1), UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (UGP1), and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (URA3) were amplified and sequenced. The results were analyzed by using the C. glabrata database. Results: Of a total of 3,345 base-pair DNA sequences, 49 (1.5%) variable nucleotide sites were found and the results showed that a total of 12 different sequence types (STs) were identified from the 102 clinical isolates. As classified by STs, The ST138 was the most predominant sequence type (ST) in this study as a result of 52.9% (54/102), and the following most predominant ST was the ST63 as a result of 23.5% (24/102). Conclusion: In conclusion, this data demonstrated that the ST138 was the most predominant ST in Korea. Further, we found eight undetermined STs (USTs) and then seven STs among these STs were given the number by PubMLST database. The data from this study might provide a fundamental database for further studies on C. glabrata, including its epidemiology, and evolution. Furthermore, the data might also contribute to the development of novel antifungal agents and diagnostic tests.
{"title":"Genetic Variations of Candida glabrata Clinical Isolates from Korea using Multilocus Sequence Typing","authors":"M. Kang, Yoon-Sung Choi, Jiyoung Lee, K. Shin, Y. Uh, Young Kwon Kim, Hyunwoo Jin, Sunghyun Kim","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100086","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Although Candida albicans is considered to be the major fungal pathogen of candidemia, severe infections by non-albicans Candida (NAC) spp. have been on the increase in recent years. Among NAC spp., C. glabrata has emerged as the second most common pathogen. Unlike other Candida spp., it is often resistant to various azole antifungal agents, such as fluconazole. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate its structure, epidemiology, and basic biology. Recently, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) has been developed as a highly useful and portable molecular biology technique. Methods: In the present study, MLST was performed with a total of 102 C. glabrata clinical isolates that were isolated from various types of clinical specimens. The present study was performed with a total of 102 C. glabrata clinical isolates that were isolated from various types of clinical specimens. The fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene wad amplified and sequenced to identify and confirm C. glabrata clinical isolates. For MLST, six housekeeping genes including 1,3-beta-glucan synthase (FKS), 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (LEU2),myristoyl-CoA, protein Nmyristoyltransferase (NMT1), phosphoribosyl-anthranilate isomerase (TRP1), UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (UGP1), and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (URA3) were amplified and sequenced. The results were analyzed by using the C. glabrata database. Results: Of a total of 3,345 base-pair DNA sequences, 49 (1.5%) variable nucleotide sites were found and the results showed that a total of 12 different sequence types (STs) were identified from the 102 clinical isolates. As classified by STs, The ST138 was the most predominant sequence type (ST) in this study as a result of 52.9% (54/102), and the following most predominant ST was the ST63 as a result of 23.5% (24/102). Conclusion: In conclusion, this data demonstrated that the ST138 was the most predominant ST in Korea. Further, we found eight undetermined STs (USTs) and then seven STs among these STs were given the number by PubMLST database. The data from this study might provide a fundamental database for further studies on C. glabrata, including its epidemiology, and evolution. Furthermore, the data might also contribute to the development of novel antifungal agents and diagnostic tests.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73683295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100087
John Wisdom Maji, Musa Daniel Danladi, S. AghemwenhioItohan, Ra
The importance of regular hand washing cannot be overemphasized, as this study reviewed the need to constantly wash our hands as well as the benefits derived from the practice and also pointed out the consequences of not regularly observing this healthy practice. The following species were isolated from swabs from different primary school pupils from private and government owned primary schools, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., E. coli and Bacillus spp. Swabs from pupils showed the following result of cfu mean total viable count; 1.61 × 104, 1.52 × 102, 1.61 × 101 and 1.8 × 102. This result was obtained from pupils from the four schools; Sada primary school, Dammy preparatory School, Apollo nursery and primary school, Gummi primary school(Government school) respectively. Microbial population was more in the Government School than in the private schools. The isolated organisms were quite resistant to most of the antibiotics used, however, Staphyloccus sp. Was most sensitive to streptomycin, while Bacillus sp. was most sensitive to perfloxacin, E. coli and Salmonella sp. were very sensitive to ciprofloxacin. I therefore conclude that since the hand is a major reservoir of enteric diseases , there is need to create public awareness and build a global network on hand washing bearing the health implications of dirty and contaminated hands; therefore Proper hygiene and public enlightenment of the hands in disease dissemination should be advocated. Promotion of good hygiene by school teachers is very important, hence, key hygiene habits such as good hand washing practice that are likely to be taken further into adulthood can be adopted by encouraging millions of school children to engage in these good repetitive behaviors.
