Roel Botter, Jasper van den Hoogen, Akhileshwar Mishra, Kaixuan Ye, Albert van Rees, Marcel Hoekman, Klaus Boller, David Marpaung
Brillouin enhanced four wave mixing in the form of a Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) enables a uniquely tunable filter whose properties can be tuned by purely optical means. This makes the BDG a valuable tool in microwave photonics (MWP). BDGs have been studied extensively in fibers, but the only observation in an integrated platform required exotic materials. Unlocking BDG in a standard and mature platform will enable its integration into large-scale circuits. Here, we demonstrate the first observation of a BDG in a silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguide. We also present a new and optimized design, which will enhance the BDG response of the waveguide, unlocking the path to large-scale integration into MWP circuits.
{"title":"Observation of a Brillouin dynamic grating in silicon nitride waveguides","authors":"Roel Botter, Jasper van den Hoogen, Akhileshwar Mishra, Kaixuan Ye, Albert van Rees, Marcel Hoekman, Klaus Boller, David Marpaung","doi":"10.1063/5.0178804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0178804","url":null,"abstract":"Brillouin enhanced four wave mixing in the form of a Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) enables a uniquely tunable filter whose properties can be tuned by purely optical means. This makes the BDG a valuable tool in microwave photonics (MWP). BDGs have been studied extensively in fibers, but the only observation in an integrated platform required exotic materials. Unlocking BDG in a standard and mature platform will enable its integration into large-scale circuits. Here, we demonstrate the first observation of a BDG in a silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguide. We also present a new and optimized design, which will enhance the BDG response of the waveguide, unlocking the path to large-scale integration into MWP circuits.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140569307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical systems use acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) mostly for fast angular scanning and spectral filtering of laser beams. However, AODs may transform laser light in much broader ways. When time-locked to the pulsing of low repetition rate laser amplifiers, AODs permit the holographic reconstruction of 1D and pseudo-two-dimensional (ps2D) intensity objects of rectangular shape by controlling the amplitude and phase of the light field at high (20–200 kHz) rates for microscopic light patterning. Using iterative Fourier transformations (IFTs), we searched for AOD-compatible holograms to reconstruct the given ps2D target patterns through either phase-only or complex light field modulation. We previously showed that phase-only holograms can adequately render grid-like patterns of diffraction-limited points with non-overlapping diffraction orders, while side lobes to the target pattern can be cured with an apodization mask. Dense target patterns, in contrast, are typically encumbered by apodization-resistant speckle noise. Here, we show the denoised rendering of dense ps2D objects by complex acousto-optic holograms deriving from simultaneous optimization of the amplitude and phase of the light field. Target patterns lacking ps2D symmetry, although not translatable into single holograms, were accessed by serial holography based on a segregation into ps2D-compatible components. The holograms retrieved under different regularizations were experimentally validated in an AOD random-access microscope. IFT regularizations characterized in this work extend the versatility of acousto-optic holography for fast dynamic light patterning.
