Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

英文中文

Topology optimization of 3D conformal cooling channels using within-surface flow model

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125765

Jiahao Ba, Baotong Li, Xianglei Zeng, Rui Lu, Hui Jing, Jinglu Chen, Xiaoqing Huang, Jun Hong

This paper investigates the topology optimization of 3D conformal cooling channels. The design is performed directly on the 3D curved surface, without plane-to-surface projection. A within-surface flow (WSF) model is proposed to simulate flow on curved surfaces, especially non-developable surfaces. The WSF model reduces computational cost and structural complexity by simplifying the full 3D design problem into a surface-based one. It operates by confining the flow within a sufficiently thin layer between two frictionless, adiabatic walls. In this work, the thermofluid problems are modeled using a density-based topology optimization method, and three non-developable surfaces—including warped, spherical, and spline surfaces—are selected as case studies. The optimized cooling channel presents a branched layout, and the effects of hyperparameters—including filter radius, fluid energy dissipation threshold, and heat generation coefficient—on the configuration of cooling channels are investigated. The full 3D simulations are constructed based on the topology optimization results, and their performance is compared with reference cooling channels. The validations show the superiority of the topology-optimized channels and highlight the importance of ensuring consistency in inlet Reynolds numbers between the WSF model and full 3D simulations. For topology-optimized cooling channels, the temperature rise reductions compared to reference channels are 6.37% on warped surfaces, 12.89% on spherical surfaces, and 19.38% on spline surfaces. The corresponding pressure drop reductions are 20.94%, 11.58%, and 23.53%, respectively. This work suggests a promising pathway for the design of 3D conformal cooling channels based on topology optimization.

{"title":"Topology optimization of 3D conformal cooling channels using within-surface flow model","authors":"Jiahao Ba, Baotong Li, Xianglei Zeng, Rui Lu, Hui Jing, Jinglu Chen, Xiaoqing Huang, Jun Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the topology optimization of 3D conformal cooling channels. The design is performed directly on the 3D curved surface, without plane-to-surface projection. A within-surface flow (WSF) model is proposed to simulate flow on curved surfaces, especially non-developable surfaces. The WSF model reduces computational cost and structural complexity by simplifying the full 3D design problem into a surface-based one. It operates by confining the flow within a sufficiently thin layer between two frictionless, adiabatic walls. In this work, the thermofluid problems are modeled using a density-based topology optimization method, and three non-developable surfaces—including warped, spherical, and spline surfaces—are selected as case studies. The optimized cooling channel presents a branched layout, and the effects of hyperparameters—including filter radius, fluid energy dissipation threshold, and heat generation coefficient—on the configuration of cooling channels are investigated. The full 3D simulations are constructed based on the topology optimization results, and their performance is compared with reference cooling channels. The validations show the superiority of the topology-optimized channels and highlight the importance of ensuring consistency in inlet Reynolds numbers between the WSF model and full 3D simulations. For topology-optimized cooling channels, the temperature rise reductions compared to reference channels are 6.37% on warped surfaces, 12.89% on spherical surfaces, and 19.38% on spline surfaces. The corresponding pressure drop reductions are 20.94%, 11.58%, and 23.53%, respectively. This work suggests a promising pathway for the design of 3D conformal cooling channels based on topology optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 125765"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical study of geothermal heat transfer characteristics and ground temperature response of shallow pipe group

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125729

Chao Jiang , Chao Li , Zilong Jia , Yanling Guan , Gaozhe Xing , Yu Lei

Pipe groups play a critical role in shallow geothermal energy applications, with the ground temperature response significantly influencing their heat transfer efficiency. This study develops three-dimensional numerical models in ANSYS, based on ground thermal response tests, to analyze the heat transfer characteristics and ground temperature response in both a single pipe and a 3 × 3 pipe group. The results showed that during operations involving heat extraction and natural recovery, heat transfer experiences decay across multiple cycles. This decay in the pipe group is 4–6 times greater than that observed in a single pipe. The heat transfer attenuation in a pipe is linear with its distance from other buried pipes. A staggered pipe arrangement slightly outperforms an aligned configuration, though the difference is negligible, less than 0.1 %. The seasonal attenuation in buried pipe heat transfer can be effectively mitigated by incorporating heat extraction, natural recovery, and heat storage. Within the 15-meter calculation domain, the heat transfer in the buried pipe is largely influenced by the ground’s heat storage properties. This study introduces a new perspective on optimizing buried pipe heat transfer by focusing on the ground temperature response.

