The cerebral lymphatic drainage plays an important role in the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases. Recent studies have shown that cerebral lymphatic drainage is regulated by circadian rhythm and anesthesia state; however, the regulating mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we used the second near-infrared region in vivo imaging to explore the regulation of cerebral lymphatic drainage in mice at different states. At first, by injection of a tracer at different times, we confirmed that the drainage of the meningeal lymphatic system was the fastest at zeitgeber time 2, while the internal flow of the glymphatic system was the slowest. Under anesthesia with isoflurane, administration of dexmedetomidine, an anesthetic that inhibits norepinephrine (NE) release, enabled mice to enter the stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep, at which time the influx of the glymphatic system increased, the efflux of the meningeal lymphatic system decreased, and the clearance rate of the brain parenchyma decreased. However, following the exogenous NE supplement, mice quickly changed from a non-rapid eye movement stage into an awake state with the meningeal lymphatic drainage retrieval. The results showed whether the drainage of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels, or parenchymal clearance, has made rapid adjustments based on sleep status that is regulated by NE. This study reveals that the NE-regulated sleep–wake cycle is a powerful regulator of cerebral lymphatic drainage and provides a potential therapeutic target for related central nervous system diseases.
脑淋巴引流在中枢神经系统疾病的发生和发展中起着重要作用。近年来的研究表明，脑淋巴引流受昼夜节律和麻醉状态的调控，但其调控机制尚不清楚。在本研究中，我们利用第二近红外区域活体成像技术探讨了不同状态下小鼠脑淋巴引流的调控。首先，通过在不同时间注射示踪剂，我们证实脑膜淋巴系统的引流在zeitgeber时间2时最快，而甘淋巴系统的内流最慢。在异氟醚麻醉下，给小鼠注射右美托咪定（一种抑制去甲肾上腺素（NE）释放的麻醉剂）可使小鼠进入非快速眼动睡眠阶段，此时甘液系统的流入量增加，脑膜淋巴系统的流出量减少，脑实质的清除率降低。然而，在补充外源性 NE 后，小鼠很快从眼球非快速运动阶段转入清醒状态，脑膜淋巴引流恢复。研究结果表明，甘液系统和脑膜淋巴管的引流或实质清除是否会根据睡眠状态进行快速调整，这是受 NE 调节的。这项研究揭示了受 NE 调节的睡眠-觉醒周期是大脑淋巴引流的一个强有力的调节器，并为相关的中枢神经系统疾病提供了一个潜在的治疗靶点。
{"title":"Analysis of norepinephrine-regulated cerebral lymphatic drainage by the second near-infrared region in vivo imaging","authors":"Xi Li, Tianhao Yang, Zhongyang Zhang, Shengnan Wu, Zhen Yuan, Feifan Zhou","doi":"10.1063/5.0205571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0205571","url":null,"abstract":"The cerebral lymphatic drainage plays an important role in the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases. Recent studies have shown that cerebral lymphatic drainage is regulated by circadian rhythm and anesthesia state; however, the regulating mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we used the second near-infrared region in vivo imaging to explore the regulation of cerebral lymphatic drainage in mice at different states. At first, by injection of a tracer at different times, we confirmed that the drainage of the meningeal lymphatic system was the fastest at zeitgeber time 2, while the internal flow of the glymphatic system was the slowest. Under anesthesia with isoflurane, administration of dexmedetomidine, an anesthetic that inhibits norepinephrine (NE) release, enabled mice to enter the stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep, at which time the influx of the glymphatic system increased, the efflux of the meningeal lymphatic system decreased, and the clearance rate of the brain parenchyma decreased. However, following the exogenous NE supplement, mice quickly changed from a non-rapid eye movement stage into an awake state with the meningeal lymphatic drainage retrieval. The results showed whether the drainage of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels, or parenchymal clearance, has made rapid adjustments based on sleep status that is regulated by NE. This study reveals that the NE-regulated sleep–wake cycle is a powerful regulator of cerebral lymphatic drainage and provides a potential therapeutic target for related central nervous system diseases.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To realize nanoscale manufacturing based on laser direct writing technology, objective lenses with high numerical apertures immersed in water or oil are necessary. The use of liquid medium restricts its application in semiconductors. Achieving nanoscale features on silicon by laser direct writing in a low refractive index medium has been a challenge. In this work, a microsphere assisted femtosecond laser far-field induced dewetting approach is proposed. A reduction in the full-width at half-maximum of the focused light spot is realized by modulating tightly focused light through microspheres and achieving a minimum feature size of 9 nm on silicon in ambient air with energy smaller than the ablation threshold. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of laser processing are performed based on a two-temperature model. Furthermore, we explored the potential of femtosecond laser-induced dewetting in nanolithography and demonstrated its ability to achieve an arbitrary structure on silicon. Our work enables laser-based far-field sub-10-nm feature etching on a large-scale, providing a novel avenue for nanoscale silicon manufacturing.