{"title":"Comparative Studies on the Bacteria associated with Hands of School Pupils’ in Government and Private Primary Schools in Dutsin-MA, Kastina State","authors":"John Wisdom Maji, Musa Daniel Danladi, S. AghemwenhioItohan, Ra","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100087","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of regular hand washing cannot be overemphasized, as this study reviewed the need to constantly wash our hands as well as the benefits derived from the practice and also pointed out the consequences of not regularly observing this healthy practice. The following species were isolated from swabs from different primary school pupils from private and government owned primary schools, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., E. coli and Bacillus spp. Swabs from pupils showed the following result of cfu mean total viable count; 1.61 × 104, 1.52 × 102, 1.61 × 101 and 1.8 × 102. This result was obtained from pupils from the four schools; Sada primary school, Dammy preparatory School, Apollo nursery and primary school, Gummi primary school(Government school) respectively. Microbial population was more in the Government School than in the private schools. The isolated organisms were quite resistant to most of the antibiotics used, however, Staphyloccus sp. Was most sensitive to streptomycin, while Bacillus sp. was most sensitive to perfloxacin, E. coli and Salmonella sp. were very sensitive to ciprofloxacin. I therefore conclude that since the hand is a major reservoir of enteric diseases , there is need to create public awareness and build a global network on hand washing bearing the health implications of dirty and contaminated hands; therefore Proper hygiene and public enlightenment of the hands in disease dissemination should be advocated. Promotion of good hygiene by school teachers is very important, hence, key hygiene habits such as good hand washing practice that are likely to be taken further into adulthood can be adopted by encouraging millions of school children to engage in these good repetitive behaviors.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72710906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100083
S. Puttaswamy, Sagar K. Gupta, Hariharan Regunath, L. Smith, Shramik Sengupta
Tools and instruments available in the clinical microbiology labs for analysis of patient samples and diagnosis are constantly evolving. The main impetus behind this is to decrease the overall time taken to obtain the results from the instruments, enhance the ease of sample processing, increasing the sample turn-around time with the ultimate goal of earlier patient treatment and better recovery rates. This is especially true in the case of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), where every hour saved in obtaining the results leading to an earlier switch to targeted antibiotic therapy will have a direct influence on improving clinical outcomes. Reduction in the time to obtain AST results reduces the duration of use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which in turn decreases the emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Many of the traditional methods available for AST are labor intensive and slow despite being precise in obtaining results. Thus, there is a trend towards development and use of automated diagnostic devices which are rapid and easy to use. This review article provides a detailed summary of traditional AST methods, currently used automated methods, and focuses on some of the promising emerging and future technologies in the field of rapid antibiotic susceptibility profiling.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Present and Future Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) Systems","authors":"S. Puttaswamy, Sagar K. Gupta, Hariharan Regunath, L. Smith, Shramik Sengupta","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100083","url":null,"abstract":"Tools and instruments available in the clinical microbiology labs for analysis of patient samples and diagnosis are constantly evolving. The main impetus behind this is to decrease the overall time taken to obtain the results from the instruments, enhance the ease of sample processing, increasing the sample turn-around time with the ultimate goal of earlier patient treatment and better recovery rates. This is especially true in the case of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), where every hour saved in obtaining the results leading to an earlier switch to targeted antibiotic therapy will have a direct influence on improving clinical outcomes. Reduction in the time to obtain AST results reduces the duration of use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which in turn decreases the emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Many of the traditional methods available for AST are labor intensive and slow despite being precise in obtaining results. Thus, there is a trend towards development and use of automated diagnostic devices which are rapid and easy to use. This review article provides a detailed summary of traditional AST methods, currently used automated methods, and focuses on some of the promising emerging and future technologies in the field of rapid antibiotic susceptibility profiling.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77622999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100073
