Increasing the energy efficiency and reducing the footprint of on-chip photodetectors enable dense optical interconnects for emerging computational and sensing applications. While heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) exhibit high energy efficiency and negligible excess noise factor, their gain-bandwidth product (GBP) has been inferior to that of avalanche photodiodes at low optical powers. Here, we demonstrate that utilizing type-II energy band alignment in an Sb-based HPT results in six times smaller junction capacitance per unit area and a significantly higher GBP at low optical powers. These type-II HPTs were scaled down to 2 μm in diameter and fully integrated with photonic waveguides on silicon. Thanks to their extremely low dark current and high internal gain, these devices exhibit a GBP similar to the best avalanche devices (∼270 GHz) but with one order of magnitude better energy efficiency. Their energy consumption is about 5 fJ/bit at 3.2 Gbps, with an error rate below 10-9 at -25 dBm optical power at 1550 nm. These features suggest new opportunities for creating highly efficient and compact optical receivers based on phototransistors with type-II band alignment.
{"title":"Fast and efficient Sb-based type-II phototransistors integrated on silicon.","authors":"Lining Liu, Simone Bianconi, Skyler Wheaton, Nathaniel Coirier, Farah Fahim, Hooman Mohseni","doi":"10.1063/5.0233887","DOIUrl":"10.1063/5.0233887","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing the energy efficiency and reducing the footprint of on-chip photodetectors enable dense optical interconnects for emerging computational and sensing applications. While heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) exhibit high energy efficiency and negligible excess noise factor, their gain-bandwidth product (GBP) has been inferior to that of avalanche photodiodes at low optical powers. Here, we demonstrate that utilizing type-II energy band alignment in an Sb-based HPT results in six times smaller junction capacitance per unit area and a significantly higher GBP at low optical powers. These type-II HPTs were scaled down to 2 <i>μ</i>m in diameter and fully integrated with photonic waveguides on silicon. Thanks to their extremely low dark current and high internal gain, these devices exhibit a GBP similar to the best avalanche devices (∼270 GHz) but with one order of magnitude better energy efficiency. Their energy consumption is about 5 fJ/bit at 3.2 Gbps, with an error rate below 10<sup>-9</sup> at -25 dBm optical power at 1550 nm. These features suggest new opportunities for creating highly efficient and compact optical receivers based on phototransistors with type-II band alignment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"10 3","pages":"036106"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11892345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1063/5.0225074
Jake R Rosvold, Joseph B Murray, Giulia Zanini, Brandon Redding, Giuliano Scarcelli
Brillouin spectroscopy has become an important tool for mapping the mechanical properties of biological samples. Recently, stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) measurements have emerged in this field as a promising technology for lower noise and higher speed measurements. However, further improvements are fundamentally limited by constraints on the optical power level that can be used in biological samples, which effectively caps the gain and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SBS biological measurements. This limitation is compounded by practical limits on the optical probe power due to detector saturation thresholds. As a result, SBS-based measurements in biological samples have provided minimal improvements (in noise and imaging speed) compared with spontaneous Brillouin microscopy, despite the potential advantages of the nonlinear scattering process. Here, we consider how a SBS spectrometer can circumvent this fundamental trade-off in the low-gain regime by leveraging the polarization dependence of the SBS interaction to effectively filter the signal from the background light via the polarization pulling effect. We present an analytic model of the polarization pulling detection scheme and describe the trade-space unique to Brillouin microscopy applications. We show that an optimized receiver design could provide >25× improvement in SNR compared to a standard SBS receiver in most typical experimental conditions. We then experimentally validate this model using optical fiber as a simplified test bed. With our experimental parameters, we find that the polarization pulling scheme provides 100× higher SNR than a standard SBS receiver, enabling 100× faster measurements in the low-gain regime. Finally, we discuss the potential for this proposed spectrometer design to benefit low-gain spectroscopy applications such as Brillouin microscopy by enabling pixel dwell times as short as 10 μs.