{"title":"Femtosecond laser-induced dewetting of sub-10-nm nanostructures on silicon in ambient air","authors":"Hao Luo, Xiaoduo Wang, Yangdong Wen, Ye Qiu, Lianqing Liu, Haibo Yu","doi":"10.1063/5.0205219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0205219","url":null,"abstract":"To realize nanoscale manufacturing based on laser direct writing technology, objective lenses with high numerical apertures immersed in water or oil are necessary. The use of liquid medium restricts its application in semiconductors. Achieving nanoscale features on silicon by laser direct writing in a low refractive index medium has been a challenge. In this work, a microsphere assisted femtosecond laser far-field induced dewetting approach is proposed. A reduction in the full-width at half-maximum of the focused light spot is realized by modulating tightly focused light through microspheres and achieving a minimum feature size of 9 nm on silicon in ambient air with energy smaller than the ablation threshold. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of laser processing are performed based on a two-temperature model. Furthermore, we explored the potential of femtosecond laser-induced dewetting in nanolithography and demonstrated its ability to achieve an arbitrary structure on silicon. Our work enables laser-based far-field sub-10-nm feature etching on a large-scale, providing a novel avenue for nanoscale silicon manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141586283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We studied high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in graphene driven by either linearly or elliptically polarized mid-infrared (MIR) light, and we additionally applied terahertz (THz) pulses to modulate the electron distribution in graphene. The high-harmonic spectrum obtained using linearly polarized MIR light contains only odd-order harmonics. We found that the intensities of the fifth- and seventh-order harmonics are reduced by the modulation with the THz pulses. In addition, we found that the THz-induced reduction of the seventh-order harmonic driven by elliptically polarized MIR light (at ellipticity ε = 0.3) is larger than that of seventh-order harmonic driven by linearly polarized MIR light (ε = 0). The observed behavior can be reproduced by theoretical calculations that consider different electron temperatures (caused by the THz pulses). Furthermore, the observed stronger suppression of HHG driven by elliptically polarized light reveals the following: in the case of elliptically polarized light, the generation of harmonics via interband transitions to conduction-band states that are closer to the Dirac point is more important than in the case of linearly polarized light. In other words, the quantum pathways via interband transitions to low-energy states are the origin of the enhancement of HHG that can be achieved in graphene by using elliptically polarized light.
