In this paper, we investigate the role of solar laser technology as a pivotal element in advancing sustainable and renewable energy. We begin by examining its wide-ranging applications across diverse fields, including remote communication, energy storage through magnesium production, and space exploration and communication. We address the current challenges faced by solar laser technology, which include the necessity for miniaturization, operation at natural sunlight intensity without the need for concentrated power, and efficient energy conversion. These improvements are essential to elevate their operational performance, beam quality, and cost-effectiveness. The promising prospects of space-based solar-pumped lasers and their potential role in magnesium generation for a sustainable energy future highlight some of the vast application opportunities that this novel technology could offer.
{"title":"Solar lasers: Why not?","authors":"Michael Küblböck, Jonathan Will, Hanieh Fattahi","doi":"10.1063/5.0209355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209355","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the role of solar laser technology as a pivotal element in advancing sustainable and renewable energy. We begin by examining its wide-ranging applications across diverse fields, including remote communication, energy storage through magnesium production, and space exploration and communication. We address the current challenges faced by solar laser technology, which include the necessity for miniaturization, operation at natural sunlight intensity without the need for concentrated power, and efficient energy conversion. These improvements are essential to elevate their operational performance, beam quality, and cost-effectiveness. The promising prospects of space-based solar-pumped lasers and their potential role in magnesium generation for a sustainable energy future highlight some of the vast application opportunities that this novel technology could offer.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141166773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qinan Jiang, Minglin Zhao, Yuanxiang Wang, Shuolin Wang, Jiantai Dou, Jun Liu, Bo Li, Youyou Hu
In this work, the second harmonic (SH) of higher-order Poincaré sphere (HOPS) beam was introduced and demonstrated with two orthogonal 5%MgO:PPLN crystals. Based on the quasi-phase-matching technique, the vectorial coupled wave equations were derived to simulate the SH of HOPS beams through the two crystals, including the cylindrical vector beams (CVBs), elliptically polarized CVBs (EPCVBs), and circularly polarized vortex beams. Then, the experimental setup was established to reveal that the SH of CVBs and EPCVBs present the four-lobed structure and still exhibit vector characteristics. Meanwhile, the circularly polarized vortex beams become the linearly polarized vortex beams with double phase topology, confirming the conservation of orbital angular momentum. Moreover, the maximum SH conversion efficiency of CVBs, EPCVBs, and circularly polarized vortex beams can reach 25.3%, 23.4%, and 29.4%, respectively, which may be instructive for promoting the SH generation of vector vortex beams with high efficiency.
{"title":"Second harmonic of higher-order Poincaré sphere beam with two orthogonal 5%MgO:PPLN crystals","authors":"Qinan Jiang, Minglin Zhao, Yuanxiang Wang, Shuolin Wang, Jiantai Dou, Jun Liu, Bo Li, Youyou Hu","doi":"10.1063/5.0198012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0198012","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the second harmonic (SH) of higher-order Poincaré sphere (HOPS) beam was introduced and demonstrated with two orthogonal 5%MgO:PPLN crystals. Based on the quasi-phase-matching technique, the vectorial coupled wave equations were derived to simulate the SH of HOPS beams through the two crystals, including the cylindrical vector beams (CVBs), elliptically polarized CVBs (EPCVBs), and circularly polarized vortex beams. Then, the experimental setup was established to reveal that the SH of CVBs and EPCVBs present the four-lobed structure and still exhibit vector characteristics. Meanwhile, the circularly polarized vortex beams become the linearly polarized vortex beams with double phase topology, confirming the conservation of orbital angular momentum. Moreover, the maximum SH conversion efficiency of CVBs, EPCVBs, and circularly polarized vortex beams can reach 25.3%, 23.4%, and 29.4%, respectively, which may be instructive for promoting the SH generation of vector vortex beams with high efficiency.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141166274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is crucial for ensuring product quality and safety across various industries. Conventional methods, such as ultrasonic, terahertz, and x-ray imaging, have limitations in terms of probe-contact requirement, depth resolution, or radiation risks. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising alternative to solve these limitations, but it suffers from strong scattering, limiting its penetration depth. Recently, OCT in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region has attracted attention with a significantly lower scattering rate than in the near-infrared region. However, the highest reported A-scan rate of MIR-OCT has been 3 kHz, which requires long data acquisition time to take an image, unsatisfying industrial demands for real-time diagnosis. Here, we present a high-speed MIR-OCT system operating in the 3–4 µm region that employs the frequency-swept spectrum detection in OCT technique based on time-stretch infrared spectroscopy. By integrating a broadband femtosecond MIR pulsed laser operating at a repetition rate of 50 MHz, we achieved an A-scan rate of 1 MHz with an axial resolution of 11.6 µm, a 10 dB roll-off depth of about 700 µm, and a sensitivity of 55 dB. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we imaged the surface of substrates covered by highly scattering paint coatings. The demonstrated A-scan rate surpasses previous state of the art by more than two orders of magnitude, paving the way for real-time NDT of industrial products, cultural assets, and structures.