布里渊光谱学已成为绘制生物样品机械特性图的重要工具。最近，受激布里渊散射（SBS）测量技术作为一种低噪声、高速度测量技术在该领域崭露头角。然而，由于生物样品中可使用的光功率水平受到限制，SBS 生物测量的增益和信噪比（SNR）受到有效限制，进一步的改进受到根本限制。探测器饱和阈值对光学探针功率的实际限制又加剧了这种限制。因此，尽管非线性散射过程具有潜在的优势，但与自发布里渊显微镜相比，基于 SBS 的生物样品测量在噪声和成像速度方面的改进微乎其微。在此，我们考虑 SBS 光谱仪如何利用 SBS 相互作用的偏振依赖性，通过偏振牵引效应从背景光中有效过滤信号，从而在低增益系统中规避这一基本权衡。我们提出了偏振拉动检测方案的分析模型，并描述了布里渊显微镜应用所特有的权衡空间。我们表明，在大多数典型的实验条件下，与标准 SBS 接收器相比，优化的接收器设计可使信噪比提高 25 倍以上。然后，我们使用光纤作为简化测试平台，对这一模型进行了实验验证。根据我们的实验参数，我们发现偏振拉动方案的信噪比比标准 SBS 接收器高 100 倍，在低增益系统中的测量速度快 100 倍。最后，我们讨论了这一光谱仪设计的潜力，它能使像素停留时间短至 10 μs，从而有利于布里渊显微镜等低增益光谱应用。
{"title":"Impact of polarization pulling on optimal spectrometer design for stimulated Brillouin scattering microscopy.","authors":"Jake R Rosvold, Joseph B Murray, Giulia Zanini, Brandon Redding, Giuliano Scarcelli","doi":"10.1063/5.0225074","DOIUrl":"10.1063/5.0225074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brillouin spectroscopy has become an important tool for mapping the mechanical properties of biological samples. Recently, stimulated Brillouin scattering (<i>SBS</i>) measurements have emerged in this field as a promising technology for lower noise and higher speed measurements. However, further improvements are fundamentally limited by constraints on the optical power level that can be used in biological samples, which effectively caps the gain and signal-to-noise ratio (<i>SNR</i>) of <i>SBS</i> biological measurements. This limitation is compounded by practical limits on the optical probe power due to detector saturation thresholds. As a result, <i>SBS</i>-based measurements in biological samples have provided minimal improvements (in noise and imaging speed) compared with spontaneous Brillouin microscopy, despite the potential advantages of the nonlinear scattering process. Here, we consider how a <i>SBS</i> spectrometer can circumvent this fundamental trade-off in the low-gain regime by leveraging the polarization dependence of the <i>SBS</i> interaction to effectively filter the signal from the background light via the polarization pulling effect. We present an analytic model of the polarization pulling detection scheme and describe the trade-space unique to Brillouin microscopy applications. We show that an optimized receiver design could provide >25× improvement in <i>SNR</i> compared to a standard <i>SBS</i> receiver in most typical experimental conditions. We then experimentally validate this model using optical fiber as a simplified test bed. With our experimental parameters, we find that the polarization pulling scheme provides 100× higher <i>SNR</i> than a standard <i>SBS</i> receiver, enabling 100× faster measurements in the low-gain regime. Finally, we discuss the potential for this proposed spectrometer design to benefit low-gain spectroscopy applications such as Brillouin microscopy by enabling pixel dwell times as short as 10 <i>μ</i>s.</p>","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"9 10","pages":"100807"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11503528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baljinder Kaur, Santosh Kumar, Jan Nedoma, Radek Martinek, Carlos Marques
Optical biosensors that consist of a light source, optical elements, and a photodetector are used to detect chemical and biological species and pollutants. This Tutorial discusses the fundamental details of optical biosensing techniques that include materials, working principle, components, sensor configurations, parameters, and future prospects. Optical biosensing techniques include plasmonic [surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR], fluorescence, luminescence, Raman scattering, colorimetric, and interferometric methods. Bioreceptor elements play a significant role in detecting the specific analyte that can be synthetic or natural. Surface functionalization techniques to bind the bioreceptor elements on the surface, to control the bioreceptor orientation, have been discussed in detail. The possibility of integration of techniques on a chip, to develop wearable, implantable sensors, and the associated challenges have been fully demonstrated. This Tutorial provides valuable insights into the present state and future directions of optical biosensors for various applications.