我们研究了线性偏振或椭圆偏振中红外光（MIR）驱动石墨烯产生的高次谐波（HHG），并额外应用太赫兹（THz）脉冲调制石墨烯中的电子分布。使用线性偏振中红外光获得的高次谐波频谱只包含奇阶谐波。我们发现，在太赫兹脉冲的调制下，五阶和七阶谐波的强度降低了。此外，我们还发现太赫兹对椭圆偏振 MIR 光（椭圆度 ε = 0.3 时）驱动的七阶谐波的抑制作用大于线性偏振 MIR 光（ε = 0）驱动的七阶谐波。理论计算考虑了不同的电子温度（由太赫兹脉冲引起），可以再现观察到的行为。此外，观察到的椭圆偏振光对 HHG 的更强抑制揭示了以下几点：与线性偏振光相比，在椭圆偏振光情况下，通过带间跃迁到更接近狄拉克点的导带态来产生谐波更为重要。换句话说，通过带间跃迁到低能态的量子途径是使用椭圆偏振光在石墨烯中增强 HHG 的起源。
{"title":"Hot electron effect in high-order harmonic generation from graphene driven by elliptically polarized light","authors":"Kotaro Nakagawa, Wenwen Mao, Shunsuke A. Sato, Hiroki Ago, Angel Rubio, Yoshihiko Kanemitsu, Hideki Hirori","doi":"10.1063/5.0212022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0212022","url":null,"abstract":"We studied high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in graphene driven by either linearly or elliptically polarized mid-infrared (MIR) light, and we additionally applied terahertz (THz) pulses to modulate the electron distribution in graphene. The high-harmonic spectrum obtained using linearly polarized MIR light contains only odd-order harmonics. We found that the intensities of the fifth- and seventh-order harmonics are reduced by the modulation with the THz pulses. In addition, we found that the THz-induced reduction of the seventh-order harmonic driven by elliptically polarized MIR light (at ellipticity ε = 0.3) is larger than that of seventh-order harmonic driven by linearly polarized MIR light (ε = 0). The observed behavior can be reproduced by theoretical calculations that consider different electron temperatures (caused by the THz pulses). Furthermore, the observed stronger suppression of HHG driven by elliptically polarized light reveals the following: in the case of elliptically polarized light, the generation of harmonics via interband transitions to conduction-band states that are closer to the Dirac point is more important than in the case of linearly polarized light. In other words, the quantum pathways via interband transitions to low-energy states are the origin of the enhancement of HHG that can be achieved in graphene by using elliptically polarized light.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spectral routing techniques have attracted plenty of research attention for the past decades, as they enable light manipulation in both the frequency domain and the spatial domain, which is crucial for applications in on-chip spectroscopy, optical switching, and modern communications. Here, we demonstrate an ultra-compact asymmetric nanoplasmonic router for communication bands that routes O and C bands to opposite positions. The nanorouter consists of two uneven grooves that create bidirectional scattered optical fields, utilizing the interference between different optical modes inside the grooves. A broadband spectrum exceeding 100 nm and a maximum extinction ratio of 31 dB are achieved, providing new opportunities for nanophotonic color routing solutions and extensions to other areas such as imaging sensors and spectral measurements.
过去几十年来，光谱路由技术吸引了大量研究人员的关注，因为它们可以在频域和空间域对光进行操纵，这对于片上光谱学、光开关和现代通信中的应用至关重要。在这里，我们展示了一种用于通信波段的超紧凑非对称纳米光电路由器，它能将 O 波段和 C 波段路由到相反的位置。该纳米路由器由两个凹凸不平的凹槽组成，利用凹槽内不同光学模式之间的干涉，产生双向散射光场。实现了超过 100 nm 的宽带光谱和 31 dB 的最大消光比，为纳米光子色彩路由解决方案提供了新的机遇，并扩展到成像传感器和光谱测量等其他领域。
{"title":"Broadband color routing with a single element nanoantenna for communication bands","authors":"Xianghua Liu, Ang Li, Chenyang Liu, Nengyang Zhao, Jiahao Peng, Fengyuan Gan, Xinrui Lei, Ruxue Wang, Aimin Wu","doi":"10.1063/5.0206274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0206274","url":null,"abstract":"Spectral routing techniques have attracted plenty of research attention for the past decades, as they enable light manipulation in both the frequency domain and the spatial domain, which is crucial for applications in on-chip spectroscopy, optical switching, and modern communications. Here, we demonstrate an ultra-compact asymmetric nanoplasmonic router for communication bands that routes O and C bands to opposite positions. The nanorouter consists of two uneven grooves that create bidirectional scattered optical fields, utilizing the interference between different optical modes inside the grooves. A broadband spectrum exceeding 100 nm and a maximum extinction ratio of 31 dB are achieved, providing new opportunities for nanophotonic color routing solutions and extensions to other areas such as imaging sensors and spectral measurements.