无损检测（NDT）对于确保各行各业的产品质量和安全至关重要。超声波、太赫兹和 X 射线成像等传统方法在探头接触要求、深度分辨率或辐射风险方面存在局限性。光学相干断层扫描（OCT）是解决这些局限性的一个很有前途的替代方法，但它的散射很强，限制了其穿透深度。最近，中红外（MIR）光谱区域的光学相干断层扫描技术引起了人们的关注，因为它的散射率明显低于近红外区域。然而，目前报道的 MIR-OCT 最高 A 扫描速率为 3 kHz，这就需要较长的数据采集时间来获取图像，无法满足实时诊断的工业需求。在此，我们提出了一种工作在 3-4 µm 区域的高速 MIR-OCT 系统，该系统在基于时间拉伸红外光谱学的 OCT 技术中采用了频扫光谱检测技术。通过集成一个以 50 MHz 重复频率工作的宽带飞秒 MIR 脉冲激光器，我们实现了 1 MHz 的 A 扫描频率，轴向分辨率为 11.6 µm，10 dB 滚降深度约为 700 µm，灵敏度为 55 dB。作为概念验证演示，我们对被高散射涂料覆盖的基底表面进行了成像。所演示的 A 扫描速率比以前的技术水平高出两个数量级以上，为工业产品、文化资产和结构的实时无损检测铺平了道路。
{"title":"Mid-infrared optical coherence tomography with MHz axial line rate for real-time non-destructive testing","authors":"Satoko Yagi, Takuma Nakamura, Kazuki Hashimoto, Shotaro Kawano, Takuro Ideguchi","doi":"10.1063/5.0202019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0202019","url":null,"abstract":"Non-destructive testing (NDT) is crucial for ensuring product quality and safety across various industries. Conventional methods, such as ultrasonic, terahertz, and x-ray imaging, have limitations in terms of probe-contact requirement, depth resolution, or radiation risks. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising alternative to solve these limitations, but it suffers from strong scattering, limiting its penetration depth. Recently, OCT in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region has attracted attention with a significantly lower scattering rate than in the near-infrared region. However, the highest reported A-scan rate of MIR-OCT has been 3 kHz, which requires long data acquisition time to take an image, unsatisfying industrial demands for real-time diagnosis. Here, we present a high-speed MIR-OCT system operating in the 3–4 µm region that employs the frequency-swept spectrum detection in OCT technique based on time-stretch infrared spectroscopy. By integrating a broadband femtosecond MIR pulsed laser operating at a repetition rate of 50 MHz, we achieved an A-scan rate of 1 MHz with an axial resolution of 11.6 µm, a 10 dB roll-off depth of about 700 µm, and a sensitivity of 55 dB. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we imaged the surface of substrates covered by highly scattering paint coatings. The demonstrated A-scan rate surpasses previous state of the art by more than two orders of magnitude, paving the way for real-time NDT of industrial products, cultural assets, and structures.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141059321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrafast laser sources in the far ultraviolet (100–300 nm) have been the subject of intense experimental efforts for several decades, driven primarily by the requirements of advanced experiments in ultrafast science. Resonant dispersive wave emission from high-energy laser pulses undergoing soliton self-compression in a gas-filled hollow capillary fiber promises to meet several of these requirements for the first time, most importantly by combining wide-ranging wavelength tuneability with the generation of extremely short pulses. In this Perspective, we give an overview of this approach to ultrafast far-ultraviolet sources, including its historical origin and underlying physical mechanism, the state of the art and current challenges, and our view of potential applications both within and beyond ultrafast science.