{"title":"Advancements in optical biosensing techniques: From fundamentals to future prospects","authors":"Baljinder Kaur, Santosh Kumar, Jan Nedoma, Radek Martinek, Carlos Marques","doi":"10.1063/5.0216621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0216621","url":null,"abstract":"Optical biosensors that consist of a light source, optical elements, and a photodetector are used to detect chemical and biological species and pollutants. This Tutorial discusses the fundamental details of optical biosensing techniques that include materials, working principle, components, sensor configurations, parameters, and future prospects. Optical biosensing techniques include plasmonic [surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR], fluorescence, luminescence, Raman scattering, colorimetric, and interferometric methods. Bioreceptor elements play a significant role in detecting the specific analyte that can be synthetic or natural. Surface functionalization techniques to bind the bioreceptor elements on the surface, to control the bioreceptor orientation, have been discussed in detail. The possibility of integration of techniques on a chip, to develop wearable, implantable sensors, and the associated challenges have been fully demonstrated. This Tutorial provides valuable insights into the present state and future directions of optical biosensors for various applications.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Airy beam has attracted great attention since it was proposed in 2007 due to its novel properties, such as non-diffraction, self-healing, and self-acceleration. However, the spin angular momentum (SAM), which is an intrinsic nature of light, has rarely been studied by the Airy beam. Here, we propose a kind of binary circular Airy beam (BCAB) with space-variant polarizations and vortex phases and study the SAM evolution of the BCAB during propagation. We find the effects of appearance and annihilation of SAM during the propagation of BCAB, and the SAM can be further manipulated by adjusting the initial phase and polarization distribution of BCAB. Moreover, the optical tube, optical needle, and optical cage carrying different SAMs are achieved in propagation, which can be applied in various regions, such as optical trapping and manipulation. The BCAB significantly enriches the family of structured light and provides a flexible control scheme of SAM, which can further promote the application of SAM in many fields.
自 2007 年提出以来，Airy 光束因其新颖的特性，如非衍射、自修复和自加速等，引起了人们的极大关注。然而，作为光的固有性质的自旋角动量（SAM）却很少被艾里光束所研究。在这里，我们提出了一种具有空间变偏振和涡旋相的双圆形艾里光束（BCAB），并研究了 BCAB 在传播过程中的自旋角动量演化。我们发现了SAM在BCAB传播过程中的出现和湮灭效应，并且可以通过调整BCAB的初始相位和偏振分布来进一步操纵SAM。此外，在传播过程中还实现了携带不同SAM的光管、光针和光笼，可应用于光学捕获和操纵等多个领域。BCAB 极大地丰富了结构光家族，并提供了灵活的 SAM 控制方案，可进一步推动 SAM 在多个领域的应用。
{"title":"The manipulation of spin angular momentum for binary circular Airy beam during propagation","authors":"Guang-Bo Zhang, Xu-Zhen Gao, Qing-Lu Li, Ya-Ning Kong, Tian-Fei Zhao, Shi-Tong Xu, Ren-De Ma, Jia-Qi Lü, Yue Pan","doi":"10.1063/5.0223250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0223250","url":null,"abstract":"The Airy beam has attracted great attention since it was proposed in 2007 due to its novel properties, such as non-diffraction, self-healing, and self-acceleration. However, the spin angular momentum (SAM), which is an intrinsic nature of light, has rarely been studied by the Airy beam. Here, we propose a kind of binary circular Airy beam (BCAB) with space-variant polarizations and vortex phases and study the SAM evolution of the BCAB during propagation. We find the effects of appearance and annihilation of SAM during the propagation of BCAB, and the SAM can be further manipulated by adjusting the initial phase and polarization distribution of BCAB. Moreover, the optical tube, optical needle, and optical cage carrying different SAMs are achieved in propagation, which can be applied in various regions, such as optical trapping and manipulation. The BCAB significantly enriches the family of structured light and provides a flexible control scheme of SAM, which can further promote the application of SAM in many fields.