{"title":"Acousto-optic holography for pseudo-two-dimensional dynamic light patterning","authors":"Walther Akemann, Laurent Bourdieu","doi":"10.1063/5.0185857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0185857","url":null,"abstract":"Optical systems use acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) mostly for fast angular scanning and spectral filtering of laser beams. However, AODs may transform laser light in much broader ways. When time-locked to the pulsing of low repetition rate laser amplifiers, AODs permit the holographic reconstruction of 1D and pseudo-two-dimensional (ps2D) intensity objects of rectangular shape by controlling the amplitude and phase of the light field at high (20–200 kHz) rates for microscopic light patterning. Using iterative Fourier transformations (IFTs), we searched for AOD-compatible holograms to reconstruct the given ps2D target patterns through either phase-only or complex light field modulation. We previously showed that phase-only holograms can adequately render grid-like patterns of diffraction-limited points with non-overlapping diffraction orders, while side lobes to the target pattern can be cured with an apodization mask. Dense target patterns, in contrast, are typically encumbered by apodization-resistant speckle noise. Here, we show the denoised rendering of dense ps2D objects by complex acousto-optic holograms deriving from simultaneous optimization of the amplitude and phase of the light field. Target patterns lacking ps2D symmetry, although not translatable into single holograms, were accessed by serial holography based on a segregation into ps2D-compatible components. The holograms retrieved under different regularizations were experimentally validated in an AOD random-access microscope. IFT regularizations characterized in this work extend the versatility of acousto-optic holography for fast dynamic light patterning.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandr Donodin, Egor Manuylovich, Vladislav Dvoyrin, Mikhail Melkumov, Valery Mashinsky, Sergei Turitsyn
Multi-band transmission is one of the key practical solutions to cope with the continuously growing demand on the capacity of optical communication networks without changing the huge existing fiber base. However, ultra-broadband communication requires the development of novel power efficient optical amplifiers operating beyond C- and L-bands, and this is a major research and technical challenge comparable to the introduction of the seminal erbium-doped fiber amplifiers that dramatically changed the optical communication sector. There are several types of optical fibers operating beyond C- and L-bands that can be used for the development of such amplifiers, specifically the fibers doped with neodymium, praseodymium, thulium, and bismuth. However, among these, Bi-doped fibers are of special interest as the most promising amplification medium because, unlike the others, different Bi-associated active centers allow amplification in an enormous band of overall width of 700 nm (1100–1800 nm). Such spectral coverage can be obtained by using different host materials, such as aluminosilicate, phosphosilicate, silica, and germanosilicate glasses. Here, we report a novel Bi-doped fiber amplifier with record characteristics for E-band amplification, including the highest power conversion efficiency among telecom-compatible E-band amplifiers reported to date. This bismuth-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) features a maximum gain of 39.8 dB and a minimal noise figure of 4.6 dB enabled by 173 m Bi-doped fiber length. The maximum achieved power conversion efficiency of 38% is higher than that of L-band Er-doped fiber amplifiers. This performance demonstrates the high potential of BDFA for becoming the amplifier of choice in modern multi-band optical communication networks.
多波段传输是在不改变现有庞大光纤基础的情况下，满足对光通信网络容量不断增长的需求的关键实用解决方案之一。然而，超宽带通信需要开发工作在 C 波段和 L 波段之外的新型高能效光放大器，这是一项重大的研究和技术挑战，其意义堪比掺铒光纤放大器的问世，后者极大地改变了光通信领域。有几种工作在 C 波段和 L 波段以外的光纤可用于开发此类放大器，特别是掺杂钕、掺杂镨、掺杂铥和掺杂铋的光纤。然而，在这些光纤中，掺铒光纤作为最有前途的放大介质特别引人关注，因为与其他光纤不同，不同的掺铒活性中心可以放大总宽度为 700 纳米（1100-1800 纳米）的巨大波段。使用不同的宿主材料，如硅酸铝、磷硅酸盐、二氧化硅和锗硅酸盐玻璃，可以获得这样的光谱覆盖范围。在此，我们报告了一种新型掺铋光纤放大器，它具有创纪录的 E 波段放大特性，包括迄今为止所报告的电信兼容 E 波段放大器中最高的功率转换效率。这种掺铋光纤放大器（BDFA）的最大增益为 39.8 dB，最小噪声系数为 4.6 dB，掺铋光纤长度为 173 m。实现的最大功率转换效率为 38%，高于 L 波段掺铒光纤放大器。这一性能表明，BDFA 极有可能成为现代多波段光通信网络中的首选放大器。