{"title":"HISOL: High-energy soliton dynamics enable ultrafast far-ultraviolet laser sources","authors":"Christian Brahms, John C. Travers","doi":"10.1063/5.0206108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0206108","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrafast laser sources in the far ultraviolet (100–300 nm) have been the subject of intense experimental efforts for several decades, driven primarily by the requirements of advanced experiments in ultrafast science. Resonant dispersive wave emission from high-energy laser pulses undergoing soliton self-compression in a gas-filled hollow capillary fiber promises to meet several of these requirements for the first time, most importantly by combining wide-ranging wavelength tuneability with the generation of extremely short pulses. In this Perspective, we give an overview of this approach to ultrafast far-ultraviolet sources, including its historical origin and underlying physical mechanism, the state of the art and current challenges, and our view of potential applications both within and beyond ultrafast science.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. A. Ribenek, P. A. Itrin, D. A. Korobko, A. A. Fotiadi
Passive harmonic mode-locking of a soliton fiber laser locked to optoacoustic resonance (OAR) in the cavity fiber ensures high-frequency laser operation, high pulse stability, and low timing jitter. However, the pulse repetition rate (PRR) of such lasers is limited to ∼1 GHz for standard fibers due to the available acoustic modes. Here, we address these limitations by demonstrating a soliton fiber laser built from standard fiber components and subjected to double harmonic mode-locking (DHML). As an example, the laser adjusted to operate at the 15th harmonic of its cavity matching the OAR at ∼199 MHz could be driven to operate at a high harmonic of this particular OAR frequency, thus reaching ∼12 GHz. This breakthrough is made possible through controllable optoacoustic interactions in a short, 50 cm segment of unjacketed cavity fiber. We propose that the precise alignment of the laser cavity harmonic and fiber acoustic modes leads to a long-lived narrow-band acoustic vibration. This vibration sets the pace for the pulses circulating in the cavity by suppressing modes that do not conform to the Vernier principle. The surviving modes, equally spaced by the OAR frequency, in cooperation with the gain depletion and recovery mechanism, facilitate the formation of stable high-frequency pulse sequences, enabling DHML. In this process, the OAR rather than the laser cavity defines the elementary step for laser PRR tuning. Throughout the entire PRR tuning range, the soliton fiber laser exhibits enhanced stability, demonstrating supermode suppression levels better than ∼40 dB and picosecond pulse timing jitter.
{"title":"Double harmonic mode-locking in soliton fiber ring laser acquired through the resonant optoacoustic coupling","authors":"V. A. Ribenek, P. A. Itrin, D. A. Korobko, A. A. Fotiadi","doi":"10.1063/5.0195623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0195623","url":null,"abstract":"Passive harmonic mode-locking of a soliton fiber laser locked to optoacoustic resonance (OAR) in the cavity fiber ensures high-frequency laser operation, high pulse stability, and low timing jitter. However, the pulse repetition rate (PRR) of such lasers is limited to ∼1 GHz for standard fibers due to the available acoustic modes. Here, we address these limitations by demonstrating a soliton fiber laser built from standard fiber components and subjected to double harmonic mode-locking (DHML). As an example, the laser adjusted to operate at the 15th harmonic of its cavity matching the OAR at ∼199 MHz could be driven to operate at a high harmonic of this particular OAR frequency, thus reaching ∼12 GHz. This breakthrough is made possible through controllable optoacoustic interactions in a short, 50 cm segment of unjacketed cavity fiber. We propose that the precise alignment of the laser cavity harmonic and fiber acoustic modes leads to a long-lived narrow-band acoustic vibration. This vibration sets the pace for the pulses circulating in the cavity by suppressing modes that do not conform to the Vernier principle. The surviving modes, equally spaced by the OAR frequency, in cooperation with the gain depletion and recovery mechanism, facilitate the formation of stable high-frequency pulse sequences, enabling DHML. In this process, the OAR rather than the laser cavity defines the elementary step for laser PRR tuning. Throughout the entire PRR tuning range, the soliton fiber laser exhibits enhanced stability, demonstrating supermode suppression levels better than ∼40 dB and picosecond pulse timing jitter.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matrix inversion is a fundamental and widely utilized linear algebraic operation but computationally expensive in digital-clock-based platforms. Optical computing is a new computing paradigm with high speed and energy efficiency, and the computation can be realized through light propagation. However, there is a scarcity of experimentally implemented matrix inverters that exhibit both high integration density and the capability to perform complex-valued operations in existing optical systems. For the first time, we experimentally demonstrated an iterative all-optical chip-scale processor to perform the computation of complex-valued matrix inversion using the Richardson method. Our chip-scale processor achieves an iteration speed of 10 GHz, which can facilitate ultra-fast matrix inversion with the assistance of high-speed Mach–Zehnder interferometer modulators. The convergence can be attained within 20 iterations, yielding an accuracy of 90%. The proposed chip-scale all-optical complex-valued matrix inverter represents a distinctive innovation in the field of all-optical recursive systems, offering significant potential for solving computationally intensive mathematical problems.