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flexible organic optoelectronic devices (FOODs) are rapidly emerging as a transformative technology in consumer electronics due to their exceptional bendability, lightweight, and seamless integration capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of FOODs, including flexible organic light-emitting devices, organic photodetectors, and organic solar cells. We delve into their structural design, fundamental operating principles, and the unique advantages and challenges they present for applications requiring flexibility. Following this, the review explores the critical components of FOODs, with a particular focus on transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) and innovative substrate materials. We discuss various TCE types, including carbon-based, metal network, and composite designs. Additionally, we explore the use of novel substrates like fibers, fabrics, and paper. Finally, the review examines current fabrication and encapsulation techniques employed for these flexible devices. We conclude by highlighting promising applications of FOODs in diverse fields, including biomedical science and intelligent interactive technologies.
{"title":"Flexible organic optoelectronic devices: Design, fabrication, and applications","authors":"Yuanhe Wang, Yanlong Wen, Xiaoxiao Zhuang, Shihao Liu, Letian Zhang, Wenfa Xie","doi":"10.1063/5.0220555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0220555","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible organic optoelectronic devices (FOODs) are rapidly emerging as a transformative technology in consumer electronics due to their exceptional bendability, lightweight, and seamless integration capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of FOODs, including flexible organic light-emitting devices, organic photodetectors, and organic solar cells. We delve into their structural design, fundamental operating principles, and the unique advantages and challenges they present for applications requiring flexibility. Following this, the review explores the critical components of FOODs, with a particular focus on transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) and innovative substrate materials. We discuss various TCE types, including carbon-based, metal network, and composite designs. Additionally, we explore the use of novel substrates like fibers, fabrics, and paper. Finally, the review examines current fabrication and encapsulation techniques employed for these flexible devices. We conclude by highlighting promising applications of FOODs in diverse fields, including biomedical science and intelligent interactive technologies.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elad Sunray, Gil Weinberg, Moriya Rosenfeld, Ori Katz
Imaging inside scattering media at optical resolution is a longstanding challenge affecting multiple fields, from bio-medicine to astronomy. In recent years, several groundbreaking techniques for imaging inside scattering media, in particular scattering-matrix-based approaches, have shown great promise. However, due to their reliance on the optical “memory-effect,” these techniques usually suffer from a restricted field of view. Here, we demonstrate that diffraction-limited imaging beyond the optical memory-effect can be robustly achieved by combining acousto-optic spatial-gating with state-of-the-art matrix-based imaging techniques. In particular, we show that this can be achieved by computational processing of scattered light fields captured under scanned acousto-optic modulation. The approach can be directly utilized whenever the ultrasound focus size is of the order of the memory-effect range, independently of the scattering angle.