C. Medicina, G. Mabel, M. Greta, C. William, C. Maritza, R. Richar, S. Hiromu
Background: Fascioliasis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by trematodes F. hepatica and F. gigantica. The clinical signs, symptoms and laboratory tests are related to acute, latent or chronic phase of infection. Usually it is characterized by fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, high leukocyte count, vague gastrointestinal disturbances, biliary obstruction with intermittent jaundice, and eosinophilia. Methods and findings: A 7-year-old girl from a rural Andean area of Ecuador presented with a persistent hypereosinophilia. Leukocyte count was 35,200 mm3, with 60% eosinophilia. Anamnesis and physical examination did not reveal any signs or symptoms of infection. Ova, characteristic of Fasciola spp. were observed in the patient’s stool by direct microscopic examination and confirmed to be F. hepatica by the sequence analysis of the PCR amplicons of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) gene. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a liver of normal shape, size and location with no dilation of the intra or extra-hepatic biliary tract. The patient was successfully treated with triclabendazole, 10 mg/kg for two consecutive days. Conclusions: Clinicians and lab technicians working in endemic and non-endemic areas for fascioliasis should consider the possibility of this parasitic infection in clinically asymptomatic patients with persistent eosinophilia in order to avoid erroneous diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Asymptomatic Fasciola hepatica Infection presenting with Hypereosinophilia","authors":"C. Medicina, G. Mabel, M. Greta, C. William, C. Maritza, R. Richar, S. Hiromu","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100073","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fascioliasis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by trematodes F. hepatica and F. gigantica. The clinical signs, symptoms and laboratory tests are related to acute, latent or chronic phase of infection. Usually it is characterized by fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, high leukocyte count, vague gastrointestinal disturbances, biliary obstruction with intermittent jaundice, and eosinophilia. Methods and findings: A 7-year-old girl from a rural Andean area of Ecuador presented with a persistent hypereosinophilia. Leukocyte count was 35,200 mm3, with 60% eosinophilia. Anamnesis and physical examination did not reveal any signs or symptoms of infection. Ova, characteristic of Fasciola spp. were observed in the patient’s stool by direct microscopic examination and confirmed to be F. hepatica by the sequence analysis of the PCR amplicons of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) gene. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a liver of normal shape, size and location with no dilation of the intra or extra-hepatic biliary tract. The patient was successfully treated with triclabendazole, 10 mg/kg for two consecutive days. Conclusions: Clinicians and lab technicians working in endemic and non-endemic areas for fascioliasis should consider the possibility of this parasitic infection in clinically asymptomatic patients with persistent eosinophilia in order to avoid erroneous diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83604344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100072
S. FatmaIbrahim, T. El-SaidEl-Banna, Abdullahi Aa, E. El-Ekhnawy
Background: Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in many cases appears to be associated with some biological changes. Methods and Findings: In this study 88 vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) were isolated from Tanta. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed. Some of its biological characters were studied including autolytic activity, coagulase production, surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation. Conclusion: As observed, vancomycin MICs of the selected VRSA isolates were directly proportional to their hydrophobicity index and biofilm production. On the other hand, MICs were inversely proportional to coagulase activity (the higher the dye diffusion, the lower the coagulase activity).