{"title":"Chip-scale all-optical complex-valued matrix inverter","authors":"Xinyu Liu, Junwei Cheng, Hailong Zhou, Jianji Dong, Xinliang Zhang","doi":"10.1063/5.0200149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0200149","url":null,"abstract":"Matrix inversion is a fundamental and widely utilized linear algebraic operation but computationally expensive in digital-clock-based platforms. Optical computing is a new computing paradigm with high speed and energy efficiency, and the computation can be realized through light propagation. However, there is a scarcity of experimentally implemented matrix inverters that exhibit both high integration density and the capability to perform complex-valued operations in existing optical systems. For the first time, we experimentally demonstrated an iterative all-optical chip-scale processor to perform the computation of complex-valued matrix inversion using the Richardson method. Our chip-scale processor achieves an iteration speed of 10 GHz, which can facilitate ultra-fast matrix inversion with the assistance of high-speed Mach–Zehnder interferometer modulators. The convergence can be attained within 20 iterations, yielding an accuracy of 90%. The proposed chip-scale all-optical complex-valued matrix inverter represents a distinctive innovation in the field of all-optical recursive systems, offering significant potential for solving computationally intensive mathematical problems.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdelrahman Z. Al-Attili, Daniel Burt, Tasmiat Rahman, Zuo Li, Naoki Higashitarumizu, Frederic Y. Gardes, Yasuhiko Ishikawa, Shinichi Saito
Various excitation-induced loss mechanisms have been identified during the development of direct-gap semiconductor lasers. Recently, indirect-gap laser sources, particularly germanium (Ge) or GeSn based, have emerged due to silicon industry compatibility. Tensile strain is crucial for optical gain or low-threshold room-temperature operation in such media. This study investigates an excitation-induced optical loss mechanism of mechanical origin in Ge-based micro-cavities with all-around stressor layers, a popular platform for strain-engineered laser sources. Using Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and simulations, we find that excitation lowers the optical gain by altering the strain profile. Heating causes Ge micro-cavities to expand within a constraining stressor layer, inducing compressive strain, which is explained by the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients.
在开发直接间隙半导体激光器的过程中，人们发现了各种激发引起的损耗机制。最近，由于硅工业的兼容性，出现了间接间隙激光源，特别是基于锗（Ge）或硒（GeSn）的激光源。拉伸应变对于此类介质的光学增益或低阈值室温操作至关重要。本研究调查了具有全方位应力层的 Ge 基微腔中的机械源激发诱导光学损耗机制，该微腔是应变工程激光源的常用平台。利用拉曼光谱、光致发光和模拟，我们发现激励通过改变应变曲线来降低光学增益。加热会使 Ge 微腔在约束应力层内膨胀，从而产生压缩应变，这可以用热膨胀系数的不匹配来解释。
{"title":"Mechanically induced optical loss mechanism due to thermal expansion coefficient mismatch in micro-cavities with all-around stressor layers","authors":"Abdelrahman Z. Al-Attili, Daniel Burt, Tasmiat Rahman, Zuo Li, Naoki Higashitarumizu, Frederic Y. Gardes, Yasuhiko Ishikawa, Shinichi Saito","doi":"10.1063/5.0203305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0203305","url":null,"abstract":"Various excitation-induced loss mechanisms have been identified during the development of direct-gap semiconductor lasers. Recently, indirect-gap laser sources, particularly germanium (Ge) or GeSn based, have emerged due to silicon industry compatibility. Tensile strain is crucial for optical gain or low-threshold room-temperature operation in such media. This study investigates an excitation-induced optical loss mechanism of mechanical origin in Ge-based micro-cavities with all-around stressor layers, a popular platform for strain-engineered laser sources. Using Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and simulations, we find that excitation lowers the optical gain by altering the strain profile. Heating causes Ge micro-cavities to expand within a constraining stressor layer, inducing compressive strain, which is explained by the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. R. M. Atalla, C. Lemieux-Leduc, S. Assali, S. Koelling, P. Daoust, O. Moutanabbir