{"title":"E-band telecom-compatible 40 dB gain high-power bismuth-doped fiber amplifier with record power conversion efficiency","authors":"Aleksandr Donodin, Egor Manuylovich, Vladislav Dvoyrin, Mikhail Melkumov, Valery Mashinsky, Sergei Turitsyn","doi":"10.1063/5.0187069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0187069","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-band transmission is one of the key practical solutions to cope with the continuously growing demand on the capacity of optical communication networks without changing the huge existing fiber base. However, ultra-broadband communication requires the development of novel power efficient optical amplifiers operating beyond C- and L-bands, and this is a major research and technical challenge comparable to the introduction of the seminal erbium-doped fiber amplifiers that dramatically changed the optical communication sector. There are several types of optical fibers operating beyond C- and L-bands that can be used for the development of such amplifiers, specifically the fibers doped with neodymium, praseodymium, thulium, and bismuth. However, among these, Bi-doped fibers are of special interest as the most promising amplification medium because, unlike the others, different Bi-associated active centers allow amplification in an enormous band of overall width of 700 nm (1100–1800 nm). Such spectral coverage can be obtained by using different host materials, such as aluminosilicate, phosphosilicate, silica, and germanosilicate glasses. Here, we report a novel Bi-doped fiber amplifier with record characteristics for E-band amplification, including the highest power conversion efficiency among telecom-compatible E-band amplifiers reported to date. This bismuth-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) features a maximum gain of 39.8 dB and a minimal noise figure of 4.6 dB enabled by 173 m Bi-doped fiber length. The maximum achieved power conversion efficiency of 38% is higher than that of L-band Er-doped fiber amplifiers. This performance demonstrates the high potential of BDFA for becoming the amplifier of choice in modern multi-band optical communication networks.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria Cao, Shujie Pan, Di Wu, Hongguang Zhang, M. Tang, Alwyn Seeds, Huiyun Liu, Xi Xiao, Siming Chen
Bi-directionally operated amplifiers enabling efficient utilization of transmission wavelengths are promising candidates in densely integrated photonic circuits for future cost-effective, power-efficient optical networks. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, a broadband semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based on a novel chirped multilayered quantum dot (QD) structure, which is suitable for bi-directional amplification via the dual ground state (GS) emission spectrum. The fabricated QD SOA has achieved a maximum 3-dB gain bandwidth of 50 nm while retaining on-chip gain above 20 dB at both GS wavelengths. Under an optimum pumping current of 280 mA, the bi-directionally operated QD SOA has shown around 10 dB receiver sensitivity improvement in ultra-high-speed 100 Gbaud non-return-to-zero and 53.125 Gbaud four-level pulse amplitude modulation data transmission systems.
可有效利用传输波长的双向工作放大器是未来高性价比、高能效光网络中密集集成光子电路的理想候选器件。在这里，我们首次展示了一种基于新型啁啾多层量子点（QD）结构的宽带半导体光放大器（SOA），它适合通过双基态（GS）发射光谱进行双向放大。所制造的 QD SOA 实现了 50 nm 的最大 3 dB 增益带宽，同时在两个 GS 波长上都保持了 20 dB 以上的片上增益。在 280 mA 的最佳抽运电流下，双向工作的 QD SOA 在超高速 100 Gbaud 非归零和 53.125 Gbaud 四电平脉冲幅度调制数据传输系统中的接收灵敏度提高了约 10 dB。
{"title":"A novel bidirectionally operated chirped quantum-dot based semiconductor optical amplifier using a dual ground state spectrum","authors":"Victoria Cao, Shujie Pan, Di Wu, Hongguang Zhang, M. Tang, Alwyn Seeds, Huiyun Liu, Xi Xiao, Siming Chen","doi":"10.1063/5.0194677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0194677","url":null,"abstract":"Bi-directionally operated amplifiers enabling efficient utilization of transmission wavelengths are promising candidates in densely integrated photonic circuits for future cost-effective, power-efficient optical networks. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, a broadband semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based on a novel chirped multilayered quantum dot (QD) structure, which is suitable for bi-directional amplification via the dual ground state (GS) emission spectrum. The fabricated QD SOA has achieved a maximum 3-dB gain bandwidth of 50 nm while retaining on-chip gain above 20 dB at both GS wavelengths. Under an optimum pumping current of 280 mA, the bi-directionally operated QD SOA has shown around 10 dB receiver sensitivity improvement in ultra-high-speed 100 Gbaud non-return-to-zero and 53.125 Gbaud four-level pulse amplitude modulation data transmission systems.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140762628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantum dots (QDs) show excellent optical properties, such as a high extinction coefficient, tunable colors, and superior photostability. However, the transport properties of QDs, such as carrier mobility, are quite limited, which hinder optoelectronic applications. On the other hand, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) generally have high carrier mobility and thermal stability with a weak optical response. These features inspire us to couple QDs with CNTs to achieve improved optoelectronics. We take infrared HgTe QDs and multi-walled CNTs as examples. With appropriate coupling between QD and CNT matrices, carrier mobility could reach 34.6–54.1 cm2/Vs in the nanocomposite, a 1000-fold increase compared with the reference. The nanocomposite benefits external quantum efficiency up to 12 500% and detectivity 1012 Jones on the 2500 nm infrared photodetectors. The CNT matrix also helps relaxing thermally generated carriers, improving the photodetector thermal stability. We also demonstrate that the device maintains high detectivity at a high operating temperature.
{"title":"Thermally stable high carrier mobility nanocomposite infrared photodetector","authors":"Xiaomeng Xue, Hongyu Lv, Yanyan Qiu, Qun Hao, Menglu Chen","doi":"10.1063/5.0194631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0194631","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum dots (QDs) show excellent optical properties, such as a high extinction coefficient, tunable colors, and superior photostability. However, the transport properties of QDs, such as carrier mobility, are quite limited, which hinder optoelectronic applications. On the other hand, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) generally have high carrier mobility and thermal stability with a weak optical response. These features inspire us to couple QDs with CNTs to achieve improved optoelectronics. We take infrared HgTe QDs and multi-walled CNTs as examples. With appropriate coupling between QD and CNT matrices, carrier mobility could reach 34.6–54.1 cm2/Vs in the nanocomposite, a 1000-fold increase compared with the reference. The nanocomposite benefits external quantum efficiency up to 12 500% and detectivity 1012 Jones on the 2500 nm infrared photodetectors. The CNT matrix also helps relaxing thermally generated carriers, improving the photodetector thermal stability. We also demonstrate that the device maintains high detectivity at a high operating temperature.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140569202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vira R. Besaga, Luosha Zhang, Andres Vega, Purujit Singh Chauhan, Thomas Siefke, Fabian Steinlechner, Thomas Pertsch, Andrey A. Sukhorukov, Frank Setzpfandt
For a wide range of applications, a fast, non-destructive, remote, and sensitive identification of samples with predefined characteristics is preferred instead of their full characterization. In this work, we report on the experimental implementation of a nonlocal quantum measurement scheme, which allows for differentiation among samples out of a predefined set of transparent and birefringent objects in a distant optical channel. The measurement is enabled by application of polarization-entangled photon pairs and is based on remote state preparation. On an example set of more than 80 objects characterized by different Mueller matrices, we show that only two coincidence measurements are already sufficient for successful discrimination. The number of measurements needed for sample differentiation is significantly decreased compared to a comprehensive polarimetric analysis. Our results demonstrate the potential of this polarization detection method for polarimetric applications in biomedical diagnostics, remote sensing, and other classification/detection tasks.