{"title":"Biological Characters of Vancomycin ResistantStaphylococcus aureus Isolates from aUniversity Hospital in Egypt","authors":"S. FatmaIbrahim, T. El-SaidEl-Banna, Abdullahi Aa, E. El-Ekhnawy","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100072","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in many cases appears to be associated with some biological changes. Methods and Findings: In this study 88 vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) were isolated from Tanta. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed. Some of its biological characters were studied including autolytic activity, coagulase production, surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation. Conclusion: As observed, vancomycin MICs of the selected VRSA isolates were directly proportional to their hydrophobicity index and biofilm production. On the other hand, MICs were inversely proportional to coagulase activity (the higher the dye diffusion, the lower the coagulase activity).","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86757856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100076
Okonkwo Ec, Orji Jo, Aondoackaa Ad, Ugbo En, Moses Ib, Ogene L, Nwuna En
Title: Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolates bacteriologically recovered from urine samples of pupils. Background: The emergence and spread of strains of S. aureus that are resistant to some first line antibiotics is of public health importance. Staphylococcus aureus is ubiquitously found in the environment as a commensal organism, but pathogenic strains of the bacterium that are resistant to some commonly available antibiotics puts antimicrobial therapy at risk. This study reports the prevalence and sensitivity of S. aureus from primary school pupils. Methods and findings: A total of 25 urine samples were collected and bacteriologically analyzed for the isolation of S. aureus isolates. The antibiogram of the S. aureus isolates was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as per the CLSI guideline. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS. Out of 25 urine samples screened for the isolation of S. aureus, 22 (88%) of them were confirmed positive. S. aureus was found to be higher in females 12 (93.3%) compared to males (n=10; 83.3%). In females, the occurrence of S. aureus isolates was highest among pupils aged ≤ 7 years (n=6; 100%), and this was followed by pupils aged 8-10 years (n=4; 80%). S. aureus isolates was least recovered from urine samples of pupils aged ≥ 12 years (n=2; 100%). There was no statistical difference in the rate of isolation of S. aureus isolates in relation to the age and sex of the pupils recruited for this study. The S. aureus isolates were resistant or intermediately resistant to ampicillin (77.2%), chloramphenicol (72.2%), ampicillin (77.2%) and levofloxacin (59.0%). But they were considerably sensitive to gentamicin (77.2%) and ciprofloxacin (72.7%). Conclusions: Our study has shown that S. aureus isolates from apparently healthy pupils are drug resistant in nature. We recommend a periodic screening of environmental isolates of S. aureus in order to contain any disease outbreak due to drug resistant S. aureus isolates.
{"title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic SensitivityPattern of Staphylococcus aureusIsolates of Non-Hospital Origin","authors":"Okonkwo Ec, Orji Jo, Aondoackaa Ad, Ugbo En, Moses Ib, Ogene L, Nwuna En","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100076","url":null,"abstract":"Title: Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolates bacteriologically recovered from urine samples of pupils. Background: The emergence and spread of strains of S. aureus that are resistant to some first line antibiotics is of public health importance. Staphylococcus aureus is ubiquitously found in the environment as a commensal organism, but pathogenic strains of the bacterium that are resistant to some commonly available antibiotics puts antimicrobial therapy at risk. This study reports the prevalence and sensitivity of S. aureus from primary school pupils. Methods and findings: A total of 25 urine samples were collected and bacteriologically analyzed for the isolation of S. aureus isolates. The antibiogram of the S. aureus isolates was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as per the CLSI guideline. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS. Out of 25 urine samples screened for the isolation of S. aureus, 22 (88%) of them were confirmed positive. S. aureus was found to be higher in females 12 (93.3%) compared to males (n=10; 83.3%). In females, the occurrence of S. aureus isolates was highest among pupils aged ≤ 7 years (n=6; 100%), and this was followed by pupils aged 8-10 years (n=4; 80%). S. aureus isolates was least recovered from urine samples of pupils aged ≥ 12 years (n=2; 100%). There was no statistical difference in the rate of isolation of S. aureus isolates in relation to the age and sex of the pupils recruited for this study. The S. aureus isolates were resistant or intermediately resistant to ampicillin (77.2%), chloramphenicol (72.2%), ampicillin (77.2%) and levofloxacin (59.0%). But they were considerably sensitive to gentamicin (77.2%) and ciprofloxacin (72.7%). Conclusions: Our study has shown that S. aureus isolates from apparently healthy pupils are drug resistant in nature. We recommend a periodic screening of environmental isolates of S. aureus in order to contain any disease outbreak due to drug resistant S. aureus isolates.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84903798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100080