There is an increasing need for silicon-compatible high-bandwidth extended-short wave infrared (e-SWIR) photodetectors (PDs) to implement cost-effective and scalable optoelectronic devices. These systems are quintessential to address several technological bottlenecks in detection and ranging, surveillance, ultrafast spectroscopy, and imaging. In fact, current e-SWIR high-bandwidth PDs are predominantly made of III–V compound semiconductors and thus are costly and suffer a limited integration on silicon besides a low responsivity at wavelengths exceeding 2.3 μm. To circumvent these challenges, Ge1−xSnx semiconductors have been proposed as building blocks for silicon-integrated high-speed e-SWIR devices. Herein, this study demonstrates vertical all-GeSn PIN PDs consisting of p-Ge0.92Sn0.08/i-Ge0.91Sn0.09/n-Ge0.89Sn0.11 and p-Ge0.91Sn0.09/i-Ge0.88Sn0.12/n-Ge0.87Sn0.13 heterostructures grown on silicon following a step-graded temperature-controlled epitaxy protocol. The performance of these PDs was investigated as a function of the device diameter in the 10–30 μm range. The developed PD devices yield a high bandwidth of 12.4 GHz at a bias of 5 V for a device diameter of 10 μm. Moreover, these devices show a high responsivity of 0.24 A/W, a low noise, and a 2.8 μm cutoff wavelength, thus covering the whole e-SWIR range.
{"title":"Extended short-wave infrared high-speed all-GeSn PIN photodetectors on silicon","authors":"M. R. M. Atalla, C. Lemieux-Leduc, S. Assali, S. Koelling, P. Daoust, O. Moutanabbir","doi":"10.1063/5.0197018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0197018","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing need for silicon-compatible high-bandwidth extended-short wave infrared (e-SWIR) photodetectors (PDs) to implement cost-effective and scalable optoelectronic devices. These systems are quintessential to address several technological bottlenecks in detection and ranging, surveillance, ultrafast spectroscopy, and imaging. In fact, current e-SWIR high-bandwidth PDs are predominantly made of III–V compound semiconductors and thus are costly and suffer a limited integration on silicon besides a low responsivity at wavelengths exceeding 2.3 μm. To circumvent these challenges, Ge1−xSnx semiconductors have been proposed as building blocks for silicon-integrated high-speed e-SWIR devices. Herein, this study demonstrates vertical all-GeSn PIN PDs consisting of p-Ge0.92Sn0.08/i-Ge0.91Sn0.09/n-Ge0.89Sn0.11 and p-Ge0.91Sn0.09/i-Ge0.88Sn0.12/n-Ge0.87Sn0.13 heterostructures grown on silicon following a step-graded temperature-controlled epitaxy protocol. The performance of these PDs was investigated as a function of the device diameter in the 10–30 μm range. The developed PD devices yield a high bandwidth of 12.4 GHz at a bias of 5 V for a device diameter of 10 μm. Moreover, these devices show a high responsivity of 0.24 A/W, a low noise, and a 2.8 μm cutoff wavelength, thus covering the whole e-SWIR range.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical diffraction tomography can be performed with low phototoxicity and photobleaching to analyze 3D cells and tissues. It is desired to develop high throughput and powerful data processing capabilities. We propose high bandwidth holographic microscopy (HBHM). Based on the analyticity of complex amplitudes, the unified holographic multiplexing transfer function is established. A high bandwidth scattering field is achieved via the k-space optical origami of two 2D wavefronts from one interferogram. Scanning illumination modulates the high-horizontal and axial k-space to endow synthetic-aperture from 2D high space-bandwidth product (SBP) scattering fields. The bright-field counterpart SBP of a single scattering field from HBHM is 14.6 megapixels, while the number of pixels is only 13.7 megapixels. It achieves an eight-fold SBP enhancement under the same number of pixels and diffraction limit. The HBHM paves the way toward the performance of high throughput, large-scale, and non-invasive histopathology, cell biology, and industrial inspection.