{"title":"Nonlocal quantum differentiation between polarization objects using entanglement","authors":"Vira R. Besaga, Luosha Zhang, Andres Vega, Purujit Singh Chauhan, Thomas Siefke, Fabian Steinlechner, Thomas Pertsch, Andrey A. Sukhorukov, Frank Setzpfandt","doi":"10.1063/5.0190665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0190665","url":null,"abstract":"For a wide range of applications, a fast, non-destructive, remote, and sensitive identification of samples with predefined characteristics is preferred instead of their full characterization. In this work, we report on the experimental implementation of a nonlocal quantum measurement scheme, which allows for differentiation among samples out of a predefined set of transparent and birefringent objects in a distant optical channel. The measurement is enabled by application of polarization-entangled photon pairs and is based on remote state preparation. On an example set of more than 80 objects characterized by different Mueller matrices, we show that only two coincidence measurements are already sufficient for successful discrimination. The number of measurements needed for sample differentiation is significantly decreased compared to a comprehensive polarimetric analysis. Our results demonstrate the potential of this polarization detection method for polarimetric applications in biomedical diagnostics, remote sensing, and other classification/detection tasks.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Stummer, T. Flöry, M. Schneller, E. Kaksis, M. Zeiler, A. Pugžlys, A. Baltuška
Generation of high-fidelity amplified pulse bursts with a regular interpulse interval yields, in the spectral domain, an equidistant pattern of narrowband spectral modes, similar to frequency combs produced by cw mode-locked lasers but with greatly increased pulse energy. Despite their great potential for nonlinear spectroscopy, material processing, etc., such long frequency-stable bursts are difficult to generate and amplify because of prominent temporal intensity modulation even after strong dispersive pulse stretching. This study presents a burst generation method based on a master-oscillator regenerative-amplifier system that allows for chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) with high scalability in pulse number. A gradual smoothing of temporal intensity profiles at an increasing number of pulses is discovered, demonstrating an unexpected recovery of the CPA performance at terahertz intraburst repetition rates. In consequence, a self-referenced stable burst spectral peak structure with megahertz peak width is generated without risk of amplifier damage caused by interference of chirped pulses. This result eliminates limitations in burst amplification and paves the way for advancements in ultrashort-pulse burst technology, particularly for its use in nonlinear optical applications.
{"title":"Frequency-mode-stable regenerative amplification at terahertz burst rates","authors":"V. Stummer, T. Flöry, M. Schneller, E. Kaksis, M. Zeiler, A. Pugžlys, A. Baltuška","doi":"10.1063/5.0167721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0167721","url":null,"abstract":"Generation of high-fidelity amplified pulse bursts with a regular interpulse interval yields, in the spectral domain, an equidistant pattern of narrowband spectral modes, similar to frequency combs produced by cw mode-locked lasers but with greatly increased pulse energy. Despite their great potential for nonlinear spectroscopy, material processing, etc., such long frequency-stable bursts are difficult to generate and amplify because of prominent temporal intensity modulation even after strong dispersive pulse stretching. This study presents a burst generation method based on a master-oscillator regenerative-amplifier system that allows for chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) with high scalability in pulse number. A gradual smoothing of temporal intensity profiles at an increasing number of pulses is discovered, demonstrating an unexpected recovery of the CPA performance at terahertz intraburst repetition rates. In consequence, a self-referenced stable burst spectral peak structure with megahertz peak width is generated without risk of amplifier damage caused by interference of chirped pulses. This result eliminates limitations in burst amplification and paves the way for advancements in ultrashort-pulse burst technology, particularly for its use in nonlinear optical applications.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Sulollari, S. J. Park, M. Salih, P. Rubino, A. D. Burnett, L. Li, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, J. E. Cunningham, P. Dean
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves that have attracted significant interest owing to their subwavelength confinement and the strong field enhancement that they provide. Yet in the terahertz (THz) frequency region of the spectrum, which is well below the plasma frequency of metals, these surface waves are characterized by extremely weak confinement that has severely limited their exploitation for information processing and sensing. One means to circumvent this limitation is through subwavelength structuring of a metallic surface, which can thereby be engineered to support the propagation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) that closely mimic the properties of SPPs. In this work, we report the design and experimental characterization of an ultra-thin metamaterial planar waveguide that supports SSPPs at THz frequencies. Finite-element method simulations are shown to predict the excitation of SSPPs on the surface of our devices under free-space illumination at 3.45 THz. We investigate these structures experimentally using THz scattering-type scanning near-field microscopy (THz-s-SNOM) to map directly the out-of-plane electric field associated with the propagation of SSPPs on the surface of the waveguides. Our work paves the way for the future development of plasmonic integrated circuit technologies and components operating in the THz frequency band.