{"title":"Numerical study of geothermal heat transfer characteristics and ground temperature response of shallow pipe group","authors":"Chao Jiang , Chao Li , Zilong Jia , Yanling Guan , Gaozhe Xing , Yu Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pipe groups play a critical role in shallow geothermal energy applications, with the ground temperature response significantly influencing their heat transfer efficiency. This study develops three-dimensional numerical models in ANSYS, based on ground thermal response tests, to analyze the heat transfer characteristics and ground temperature response in both a single pipe and a 3 × 3 pipe group. The results showed that during operations involving heat extraction and natural recovery, heat transfer experiences decay across multiple cycles. This decay in the pipe group is 4–6 times greater than that observed in a single pipe. The heat transfer attenuation in a pipe is linear with its distance from other buried pipes. A staggered pipe arrangement slightly outperforms an aligned configuration, though the difference is negligible, less than 0.1 %. The seasonal attenuation in buried pipe heat transfer can be effectively mitigated by incorporating heat extraction, natural recovery, and heat storage. Within the 15-meter calculation domain, the heat transfer in the buried pipe is largely influenced by the ground’s heat storage properties. This study introduces a new perspective on optimizing buried pipe heat transfer by focusing on the ground temperature response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125729"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improving the performance of hemispherical solar stills using four axial magnetic cylindrical magnets: Innovative configurations for optimizing magnetic field distribution

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125773

Mohammed El Hadi Attia , K. Harby , Badr H. Bedairi , Mohamed Abdelgaied

The present research aims to improve the design of solar stills by introducing efficient and economical technology to address their low productivity and scarcity of drinking water in rural areas. This is achieved by using innovative and low-cost axial magnetic cylindrical magnets in basins of hemispherical solar stills. The resulting magnetic field reduces the surface tension between water molecules and salts, which helps to increase evaporation rates and hence productivity. In addition, the ceramic cylindrical magnets act as thermal storage materials. To determine the optimal magnetic field distribution within the water basins that achieve maximum productivity, four configurations of the cylindrical magnets were developed and tested. The configurations include in-line (HSD-ICM), circular (HSD-CCM), zigzag (HSD-ZCM), and parallel (HSD-PCM) cylindrical magnets. Three identical hemispherical distillation devices were constructed and tested with the proposed cylindrical magnets incorporated into the basins over two consecutive days on October 2 and 3, 2024. The outcomes from the proposed configurations were compared to standard hemispherical still. The results showed that the use of cylindrical magnets inside the basins significantly improved production by about 88.71, 64.24, 76.94, and 50.82 %, respectively, for HSD-ICM, HSD-CCM, HSD-ZCM, and HSD-PCM. In addition, the use of cylindrical magnets with different configurations improved the energy efficiency of HSD-ICM, HSD-CCM, HSD-ZCM, and HSD-PCM by 87.27, 63.60, 75.93, and 50.54 %, respectively. It also reduced the freshwater cost and recovery time by 20.44–36.41 % and 39.13–73.91 %, respectively. The results of the obtained study confirm the novelty and importance of the current study in the possibility of using axial magnetic cylindrical magnets with different configurations to improve the performance and reduce the production cost of hemispherical solar stills.