M. OgalueUchenna, M. EkejinduIfeoma, Ochiabuto Omtb, Obi Mc, Obeagu EmmanuelI, S. EkelozieIfeoma
An epidemiological study was carried out on school children in some flood affected areas of Ogbaru local government Anambra state Nigeria to assess their health and environment after the 2011/2012 flood. Four hundred and eighty primary school children were examined for intestinal parasite, malaria parasite and anaemia. Formol acetate concentration method was used to analyse the stool samples for intestinal parasites. Giemsia’s staining technique was used for malaria parasite test, while Haematocrit packed cell volume capillary method and cyanmethaemoglobin method were used to screen for anaemia. Fifty two point five (52.5%) percent were infected with one or more of the intestinal parasites. Eighty six point four six percent (86.46%) were infected with malaria parasite, while 55.21% were anaemic (hemoglobin <11 g/dl). Ascaris lumbricoides was the highest (29.20%) intestinal parasites obtained while Hymenolepis nana was least (2.35%). The highest rate of intestinal parasite infection was seen in the age group10-13 years (52.54%) and the least was from 14-17 years (49.02%). Intestinal parasites were more in females (51.29%) than in males (48.08%). The highest rate of infection with malaria parasite was seen among the ages of 6-9years (89.83%) while 10-13 years and 14-17 years had a prevalence of 85.17% and 85.62% respectively. Malaria infection was more prevalent in males (45.83%) than females (40.63%). The highest prevalence of anaemia was seen between the ages of 10- 13 (57.77%) and the least 14-17 (52.29%). Forty seven point five percent of the children had both malaria parasite and anaemia. There was significant association between PCV of malaria infected children and non infected children (p<0.05). These findings suggest that this area has some major public health challenges therefore the need for adequate measures to remedy the situation and avoid epidemics.
{"title":"Intestinal Parasites, Malaria and Anemiaamong School Children in Some FloodAffected Areas of Ogbaru Local GovernmentAnambra State, Nigeria","authors":"M. OgalueUchenna, M. EkejinduIfeoma, Ochiabuto Omtb, Obi Mc, Obeagu EmmanuelI, S. EkelozieIfeoma","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100080","url":null,"abstract":"An epidemiological study was carried out on school children in some flood affected areas of Ogbaru local government Anambra state Nigeria to assess their health and environment after the 2011/2012 flood. Four hundred and eighty primary school children were examined for intestinal parasite, malaria parasite and anaemia. Formol acetate concentration method was used to analyse the stool samples for intestinal parasites. Giemsia’s staining technique was used for malaria parasite test, while Haematocrit packed cell volume capillary method and cyanmethaemoglobin method were used to screen for anaemia. Fifty two point five (52.5%) percent were infected with one or more of the intestinal parasites. Eighty six point four six percent (86.46%) were infected with malaria parasite, while 55.21% were anaemic (hemoglobin <11 g/dl). Ascaris lumbricoides was the highest (29.20%) intestinal parasites obtained while Hymenolepis nana was least (2.35%). The highest rate of intestinal parasite infection was seen in the age group10-13 years (52.54%) and the least was from 14-17 years (49.02%). Intestinal parasites were more in females (51.29%) than in males (48.08%). The highest rate of infection with malaria parasite was seen among the ages of 6-9years (89.83%) while 10-13 years and 14-17 years had a prevalence of 85.17% and 85.62% respectively. Malaria infection was more prevalent in males (45.83%) than females (40.63%). The highest prevalence of anaemia was seen between the ages of 10- 13 (57.77%) and the least 14-17 (52.29%). Forty seven point five percent of the children had both malaria parasite and anaemia. There was significant association between PCV of malaria infected children and non infected children (p<0.05). These findings suggest that this area has some major public health challenges therefore the need for adequate measures to remedy the situation and avoid epidemics.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76943644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100084
A. Aguirre-Quiñonero, Rodríguez-Achaer, A. Io, F. Calvo-Muro, A. Canut-Blasco
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections are the second most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STI) in our area [1-3]. Resistance to this microorganism is currently considered a global threat by the World Health Organization (WHO). Current Spanish guidelines recommend a dual therapy with extended-spectrum cephalosporines (such as cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime or cefixime) and azithromycin (AZT) [4]. Dual therapy has shown synergy in-vitro and in-vivo and is effective against Chlamydia trachomatis. In pharyngeal infections cephalosporins have shown to be less effective than quinolones; thus, UK guideline recommend ciprofloxacin (CIP) in pharyngeal infection if the isolate is known to be quinolone susceptible. On the other hand, European and German guidelines recommend quinolones as an alternative treatment in pharyngeal infections if the isolated strain is susceptible to these compounds and there are indications against using ceftriaxone [5].