{"title":"Microscopy of terahertz spoof surface plasmons propagating on planar metamaterial waveguides","authors":"N. Sulollari, S. J. Park, M. Salih, P. Rubino, A. D. Burnett, L. Li, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, J. E. Cunningham, P. Dean","doi":"10.1063/5.0190488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0190488","url":null,"abstract":"Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves that have attracted significant interest owing to their subwavelength confinement and the strong field enhancement that they provide. Yet in the terahertz (THz) frequency region of the spectrum, which is well below the plasma frequency of metals, these surface waves are characterized by extremely weak confinement that has severely limited their exploitation for information processing and sensing. One means to circumvent this limitation is through subwavelength structuring of a metallic surface, which can thereby be engineered to support the propagation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) that closely mimic the properties of SPPs. In this work, we report the design and experimental characterization of an ultra-thin metamaterial planar waveguide that supports SSPPs at THz frequencies. Finite-element method simulations are shown to predict the excitation of SSPPs on the surface of our devices under free-space illumination at 3.45 THz. We investigate these structures experimentally using THz scattering-type scanning near-field microscopy (THz-s-SNOM) to map directly the out-of-plane electric field associated with the propagation of SSPPs on the surface of the waveguides. Our work paves the way for the future development of plasmonic integrated circuit technologies and components operating in the THz frequency band.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michelle Chalupnik, Anshuman Singh, James Leatham, Marko Lončar, Moe Soltani
Solving large-scale computationally hard optimization problems using existing computers has hit a bottleneck. A promising alternative approach uses physics-based phenomena to naturally solve optimization problems, wherein the physical phenomena evolve to their minimum energy. In this regard, photonics devices have shown promise as alternative optimization architectures, benefiting from high-speed, high-bandwidth, and parallelism in the optical domain. Among photonic devices, programmable spatial light modulators (SLMs) have shown promise in solving large scale Ising model problems, to which many computationally hard problems can be mapped. Despite much progress, existing SLMs for solving the Ising model and similar problems suffer from slow update rates and physical bulkiness. Here, we show that using a compact silicon photonic integrated circuit optical phased array (PIC-OPA), we can simulate an XY Hamiltonian, a generalized form of the Ising Hamiltonian, where spins can vary continuously. In this nanophotonic XY Hamiltonian solver, the spins are implemented using analog phase shifters in the optical phased array. The far field intensity pattern of the PIC-OPA represents an all-to-all coupled XY Hamiltonian energy and can be optimized with the tunable phase-shifters, allowing us to solve an all-to-all coupled XY model. Our results show the utility of PIC-OPAs as compact, low power, and high-speed solvers for nondeterministic polynomial-hard problems. The scalability of the silicon PIC-OPA and its compatibility with monolithic integration with CMOS electronics further promise the realization of a powerful hybrid photonic/electronic non-Von Neumann compute engine.