{"title":"Improving the performance of hemispherical solar stills using four axial magnetic cylindrical magnets: Innovative configurations for optimizing magnetic field distribution","authors":"Mohammed El Hadi Attia , K. Harby , Badr H. Bedairi , Mohamed Abdelgaied","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present research aims to improve the design of solar stills by introducing efficient and economical technology to address their low productivity and scarcity of drinking water in rural areas. This is achieved by using innovative and low-cost axial magnetic cylindrical magnets in basins of hemispherical solar stills. The resulting magnetic field reduces the surface tension between water molecules and salts, which helps to increase evaporation rates and hence productivity. In addition, the ceramic cylindrical magnets act as thermal storage materials. To determine the optimal magnetic field distribution within the water basins that achieve maximum productivity, four configurations of the cylindrical magnets were developed and tested. The configurations include in-line (HSD-ICM), circular (HSD-CCM), zigzag (HSD-ZCM), and parallel (HSD-PCM) cylindrical magnets. Three identical hemispherical distillation devices were constructed and tested with the proposed cylindrical magnets incorporated into the basins over two consecutive days on October 2 and 3, 2024. The outcomes from the proposed configurations were compared to standard hemispherical still. The results showed that the use of cylindrical magnets inside the basins significantly improved production by about 88.71, 64.24, 76.94, and 50.82 %, respectively, for HSD-ICM, HSD-CCM, HSD-ZCM, and HSD-PCM. In addition, the use of cylindrical magnets with different configurations improved the energy efficiency of HSD-ICM, HSD-CCM, HSD-ZCM, and HSD-PCM by 87.27, 63.60, 75.93, and 50.54 %, respectively. It also reduced the freshwater cost and recovery time by 20.44–36.41 % and 39.13–73.91 %, respectively. The results of the obtained study confirm the novelty and importance of the current study in the possibility of using axial magnetic cylindrical magnets with different configurations to improve the performance and reduce the production cost of hemispherical solar stills.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125773"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A study of wood pellet and waste plastics oxy-combustion with oxygen staging in a fluidized bed reactor

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125768

Guan-Bang Chen , Fu-Yuan Yuan

This study was the first to investigate the oxy-combustion of wood pellets and polyethylene (PE) combined with secondary oxygen injection. It began with fuel property analysis and thermogravimetric evaluation, including activation energy, combustion characteristics, and synergistic effects. Co-combustion experiments were conducted in a bubbling fluidized bed, examining parameters like fuel-blending ratio (BR), oxygen concentration, and secondary oxygen ratio (SOR). Synergistic effects between wood pellets and PE were observed in three stages: promotion from 240–400 °C, inhibition from 400–480 °C, and promotion from 480–560 °C. Activation energy analysis showed it rose with O₂ concentration, except for PE. PE added to wood pellets caused tar coverage, delaying reactions and reducing combustion characteristic index. In fluidized bed experiments, higher O₂ concentrations decreased temperatures in the lean phase, while higher SOR reduced temperatures in the dense phase. Increased oxygen levels raised NO emissions, but higher SOR extended gas residence time, reducing NO levels. While CO concentrations decreased with increasing O₂ concentration, local sintering under 40 % O₂ may lead to increased CO emissions. The highest exergy efficiency without secondary oxygen was achieved at 25 % O₂/75 % CO₂ and 40 % PE, reaching 55.67 %. Exergy efficiency improved with higher SOR, peaking at 60.1 % for 30 % O₂/70 % CO₂ under 30 % BR, and 30 % SOR conditions.

{"title":"A study of wood pellet and waste plastics oxy-combustion with oxygen staging in a fluidized bed reactor","authors":"Guan-Bang Chen , Fu-Yuan Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was the first to investigate the oxy-combustion of wood pellets and polyethylene (PE) combined with secondary oxygen injection. It began with fuel property analysis and thermogravimetric evaluation, including activation energy, combustion characteristics, and synergistic effects. Co-combustion experiments were conducted in a bubbling fluidized bed, examining parameters like fuel-blending ratio (BR), oxygen concentration, and secondary oxygen ratio (SOR). Synergistic effects between wood pellets and PE were observed in three stages: promotion from 240–400 °C, inhibition from 400–480 °C, and promotion from 480–560 °C. Activation energy analysis showed it rose with O<sub>2</sub> concentration, except for PE. PE added to wood pellets caused tar coverage, delaying reactions and reducing combustion characteristic index. In fluidized bed experiments, higher O<sub>2</sub> concentrations decreased temperatures in the lean phase, while higher SOR reduced temperatures in the dense phase. Increased oxygen levels raised NO emissions, but higher SOR extended gas residence time, reducing NO levels. While CO concentrations decreased with increasing O<sub>2</sub> concentration, local sintering under 40 % O<sub>2</sub> may lead to increased CO emissions. The highest exergy efficiency without secondary oxygen was achieved at 25 % O<sub>2</sub>/75 % CO<sub>2</sub> and 40 % PE, reaching 55.67 %. Exergy efficiency improved with higher SOR, peaking at 60.1 % for 30 % O<sub>2</sub>/70 % CO<sub>2</sub> under 30 % BR, and 30 % SOR conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125768"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identifying techno-economic improvements for a steam-generating heat pump with exergy-based cost minimization