{"title":"Beyond memory-effect matrix-based imaging in scattering media by acousto-optic gating","authors":"Elad Sunray, Gil Weinberg, Moriya Rosenfeld, Ori Katz","doi":"10.1063/5.0219316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0219316","url":null,"abstract":"Imaging inside scattering media at optical resolution is a longstanding challenge affecting multiple fields, from bio-medicine to astronomy. In recent years, several groundbreaking techniques for imaging inside scattering media, in particular scattering-matrix-based approaches, have shown great promise. However, due to their reliance on the optical “memory-effect,” these techniques usually suffer from a restricted field of view. Here, we demonstrate that diffraction-limited imaging beyond the optical memory-effect can be robustly achieved by combining acousto-optic spatial-gating with state-of-the-art matrix-based imaging techniques. In particular, we show that this can be achieved by computational processing of scattered light fields captured under scanned acousto-optic modulation. The approach can be directly utilized whenever the ultrasound focus size is of the order of the memory-effect range, independently of the scattering angle.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This tutorial reviews the rapidly growing field of optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy and chemical imaging. O-PTIR is an infrared super-resolution measurement technique where a shorter wavelength visible probe is used to measure and map infrared (IR) absorption with spatial resolution up to 30× better than conventional techniques such as Fourier transform infrared and direct IR laser imaging systems. This article reviews key limitations of conventional IR instruments, the O-PTIR technology breakthroughs, and their origins that have overcome the prior limitations. This article also discusses recent developments in expanding multi-modal O-PTIR approaches that enable complementary Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy imaging, including wide-field O-PTIR imaging with fluorescence-based detection of IR absorption. Various practical subjects are covered, including sample preparation techniques, optimal measurement configurations, use of IR tags/labels and techniques for data analysis, and visualization. Key O-PTIR applications are reviewed in many areas, including biological and biomedical sciences, environmental and microplastics research, (bio)pharmaceuticals, materials science, cultural heritage, forensics, photonics, and failure analysis.
{"title":"A tutorial on optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) microscopy","authors":"Craig B. Prater, Mustafa Kansiz, Ji-Xin Cheng","doi":"10.1063/5.0219983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0219983","url":null,"abstract":"This tutorial reviews the rapidly growing field of optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy and chemical imaging. O-PTIR is an infrared super-resolution measurement technique where a shorter wavelength visible probe is used to measure and map infrared (IR) absorption with spatial resolution up to 30× better than conventional techniques such as Fourier transform infrared and direct IR laser imaging systems. This article reviews key limitations of conventional IR instruments, the O-PTIR technology breakthroughs, and their origins that have overcome the prior limitations. This article also discusses recent developments in expanding multi-modal O-PTIR approaches that enable complementary Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy imaging, including wide-field O-PTIR imaging with fluorescence-based detection of IR absorption. Various practical subjects are covered, including sample preparation techniques, optimal measurement configurations, use of IR tags/labels and techniques for data analysis, and visualization. Key O-PTIR applications are reviewed in many areas, including biological and biomedical sciences, environmental and microplastics research, (bio)pharmaceuticals, materials science, cultural heritage, forensics, photonics, and failure analysis.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As an essential biomarker for diagnosing and treating various diseases, low-cost, quantitative detection methods for complementary DNA (cDNA) have received much attention. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing technique is an effective measurement scheme, but the ambient temperature and pH variations have a non-negligible impact. In this work, we developed a triple-probe SPR sensing system for detecting cDNA concentration, temperature, and pH. In order to satisfy the triple parameter measurements, we used a microstructured optical fiber as the sensing platform, silver and gold films as the excitation layer, and a MoS2 film as the modulation layer. First, we explore the modulation mechanism of SPR and the conditions for excitation of triple SPR and demonstrate that the carrier concentration is a crucial factor affecting the resonance wavelength. Then, the feasibility of the sensing system for triple-probing is theoretically analyzed. Finally, in the experiment, the optimal parameters of the sensor were determined, and the triple parameter detection was successfully realized. The experimental results show that the three probes can work independently, and the hybridized DNA probe can realize the selective detection of cDNA with a sensitivity of 0.249 nm/(nmol/l). The maximum sensitivity of the pH probe and the temperature probe are 51.5 nm/pH and 6.14 nm/°C. In addition, the experimental results show that the sensing probes have excellent reproducibility. This paper’s innovation is using the fiber optic SPR effect to achieve quantitative detection for cDNA, temperature detection, and pH detection. Therefore, the sensor has a promising future in early diagnosis and biosensing.