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141517026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High quality (Q) factor toroidal dipole (TD) resonances have played an increasingly important role in enhancing light–matter interactions. Interestingly, TDs share a similar far-field distribution as the conventional electric/magnetic dipoles but have distinct near-field profiles from them. While most reported works focused on the electric TD, magnetic TDs (MTDs), particularly high-Q MTD, have not been fully explored yet. Here, we successfully realized a high-Q MTD by effectively harnessing the ultrahigh Q-factor guided mode resonances supported in an all-dielectric metasurface, that is, changing the interspacing between silicon nanobar dimers. Other salient properties include the stable resonance wavelength but a precisely tailored Q-factor by interspacing distance. A multipole decomposition analysis indicates that this mode is dominated by the MTD, where the electric fields are mainly confined within the dielectric nanostructures, while the induced magnetic dipole loops are connected head-to-tail. Finally, we experimentally demonstrated such high-Q MTD resonance by fabricating a series of silicon metasurfaces and measuring their transmission spectra. The MTD resonance is characterized by a sharp Fano resonance in the transmission spectrum. The maximum measured Q-factor is up to 5079. Our results provide useful guidance for realizing high-Q MTD and may find exciting applications in boosting light–matter interactions.
{"title":"High-Q magnetic toroidal dipole resonance in all-dielectric metasurfaces","authors":"Ying Zhang, Lulu Wang, Haoxuan He, Hong Duan, Jing Huang, Chenggui Gao, Shaojun You, Lujun Huang, Andrey E. Miroshnichenko, Chaobiao Zhou","doi":"10.1063/5.0208936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0208936","url":null,"abstract":"High quality (Q) factor toroidal dipole (TD) resonances have played an increasingly important role in enhancing light–matter interactions. Interestingly, TDs share a similar far-field distribution as the conventional electric/magnetic dipoles but have distinct near-field profiles from them. While most reported works focused on the electric TD, magnetic TDs (MTDs), particularly high-Q MTD, have not been fully explored yet. Here, we successfully realized a high-Q MTD by effectively harnessing the ultrahigh Q-factor guided mode resonances supported in an all-dielectric metasurface, that is, changing the interspacing between silicon nanobar dimers. Other salient properties include the stable resonance wavelength but a precisely tailored Q-factor by interspacing distance. A multipole decomposition analysis indicates that this mode is dominated by the MTD, where the electric fields are mainly confined within the dielectric nanostructures, while the induced magnetic dipole loops are connected head-to-tail. Finally, we experimentally demonstrated such high-Q MTD resonance by fabricating a series of silicon metasurfaces and measuring their transmission spectra. The MTD resonance is characterized by a sharp Fano resonance in the transmission spectrum. The maximum measured Q-factor is up to 5079. Our results provide useful guidance for realizing high-Q MTD and may find exciting applications in boosting light–matter interactions.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141517025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jong-Moo Lee, Jiho Park, Jeongho Bang, Young-Ik Sohn, Alessio Baldazzi, M. Sanna, S. Azzini, Lorenzo Pavesi
We present a programmable silicon photonic four-qubit integrated circuit for the generation and manipulation of diverse quantum states. The silicon photonic chip integrates photon-pair sources, pump-reducing filters, wavelength-division-multiplexing filters, Mach–Zehnder interferometer switches, and single-qubit arbitrary gates, enabling versatile state preparation and tomography. We measure Hong–Ou–Mandel interference with an impressive 98% visibility using four-photon coincidence, laying the foundation for high-purity qubits. Our analysis involves estimating the fidelity and purity of distinct quantum states through maximum-likelihood estimation applied to tomographic measurements. In our experimental results, we showcase the following achievements: a heralded single qubit achieving 98.2% fidelity and 98.3% purity, a Bell state reaching 95.2% fidelity and 94.8% purity, and a four-qubit system with two simultaneous Bell states exhibiting 87.4% fidelity and 84.6% purity. Finally, a four-qubit Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state demonstrates 85.4% fidelity and 81.7% purity. In addition, we certify the entanglement of the four-photon GHZ state through Bell’s inequality violations and a negative entanglement witness.