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125632

Brendon de Raad , Marit van Lieshout , Lydia Stougie , Andrea Ramirez

Steam-generating heat pumps show great potential for reducing carbon emissions in the industrial sector. However, predicting their performance is challenging, as the irreversibilities of components evolve differently with temperature lift and condenser temperature. With over seventy design improvements mentioned in the literature, selecting the most effective design improvement is cumbersome. In this study, energy and exergy-based methods were compared in their ability to identify favourable design changes to a single-stage subcritical heat pump for the generation of steam from hot condensate. The introduction of a sequential compressor with an intermediate cooler, based on the results of the energy analysis reduced the heat pump’s techno-economic performance. The results of exergy-based methods lead to the addition of either an internal heat exchanger or a flash vessel by and improved in both cases technoeconomic performance. The internal heat exchanger performed best and increased the coefficient of performance from 2.3 to 2.8 and reduced operational costs by 0.8 M€ after 5 years of operation. Additionally, the initial investment decreased by 135 k€, and the total costs of operation decreased from 10.3 M€ to 8.7 M€. These findings show that exergy-based methods are the way forward in identifying effective design improvements for steam generating heat pumps.

{"title":"Identifying techno-economic improvements for a steam-generating heat pump with exergy-based cost minimization","authors":"Brendon de Raad , Marit van Lieshout , Lydia Stougie , Andrea Ramirez","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steam-generating heat pumps show great potential for reducing carbon emissions in the industrial sector. However, predicting their performance is challenging, as the irreversibilities of components evolve differently with temperature lift and condenser temperature. With over seventy design improvements mentioned in the literature, selecting the most effective design improvement is cumbersome. In this study, energy and exergy-based methods were compared in their ability to identify favourable design changes to a single-stage subcritical heat pump for the generation of steam from hot condensate. The introduction of a sequential compressor with an intermediate cooler, based on the results of the energy analysis reduced the heat pump’s techno-economic performance. The results of exergy-based methods lead to the addition of either an internal heat exchanger or a flash vessel by and improved in both cases technoeconomic performance. The internal heat exchanger performed best and increased the coefficient of performance from 2.3 to 2.8 and reduced operational costs by 0.8 M€ after 5 years of operation. Additionally, the initial investment decreased by 135 k€, and the total costs of operation decreased from 10.3 M€ to 8.7 M€. These findings show that exergy-based methods are the way forward in identifying effective design improvements for steam generating heat pumps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 125632"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An improve model for predicting bed density of the air dense medium fluidized bed based on Geldart B particles

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125783

Zhiqiang Li , Peixian Geng , Gansu Zhang , Chenyang Zhou , Wei Dai , Chenlong Duan , Liang Dong

The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the bed density formed by gas–solid two-phase flow in an air dense medium fluidized bed (ADMFB) played a crucial role in heat transfer, mass transfer, and mixing-separation behavior. To address the issue of underestimation of density prediction in the bottom region by existing bed density correlations, this study established a density spatial distribution calculation model based on local bubble coalescence and breakage behavior. The model coefficients for different regions were corrected using experimental data, compensating for the inadequacies of the existing bed density correlations. The overall average standard deviation of the new model was controlled within ±7.69 %, showing good agreement with the data from existing literature. This study provided a more accurate and reliable theoretical foundation for predicting the spatiotemporal distribution of bed density in gas-solids fluidized beds.