{"title":"Cascade amplification-based triple probe biosensor for high-precision DNA hybridization detection of lung cancer gene","authors":"Zhiyong Yin, Xili Jing, Shuguang Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0228760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0228760","url":null,"abstract":"As an essential biomarker for diagnosing and treating various diseases, low-cost, quantitative detection methods for complementary DNA (cDNA) have received much attention. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing technique is an effective measurement scheme, but the ambient temperature and pH variations have a non-negligible impact. In this work, we developed a triple-probe SPR sensing system for detecting cDNA concentration, temperature, and pH. In order to satisfy the triple parameter measurements, we used a microstructured optical fiber as the sensing platform, silver and gold films as the excitation layer, and a MoS2 film as the modulation layer. First, we explore the modulation mechanism of SPR and the conditions for excitation of triple SPR and demonstrate that the carrier concentration is a crucial factor affecting the resonance wavelength. Then, the feasibility of the sensing system for triple-probing is theoretically analyzed. Finally, in the experiment, the optimal parameters of the sensor were determined, and the triple parameter detection was successfully realized. The experimental results show that the three probes can work independently, and the hybridized DNA probe can realize the selective detection of cDNA with a sensitivity of 0.249 nm/(nmol/l). The maximum sensitivity of the pH probe and the temperature probe are 51.5 nm/pH and 6.14 nm/°C. In addition, the experimental results show that the sensing probes have excellent reproducibility. This paper’s innovation is using the fiber optic SPR effect to achieve quantitative detection for cDNA, temperature detection, and pH detection. Therefore, the sensor has a promising future in early diagnosis and biosensing.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhikai Zhu, Hyunmo Yang, Hongqiu Lei, Yusi Miao, George Philipopoulos, Melody Doosty, David Mukai, Yuchen Song, Jangwoen Lee, Sari Mahon, Matthew Brenner, Livia Veress, Carl White, Woonggyu Jung, Zhongping Chen
Chlorine exposure can cause severe airway injuries. While the acute effects of chlorine inhalation are well-documented, the structural changes resulting from the post-acute, high-level chlorine exposure remain less understood. Airway sloughing is one of the standards for doctors to evaluate the lung function. Here, we report the application of a high-resolution swept-source optical coherence tomography system to investigate the progression of injury based on airway sloughing evaluation in a chlorine inhalation rabbit model. This system employs a 1.2 mm diameter flexible fiberoptic endoscopic probe via an endotracheal tube to capture in vivo large airway anatomical changes before and as early as 30 min after acute chlorine exposure. We conducted an animal study using New Zealand white rabbits exposed to acute chlorine gas (800 ppm, 6 min) during ventilation and monitored them using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for 6 h. To measure the volume of airway sloughing induced by chlorine gas, we utilized deep learning for the segmentation task on OCT images. The results showed that the volume of chlorine induced epithelial sloughing on rabbit tracheal walls initially increased, peaked around 30 min, and then decreased. Furthermore, we utilized a spectral encoded interferometric microscopy system to study ex vivo airway cilia beating dynamics based on Doppler shift, aiding in elucidating how chlorine gas affects cilia beating function. Cilia movability and beating frequency were decreased because of the epithelium damage. This quantitative approach has the potential to enhance the diagnosis and monitoring of injuries from toxic gas inhalation and to evaluate the efficacy of antidote treatments for these injuries.