{"title":"Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Quinolones and Azithromycin: ItsImplication in the Treatment of Pharyngeal Infection","authors":"A. Aguirre-Quiñonero, Rodríguez-Achaer, A. Io, F. Calvo-Muro, A. Canut-Blasco","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100084","url":null,"abstract":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections are the second most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STI) in our area [1-3]. Resistance to this microorganism is currently considered a global threat by the World Health Organization (WHO). Current Spanish guidelines recommend a dual therapy with extended-spectrum cephalosporines (such as cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime or cefixime) and azithromycin (AZT) [4]. Dual therapy has shown synergy in-vitro and in-vivo and is effective against Chlamydia trachomatis. In pharyngeal infections cephalosporins have shown to be less effective than quinolones; thus, UK guideline recommend ciprofloxacin (CIP) in pharyngeal infection if the isolate is known to be quinolone susceptible. On the other hand, European and German guidelines recommend quinolones as an alternative treatment in pharyngeal infections if the isolated strain is susceptible to these compounds and there are indications against using ceftriaxone [5].","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82147975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100082
R. Rashid, A. Safari
Background: Widespread use of quinolones are increasing resistance to these antibiotic in Ureaplasma urealyticum. Quinolone resistance occur in U. urealyticum due to Point mutations in DNA topoisomerase and DNA gyrase genes (gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE). The aim of this study were determination of point mutation in clinical isolate by PCR and sequencing methods. Materials and Methods: To investigate the prevalence of quinolone resistance mutations, 30 U. urealyticum positive sample were gathered from pregnant women, referred to obstetrics and gynecology section or prenatal clinic in Beasat Hospital, Sanandaj, Iran. DNA extraction were performed. Point mutation of target genes were done after PCR amplification reaction by sequencing. Results: The results of gene sequencing showed that the substitution of amino acids in codon 83 parC happened in 5 samples. Aspartic acid 82 Asparagine change caused by amino acid substitution D to N happened in 4 cases. The results of the gyrA gene sequencing showed that the amino acid substitution in codon 104 occurred in 2 sample. GUL104LYS amino acid substitution change occurred in 5 samples. Conclusion: Quinolones are most common antibiotics effective in treatment infections caused by a U. urealyticum. Therefore early detection of resistance genes is essential to correct treatment regime to prevent the spread of resistant strains.