引用次数: 0

Performance evaluation of a semi-transparent cells filtered concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125760

Yu Ma, Xinyue Han, Zhuo Chen, Dengming Zheng

Spectral beam splitting technology is demonstrated an efficient approach to enhance the performance of a concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system. However, the introduction of interference thin film-based or liquid-based filter in photovoltaic/thermal system leads to a decrease in PV efficiency due to the useful light losses caused by the splitter for PV cells. This paper develops a semi-transparent perovskite cells filtered concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system integrated with a triangular receiver under Fresnel concentrator. For the first time, the idea of combining semi-transparent cell filter and triangular cooling duct for a spectral beam splitting concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system is examined, enhancing performance of the existing flat-plate based systems. A complete optical-thermal coupling model for the proposed system is established to predict its overall performance under different operation parameters. The results confirm that the exergy efficiency of the developed system is slightly higher than that of the flat-plate one by an average of 0.6%. It is found that the semi-transparent perovskite cells are good at spectrally splitting the solar spectrum. Furthermore, for air or silicone oil as the coolant in the triangular cooling duct, the results reveal that mass flow rate of the coolant positively impacts the cooling channel thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and total energy efficiency, but negatively affects the nanofluid thermal channel efficiency and total exergy efficiency. The highest total energy efficiency and exergy efficiency for silicone cooling are 82.3% and 17.6%, respectively. The current study offers an alternative solution to improve the performance of the spectral beam splitting concentrated/photovoltaic thermal system, which can lead to the development of more efficient and sustainable solar energy systems.

{"title":"Performance evaluation of a semi-transparent cells filtered concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system","authors":"Yu Ma, Xinyue Han, Zhuo Chen, Dengming Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spectral beam splitting technology is demonstrated an efficient approach to enhance the performance of a concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system. However, the introduction of interference thin film-based or liquid-based filter in photovoltaic/thermal system leads to a decrease in PV efficiency due to the useful light losses caused by the splitter for PV cells. This paper develops a semi-transparent perovskite cells filtered concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system integrated with a triangular receiver under Fresnel concentrator. For the first time, the idea of combining semi-transparent cell filter and triangular cooling duct for a spectral beam splitting concentrated photovoltaic/thermal system is examined, enhancing performance of the existing flat-plate based systems. A complete optical-thermal coupling model for the proposed system is established to predict its overall performance under different operation parameters. The results confirm that the exergy efficiency of the developed system is slightly higher than that of the flat-plate one by an average of 0.6%. It is found that the semi-transparent perovskite cells are good at spectrally splitting the solar spectrum. Furthermore, for air or silicone oil as the coolant in the triangular cooling duct, the results reveal that mass flow rate of the coolant positively impacts the cooling channel thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and total energy efficiency, but negatively affects the nanofluid thermal channel efficiency and total exergy efficiency. The highest total energy efficiency and exergy efficiency for silicone cooling are 82.3% and 17.6%, respectively. The current study offers an alternative solution to improve the performance of the spectral beam splitting concentrated/photovoltaic thermal system, which can lead to the development of more efficient and sustainable solar energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125760"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic behavior investigation of zinc vapor in the vacuum spray galvanizing process based on the direct simulation Monte Carlo method

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125719

Enjie Lin , Jun Li , Chenyang Xing , Bo Wang , Jieyu Zhang

Continuous strip vacuum spray galvanizing is recognized as an innovative and environmentally friendly technique for producing high-purity, dense zinc coatings on steel strips. However, it is challenging to experimentally study the transport dynamics of zinc vapor in a low-pressure environment. To address this, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method was employed to analyze the effects of nozzle design and vacuum chamber pressure on zinc vapor dynamics behavior during the coating process. The results indicate that the mass flux distribution of the zinc vapor jet is uniform across the strip width, especially from the center to approximately 0.14 m on either side of the steel strip. Reducing the chamber pressure to 0.001 Pa enhances the uniformity of zinc vapor distribution near the nozzle by 8.4 %. Additionally, using round nozzles further improves coating thickness uniformity by 30 %, particularly at the strip edges. The calculated coating thickness aligns well with experimental data, with an average relative error of less than 2 % in the strip’s central region. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing process parameters and nozzle design in vacuum spray galvanizing.