{"title":"Nanophotonic phased array XY Hamiltonian solver","authors":"Michelle Chalupnik, Anshuman Singh, James Leatham, Marko Lončar, Moe Soltani","doi":"10.1063/5.0187545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0187545","url":null,"abstract":"Solving large-scale computationally hard optimization problems using existing computers has hit a bottleneck. A promising alternative approach uses physics-based phenomena to naturally solve optimization problems, wherein the physical phenomena evolve to their minimum energy. In this regard, photonics devices have shown promise as alternative optimization architectures, benefiting from high-speed, high-bandwidth, and parallelism in the optical domain. Among photonic devices, programmable spatial light modulators (SLMs) have shown promise in solving large scale Ising model problems, to which many computationally hard problems can be mapped. Despite much progress, existing SLMs for solving the Ising model and similar problems suffer from slow update rates and physical bulkiness. Here, we show that using a compact silicon photonic integrated circuit optical phased array (PIC-OPA), we can simulate an XY Hamiltonian, a generalized form of the Ising Hamiltonian, where spins can vary continuously. In this nanophotonic XY Hamiltonian solver, the spins are implemented using analog phase shifters in the optical phased array. The far field intensity pattern of the PIC-OPA represents an all-to-all coupled XY Hamiltonian energy and can be optimized with the tunable phase-shifters, allowing us to solve an all-to-all coupled XY model. Our results show the utility of PIC-OPAs as compact, low power, and high-speed solvers for nondeterministic polynomial-hard problems. The scalability of the silicon PIC-OPA and its compatibility with monolithic integration with CMOS electronics further promise the realization of a powerful hybrid photonic/electronic non-Von Neumann compute engine.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140199197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiayang Yu, Ziliang Ruan, Yu Xue, Haohua Wang, Ranfeng Gan, Tian Gao, Changjian Guo, Kaixuan Chen, Xin Ou, Liu Liu
As ferroelectric materials, lithium tantalate and lithium niobate share similar material characteristics, such as a high Pockels effect and nonlinear optical coefficients. When compared to lithium niobate, lithium tantalate offers a higher optical damage threshold, a broader transparent window, and lower birefringence, making it a promising candidate for high-performance electro-optical photonic integrated devices. In this study, we design and successfully fabricate micro-ring resonators on an acoustic-grade lithium-tantalate-on-insulator wafer, demonstrating their tunability and dynamic modulation capabilities. Experimental results indicate that the achieved thin-film lithium tantalate based micro-ring resonator exhibits an intrinsic Q-factor of 8.4 × 105, corresponding to a waveguide propagation loss of 0.47 dB/cm and a tuning efficiency of 1.94 pm/V. More importantly, as compared to those based on thin-film lithium niobate, a much weaker photorefractive effect and drift phenomenon around the 1550 nm wavelength under a direct-current drive are observed in the present fabricated thin-film lithium tantalate micro-rings with a silicon oxide over-cladding and a tuning electrode on top.
{"title":"Tunable and stable micro-ring resonator based on thin-film lithium tantalate","authors":"Jiayang Yu, Ziliang Ruan, Yu Xue, Haohua Wang, Ranfeng Gan, Tian Gao, Changjian Guo, Kaixuan Chen, Xin Ou, Liu Liu","doi":"10.1063/5.0187996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0187996","url":null,"abstract":"As ferroelectric materials, lithium tantalate and lithium niobate share similar material characteristics, such as a high Pockels effect and nonlinear optical coefficients. When compared to lithium niobate, lithium tantalate offers a higher optical damage threshold, a broader transparent window, and lower birefringence, making it a promising candidate for high-performance electro-optical photonic integrated devices. In this study, we design and successfully fabricate micro-ring resonators on an acoustic-grade lithium-tantalate-on-insulator wafer, demonstrating their tunability and dynamic modulation capabilities. Experimental results indicate that the achieved thin-film lithium tantalate based micro-ring resonator exhibits an intrinsic Q-factor of 8.4 × 105, corresponding to a waveguide propagation loss of 0.47 dB/cm and a tuning efficiency of 1.94 pm/V. More importantly, as compared to those based on thin-film lithium niobate, a much weaker photorefractive effect and drift phenomenon around the 1550 nm wavelength under a direct-current drive are observed in the present fabricated thin-film lithium tantalate micro-rings with a silicon oxide over-cladding and a tuning electrode on top.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140198964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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