光学衍射断层扫描可以在低光毒性和光漂白的情况下分析三维细胞和组织。我们希望开发高通量和强大的数据处理能力。我们提出了高带宽全息显微技术（HBHM）。基于复振幅的可分析性，建立了统一的全息复用传递函数。通过一个干涉图的两个二维波面的 k 空间光学折纸，实现了高带宽散射场。扫描照明调制高水平和轴向 k 空间，赋予二维高空间带宽乘积（SBP）散射场合成孔径。HBHM 单个散射场的明场对应 SBP 为 1460 万像素，而像素数仅为 1370 万像素。在相同的像素数和衍射极限下，它实现了八倍的 SBP 增强。HBHM 为实现高通量、大规模和无创组织病理学、细胞生物学和工业检测铺平了道路。
{"title":"k-space holographic multiplexing for synthetic aperture diffraction tomography","authors":"Zhengzhong Huang, Liangcai Cao","doi":"10.1063/5.0203117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0203117","url":null,"abstract":"Optical diffraction tomography can be performed with low phototoxicity and photobleaching to analyze 3D cells and tissues. It is desired to develop high throughput and powerful data processing capabilities. We propose high bandwidth holographic microscopy (HBHM). Based on the analyticity of complex amplitudes, the unified holographic multiplexing transfer function is established. A high bandwidth scattering field is achieved via the k-space optical origami of two 2D wavefronts from one interferogram. Scanning illumination modulates the high-horizontal and axial k-space to endow synthetic-aperture from 2D high space-bandwidth product (SBP) scattering fields. The bright-field counterpart SBP of a single scattering field from HBHM is 14.6 megapixels, while the number of pixels is only 13.7 megapixels. It achieves an eight-fold SBP enhancement under the same number of pixels and diffraction limit. The HBHM paves the way toward the performance of high throughput, large-scale, and non-invasive histopathology, cell biology, and industrial inspection.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Synthetic gauge fields introduce an unconventional degree of freedom for studying many fundamental phenomena in different branches of physics. Here, we propose a scheme to use staggered synthetic gauge fields for control of the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE). A modified Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model is employed, where two dimer chains with non-reciprocal coupling phases are coupled, exhibiting non-trivial point-gap topology and the NHSE. In contrast to previous studies, the skin modes in our model are solely determined by the coupling phase terms associated with the staggered synthetic gauge fields. By manipulating such gauge fields, we can achieve maneuvering of skin modes as well as the bipolar NHSE. As a typical example, we set up a domain wall by imposing different synthetic gauge fields on two sides of the wall, thereby demonstrating flexible control of the non-Hermitian skin modes at the domain wall. Our scheme opens a new avenue for the creation and manipulation of NHSE by synthetic gauge fields, which may find applications in beam shaping and non-Hermitian topological devices.
{"title":"Control of non-Hermitian skin effect by staggered synthetic gauge fields","authors":"Huiyan Tang, Ziteng Wang, Liqin Tang, Daohong Song, Zhigang Chen, Hrvoje Buljan","doi":"10.1063/5.0196844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0196844","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic gauge fields introduce an unconventional degree of freedom for studying many fundamental phenomena in different branches of physics. Here, we propose a scheme to use staggered synthetic gauge fields for control of the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE). A modified Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model is employed, where two dimer chains with non-reciprocal coupling phases are coupled, exhibiting non-trivial point-gap topology and the NHSE. In contrast to previous studies, the skin modes in our model are solely determined by the coupling phase terms associated with the staggered synthetic gauge fields. By manipulating such gauge fields, we can achieve maneuvering of skin modes as well as the bipolar NHSE. As a typical example, we set up a domain wall by imposing different synthetic gauge fields on two sides of the wall, thereby demonstrating flexible control of the non-Hermitian skin modes at the domain wall. Our scheme opens a new avenue for the creation and manipulation of NHSE by synthetic gauge fields, which may find applications in beam shaping and non-Hermitian topological devices.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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