{"title":"Dynamic behavior investigation of zinc vapor in the vacuum spray galvanizing process based on the direct simulation Monte Carlo method","authors":"Enjie Lin , Jun Li , Chenyang Xing , Bo Wang , Jieyu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous strip vacuum spray galvanizing is recognized as an innovative and environmentally friendly technique for producing high-purity, dense zinc coatings on steel strips. However, it is challenging to experimentally study the transport dynamics of zinc vapor in a low-pressure environment. To address this, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method was employed to analyze the effects of nozzle design and vacuum chamber pressure on zinc vapor dynamics behavior during the coating process. The results indicate that the mass flux distribution of the zinc vapor jet is uniform across the strip width, especially from the center to approximately 0.14 m on either side of the steel strip. Reducing the chamber pressure to 0.001 Pa enhances the uniformity of zinc vapor distribution near the nozzle by 8.4 %. Additionally, using round nozzles further improves coating thickness uniformity by 30 %, particularly at the strip edges. The calculated coating thickness aligns well with experimental data, with an average relative error of less than 2 % in the strip’s central region. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing process parameters and nozzle design in vacuum spray galvanizing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 125719"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of TCMs in TES systems with PCMs: Modelling and dynamic simulation of a novel prototype

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125697

Silvia Cesari , Giuseppe Emmi , Michele Bottarelli

Among sensible, latent and thermochemical thermal energy storage (TES), thermochemical materials (TCMs) result to be the most promising solution to achieve EU target for 2050 of net-zero GHG emissions. A novel TES solution using TCMs and phase change materials (PCMs) for space heating and cooling is being developed within the Horizon Europe project ECHO. A TRNSYS model able to simulate the prototype in dynamic mode at system scale was created to optimise the installation and testing of the prototype. Experimental data from a small set-up of the reactor were used to define the equations describing the charging and discharging phases of TCM, which were implemented in the reactor model. The ability of TCM to increase the efficiency of the system where it is adopted was investigated for the heating period. The TCM-integrated heat pump system showed an 8.8 % reduction in seasonal electricity consumption compared to the system without TCM, and an increase in the seasonal COP from 3.4 to 3.8. Finally, the evaluation of the thermal contribution provided by TCM combined with PCM highlighted that the two TES systems were able to cover about 10 % of the heating energy demand, with PCM accounting for almost 50 % of the TCM contribution.

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引用次数: 0

Development and performance analysis of a multifunctional composite phase change cooling plate for improving battery thermal management

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125762

Xiaobin Xu , Junjie Shen , Weijie Dong , Xiaolin Wang , Hengyun Zhang , Fei Zhou

This study offers a novel multifunctional composite phase change cooling plate (MCPCP) to meet the multifarious management requirements of lithium batteries. The constituents of the MCPCP comprise nanostructured silicon dioxide, ammonium polyphosphate, glycerin, expanded graphite, and eutectic phase change material (EPCM). First, the impacts of nanostructured silicon dioxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and glycerin on the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of PDMS were assessed. Following the addition of expanded graphite and EPCM, the cooling performance of the composite PDMS was next investigated. Furthermore, the integration performance of the MCPCP with a film heater and photovoltaic conversion device was investigated and evaluated. Finally, the efficacy of the MCPCP for monitoring battery expansion was evaluated. The findings indicated that the integration of nanostructured silicon dioxide significantly improved the tensile strength of PDMS by 31.6 % and its toughness by 375.3 %, while expanded graphite substantially increased thermal conductivity by 366.7 %. The maximum temperature of the battery can be decreased by 8.5 ℃ at a working current of 102 A after incorporation of EPCM. The film heater, powered by a 21,700 battery, was capable of preheating a prismatic battery from −10 ℃ to 14.6 ℃, with an average preheating rate of 0.38 ℃·min⁻¹ and a temperature difference of 2.6 ℃. The properly designed MCPCP demonstrated an effective means to monitor the aging and thermal runaway expansion of the battery. This study serves as a significant reference for the development of a multifunctional battery thermal management system and advancing its level of integration.

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引用次数: 0

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