{"title":"Quantum states generation and manipulation in a programmable silicon-photonic four-qubit system with high-fidelity and purity","authors":"Jong-Moo Lee, Jiho Park, Jeongho Bang, Young-Ik Sohn, Alessio Baldazzi, M. Sanna, S. Azzini, Lorenzo Pavesi","doi":"10.1063/5.0207714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0207714","url":null,"abstract":"We present a programmable silicon photonic four-qubit integrated circuit for the generation and manipulation of diverse quantum states. The silicon photonic chip integrates photon-pair sources, pump-reducing filters, wavelength-division-multiplexing filters, Mach–Zehnder interferometer switches, and single-qubit arbitrary gates, enabling versatile state preparation and tomography. We measure Hong–Ou–Mandel interference with an impressive 98% visibility using four-photon coincidence, laying the foundation for high-purity qubits. Our analysis involves estimating the fidelity and purity of distinct quantum states through maximum-likelihood estimation applied to tomographic measurements. In our experimental results, we showcase the following achievements: a heralded single qubit achieving 98.2% fidelity and 98.3% purity, a Bell state reaching 95.2% fidelity and 94.8% purity, and a four-qubit system with two simultaneous Bell states exhibiting 87.4% fidelity and 84.6% purity. Finally, a four-qubit Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state demonstrates 85.4% fidelity and 81.7% purity. In addition, we certify the entanglement of the four-photon GHZ state through Bell’s inequality violations and a negative entanglement witness.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141699113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Stummer, T. Flöry, M. Schneller, E. Kaksis, M. Zeiler, A. Pugžlys, A. Baltuška
{"title":"Erratum: “Frequency-mode-stable regenerative amplification at terahertz burst rates” [APL Photonics 9, 036116 (2024)]","authors":"V. Stummer, T. Flöry, M. Schneller, E. Kaksis, M. Zeiler, A. Pugžlys, A. Baltuška","doi":"10.1063/5.0225705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0225705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141697353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The characterization of ultrashort laser pulses has significantly advanced beyond the standard spatial and temporal diagnostics to now include sophisticated spatio-temporal measurement techniques. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the current state of space–time characterization, discussing the theoretical foundations of ultrashort laser pulses, the various measurement techniques and their design trade-offs, and the challenges and opportunities for future development. We explore the extension of these techniques to different wavelength regimes and delve into the unique challenges posed by the characterization of polarization-structured beams. The potential for data-driven analysis to enhance the information extracted from the measurements is highlighted, along with the need for direct measurement of previously inaccessible field components, such as the longitudinal electric field in tightly focused beams. As these diagnostic tools continue to evolve, we anticipate a future where the intricate space–time structure of light can be analyzed on a routine basis, opening up new frontiers in ultrafast science and technology.