{"title":"Detection of Quinolones Resistance in Ureaplasma urealyticum Clinical Isolates","authors":"R. Rashid, A. Safari","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100082","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Widespread use of quinolones are increasing resistance to these antibiotic in Ureaplasma urealyticum. Quinolone resistance occur in U. urealyticum due to Point mutations in DNA topoisomerase and DNA gyrase genes (gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE). The aim of this study were determination of point mutation in clinical isolate by PCR and sequencing methods. Materials and Methods: To investigate the prevalence of quinolone resistance mutations, 30 U. urealyticum positive sample were gathered from pregnant women, referred to obstetrics and gynecology section or prenatal clinic in Beasat Hospital, Sanandaj, Iran. DNA extraction were performed. Point mutation of target genes were done after PCR amplification reaction by sequencing. Results: The results of gene sequencing showed that the substitution of amino acids in codon 83 parC happened in 5 samples. Aspartic acid 82 Asparagine change caused by amino acid substitution D to N happened in 4 cases. The results of the gyrA gene sequencing showed that the amino acid substitution in codon 104 occurred in 2 sample. GUL104LYS amino acid substitution change occurred in 5 samples. Conclusion: Quinolones are most common antibiotics effective in treatment infections caused by a U. urealyticum. Therefore early detection of resistance genes is essential to correct treatment regime to prevent the spread of resistant strains.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"392 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85004864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1989-8436.100071
Rania Aa, Nsreen Mk, R. Hel, Mona Ma
Methicillin resistance adds to the threat of staphylococcal infections in humans. The gene for methicillin resistance in staphylococci is not only mecA gene as it was thought. The recently discovered mecC gene in animal and human isolates also encodes for methicillin resistance. The prevalence of the novel gene may be underestimated. It is discovered so far in Europe with low prevalence. This study evaluates the existence of mecC gene in two Egyptian university hospitals. A total of 600 methicillin resistant (520 MRSA and 80 MRCoNS) isolates from two university hospitals were screened for discrepancy in susceptibility between cefoxitin (30 μg) and oxacillin (1 μg) by disc diffusion as a method that could be used to predict the potential existence of mecC gene whose protein product has noticeably higher affinity for oxacillin. Discordant isolates included in selected 150 samples (110 MRSA and 40 MR-CoNS) were tested by PBP2a latex agglutination test, and or conventional PCR for mecA gene. Samples negative for mecA gene were tested for oxacillin and cefoxitin MIC by Vitec II and for mecC gene by PCR. All discrepant isolates were positive for PBP2a latex agglutination and mecA PCR, while the 6 isolates (5.5%) negative for mecA by PCR were resistant to both cefoxitin and oxacillin by disc diffusion and by Vitec II. In addition, those 6 isolates negative for mecA were also negative for mecC gene. Thus mecC gene for methicillin resistance couldn’t be detected in this study, though this may be baseline for further prevalence studies.
{"title":"Evaluation for the Novel mecC MethicillinResistance among Methicillin ResistantStaphylococcal Isolates in two EgyptianUniversity Hospitals","authors":"Rania Aa, Nsreen Mk, R. Hel, Mona Ma","doi":"10.4172/1989-8436.100071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1989-8436.100071","url":null,"abstract":"Methicillin resistance adds to the threat of staphylococcal infections in humans. The gene for methicillin resistance in staphylococci is not only mecA gene as it was thought. The recently discovered mecC gene in animal and human isolates also encodes for methicillin resistance. The prevalence of the novel gene may be underestimated. It is discovered so far in Europe with low prevalence. This study evaluates the existence of mecC gene in two Egyptian university hospitals. A total of 600 methicillin resistant (520 MRSA and 80 MRCoNS) isolates from two university hospitals were screened for discrepancy in susceptibility between cefoxitin (30 μg) and oxacillin (1 μg) by disc diffusion as a method that could be used to predict the potential existence of mecC gene whose protein product has noticeably higher affinity for oxacillin. Discordant isolates included in selected 150 samples (110 MRSA and 40 MR-CoNS) were tested by PBP2a latex agglutination test, and or conventional PCR for mecA gene. Samples negative for mecA gene were tested for oxacillin and cefoxitin MIC by Vitec II and for mecC gene by PCR. All discrepant isolates were positive for PBP2a latex agglutination and mecA PCR, while the 6 isolates (5.5%) negative for mecA by PCR were resistant to both cefoxitin and oxacillin by disc diffusion and by Vitec II. In addition, those 6 isolates negative for mecA were also negative for mecC gene. Thus mecC gene for methicillin resistance couldn’t be detected in this study, though this may be baseline for further prevalence studies.","PeriodicalId":8142,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Microbiology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73980346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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