{"title":"Quantitative assessment of chlorine gas inhalation injury based on endoscopic OCT and spectral encoded interferometric microscope imaging with deep learning","authors":"Zhikai Zhu, Hyunmo Yang, Hongqiu Lei, Yusi Miao, George Philipopoulos, Melody Doosty, David Mukai, Yuchen Song, Jangwoen Lee, Sari Mahon, Matthew Brenner, Livia Veress, Carl White, Woonggyu Jung, Zhongping Chen","doi":"10.1063/5.0222153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0222153","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorine exposure can cause severe airway injuries. While the acute effects of chlorine inhalation are well-documented, the structural changes resulting from the post-acute, high-level chlorine exposure remain less understood. Airway sloughing is one of the standards for doctors to evaluate the lung function. Here, we report the application of a high-resolution swept-source optical coherence tomography system to investigate the progression of injury based on airway sloughing evaluation in a chlorine inhalation rabbit model. This system employs a 1.2 mm diameter flexible fiberoptic endoscopic probe via an endotracheal tube to capture in vivo large airway anatomical changes before and as early as 30 min after acute chlorine exposure. We conducted an animal study using New Zealand white rabbits exposed to acute chlorine gas (800 ppm, 6 min) during ventilation and monitored them using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for 6 h. To measure the volume of airway sloughing induced by chlorine gas, we utilized deep learning for the segmentation task on OCT images. The results showed that the volume of chlorine induced epithelial sloughing on rabbit tracheal walls initially increased, peaked around 30 min, and then decreased. Furthermore, we utilized a spectral encoded interferometric microscopy system to study ex vivo airway cilia beating dynamics based on Doppler shift, aiding in elucidating how chlorine gas affects cilia beating function. Cilia movability and beating frequency were decreased because of the epithelium damage. This quantitative approach has the potential to enhance the diagnosis and monitoring of injuries from toxic gas inhalation and to evaluate the efficacy of antidote treatments for these injuries.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Ma, Zijun Huang, Wei Ke, Xichen Wang, Peng Hao, X. Steve Yao, Xinlun Cai
We report a novel widely tunable Ka-band optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) realized by integrating a Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM), a thermally-tunable add-drop micro-ring resonator (MRR), and a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) on the thin film lithium niobate platform, with the MZM and the MRR sequentially situated in one of the MZI arms. The MZM is for modulating the optical carrier, while the add-drop MRR is for selecting a single modulation sideband to beat with the unmodulated optical carrier from the other arm of the MZI, such that the OEO oscillation frequency is determined by the frequency spacing between the optical carrier and the selected modulation sideband, while the frequency tuning range is determined by the free spectral range of the MRR. By tuning the resonances of the add-drop MRR, the oscillation frequency can be tuned from 20 to 35 GHz, with the phase noises of −85 dBc/Hz @10 kHz and −116 dBc/Hz @100 kHz in the whole tuning range, which represent much higher oscillation frequency, much wider frequency tuning range, and lower phase noise than those of the photonic integrated OEOs realized with other material platforms reported previously.
{"title":"Widely tunable Ka-band optoelectronic oscillator integrated on thin film lithium niobate platform","authors":"Rui Ma, Zijun Huang, Wei Ke, Xichen Wang, Peng Hao, X. Steve Yao, Xinlun Cai","doi":"10.1063/5.0214107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214107","url":null,"abstract":"We report a novel widely tunable Ka-band optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) realized by integrating a Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM), a thermally-tunable add-drop micro-ring resonator (MRR), and a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) on the thin film lithium niobate platform, with the MZM and the MRR sequentially situated in one of the MZI arms. The MZM is for modulating the optical carrier, while the add-drop MRR is for selecting a single modulation sideband to beat with the unmodulated optical carrier from the other arm of the MZI, such that the OEO oscillation frequency is determined by the frequency spacing between the optical carrier and the selected modulation sideband, while the frequency tuning range is determined by the free spectral range of the MRR. By tuning the resonances of the add-drop MRR, the oscillation frequency can be tuned from 20 to 35 GHz, with the phase noises of −85 dBc/Hz @10 kHz and −116 dBc/Hz @100 kHz in the whole tuning range, which represent much higher oscillation frequency, much wider frequency tuning range, and lower phase noise than those of the photonic integrated OEOs realized with other material platforms reported previously.","PeriodicalId":8198,"journal":{"name":"APL Photonics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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