{"title":"Space–time characterization of ultrashort laser pulses: A perspective","authors":"Benjamín Alonso, A. Döpp, Spencer W. Jolly","doi":"10.1063/5.0219447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0219447","url":null,"abstract":"The characterization of ultrashort laser pulses has significantly advanced beyond the standard spatial and temporal diagnostics to now include sophisticated spatio-temporal measurement techniques. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the current state of space–time characterization, discussing the theoretical foundations of ultrashort laser pulses, the various measurement techniques and their design trade-offs, and the challenges and opportunities for future development. We explore the extension of these techniques to different wavelength regimes and delve into the unique challenges posed by the characterization of polarization-structured beams. The potential for data-driven analysis to enhance the information extracted from the measurements is highlighted, along with the need for direct measurement of previously inaccessible field components, such as the longitudinal electric field in tightly focused beams. As these diagnostic tools continue to evolve, we anticipate a future where the intricate space–time structure of light can be analyzed on a routine basis, opening up new frontiers in ultrafast science and technology.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141694569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaochen Zhang, Yuan Li, Weikang Dong, Qinghua Liang, Haozhe Sun, Yang Wang, Xiaowei Li, Lan Jiang, Xinping Zhang, He Ma, Jiafang Li
Optically spatial displacement and material modification hold great potential for the appealing applications in nanofabrication and reconfiguration of functional optical devices. Here, we propose and demonstrate a scheme to achieve simultaneous deformation and phase change in vanadium dioxide (VO2)/Si3N4/Au hybrid nanostructures by laser stimuli. Low triggering threshold and significant deformation characteristics of VO2, based on controllable phase transition, are demonstrated in microscale cantilevers. The plasmonic properties of the nanostructure array are further utilized to achieve a polarization-selective dynamic response. The persistence of deformation and dynamical optical modulation are further demonstrated. Such high-precision fabrication methods and non-contact reconfiguration methods are useful for future applications in dynamic optical manipulation.
{"title":"Optically controllable deformation and phase change in VO2/Si3N4/Au hybrid nanostructures with polarization selectivity","authors":"Xiaochen Zhang, Yuan Li, Weikang Dong, Qinghua Liang, Haozhe Sun, Yang Wang, Xiaowei Li, Lan Jiang, Xinping Zhang, He Ma, Jiafang Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0213410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0213410","url":null,"abstract":"Optically spatial displacement and material modification hold great potential for the appealing applications in nanofabrication and reconfiguration of functional optical devices. Here, we propose and demonstrate a scheme to achieve simultaneous deformation and phase change in vanadium dioxide (VO2)/Si3N4/Au hybrid nanostructures by laser stimuli. Low triggering threshold and significant deformation characteristics of VO2, based on controllable phase transition, are demonstrated in microscale cantilevers. The plasmonic properties of the nanostructure array are further utilized to achieve a polarization-selective dynamic response. The persistence of deformation and dynamical optical modulation are further demonstrated. Such high-precision fabrication methods and non-contact reconfiguration methods are useful for future applications in dynamic optical manipulation.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141517029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Lemieux-Tanguay, T. Boilard, P. Paradis, R. Vallée, M. Bernier
We report a dual-wavelength-pumped all-fiber continuous-wave laser operating at the extended wavelength of 3.79 µm that reaches a record output power of 2.0 W. This represents, to the best of our knowledge, the highest output power reported at the longest spectral range for a fiber laser. The laser cavity, made of a heavily erbium-doped fluoride fiber and bounded by two photo-inscribed fiber Bragg gratings, reaches a slope efficiency of 46.5% with respect to the absorbed 1976 nm pump power. The system exhibits an absorption dependency of the 1976 nm pump on the launched 976 nm pump and a quenching behavior dependency on the output coupler reflectivity. The all-fiber design of the cavity allows significant power scaling of the laser and ensures its long-term stability.
{"title":"2 W monolithic fiber laser at 3.8 µm","authors":"M. Lemieux-Tanguay, T. Boilard, P. Paradis, R. Vallée, M. Bernier","doi":"10.1063/5.0212455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0212455","url":null,"abstract":"We report a dual-wavelength-pumped all-fiber continuous-wave laser operating at the extended wavelength of 3.79 µm that reaches a record output power of 2.0 W. This represents, to the best of our knowledge, the highest output power reported at the longest spectral range for a fiber laser. The laser cavity, made of a heavily erbium-doped fluoride fiber and bounded by two photo-inscribed fiber Bragg gratings, reaches a slope efficiency of 46.5% with respect to the absorbed 1976 nm pump power. The system exhibits an absorption dependency of the 1976 nm pump on the launched 976 nm pump and a quenching behavior dependency on the output coupler reflectivity. The all-fiber design of the cavity allows significant power scaling of the laser and ensures its long-term stability.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141517027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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