Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献_第5页

A hybrid battery thermal management system coupling liquid immersion cooling with phase change material for NEVs 新能源汽车混合动力电池热管理系统的液体浸没冷却与相变材料耦合

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130325

Haidong Xie , Haikang Chen , Chentong Shi , Chenghao Liu , Ming Li , Wei Chang

To address the heat dissipation needs of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during high-rate discharge and thermal insulation requirements in low-temperature environments, this study proposes a hybrid battery thermal management system (HBTMS) that integrates immersion cooling with phase change material (PCM). The system performance characteristics were analyzed using simulation models calibrated and validated by experimental data. The results show that during high-rate discharge, PCM absorbs battery-generated heat, effectively reducing the maximum temperature T_max and mitigating thermal shock. Compared with the conventional single-mode immersion cooling scheme Case 1, the hybrid systems Cases 4 and 5 achieve lower T_max and maximum temperature difference ΔT_max, with a higher temperature performance index TP under the same inlet flow rate. Subsequently, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) was used to collaboratively optimize the operational and structural parameters of the system. The optimized configuration Case 6 meets the design requirement of keeping ΔT_max below 5 °C. Validation under low-temperature conditions demonstrates that the optimized design provides effective thermal insulation for approximately 3 h to 7 h when varying the environmental temperature from −40 °C to 0 °C. This performance significantly enhances the operational stability of batteries in low-temperature environments. These findings demonstrate that the proposed hybrid system adapts to both high-rate discharge and low-temperature insulation scenarios, showing strong potential for practical engineering applications.

为了解决锂离子电池（LIBs）在高速率放电时的散热需求和低温环境下的隔热要求，本研究提出了一种将浸入式冷却与相变材料（PCM）相结合的混合电池热管理系统（HBTMS）。利用仿真模型对系统性能特性进行了分析，并通过实验数据进行了标定和验证。结果表明，在高倍率放电过程中，PCM吸收电池产生的热量，有效降低了最高温度Tmax，减轻了热冲击。与传统的单模浸没冷却方案Case 1相比，在相同进口流量下，混合系统Case 4和Case 5的Tmax和最大温差更小ΔTmax，温度性能指标TP更高。随后，采用多目标遗传算法（MOGA）对系统的运行参数和结构参数进行协同优化。优化后的配置Case 6满足ΔTmax温度低于5℃的设计要求。低温条件下的验证表明，当环境温度从- 40°C到0°C变化时，优化设计可提供约3至7小时的有效隔热。这一性能显著提高了电池在低温环境下的工作稳定性。这些研究结果表明，该混合系统可以同时适应高倍率放电和低温绝缘情况，具有很强的实际工程应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental thermal analysis of a clay-based solar desalination system enhanced with phase change material 相变材料增强粘土基太阳能脱盐系统的实验热分析

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130383

Anis Messaouda , Mohamed Hamdi , Mariem Lazaar

Freshwater scarcity remains a critical global challenge, particularly in remote and arid regions where centralized desalination is impractical, creating a strong need for efficient and sustainable decentralized solutions. This study experimentally investigates a novel solar-powered humidification–dehumidification desalination system designed to enhance thermal efficiency while relying on low-cost and sustainable materials. The system combines a dual-fluid solar collector for simultaneous air and water heating with custom-fabricated clay components for the humidifier, dehumidifier, and freshwater storage tank. To improve thermal buffering and operational stability, phase change material balls were integrated within the humidifier, and system performance was evaluated with and without auxiliary electric heating. Experimental results show that incorporating phase change material increased freshwater production by 12.5%, from 2.0 L to 2.25 L over a 5 h operation, and improved the gain output ratio by 4.54% to 0.16 compared with the baseline configuration. Under hybrid operation, the system reached a peak production rate of 0.70 L/h, a maximum humid air temperature of 65 °C, and a total yield of 3.5 L. A data-driven economic analysis indicates that, with a capital cost of $1114 and annual operating expenses of $30, the system produces 946 L/year with a positive net present value over a 15-year lifetime at a 5% discount rate. Sensitivity analysis confirms economic robustness, with net present values between approximately $982 and $2321 and a levelized cost of water of $0.12–0.19/L. The study demonstrates, for the first time, the effective integration of clay-based HDH components with phase change material for enhanced thermal management, providing a cost-effective and scalable pathway for sustainable small-scale solar desalination beyond conventional HDH designs.

淡水短缺仍然是一个严重的全球挑战，特别是在偏远和干旱地区，集中脱盐是不切实际的，因此迫切需要有效和可持续的分散解决方案。本研究实验研究了一种新型的太阳能加湿-除湿海水淡化系统，该系统旨在提高热效率，同时依赖于低成本和可持续的材料。该系统结合了一个双流体太阳能集热器，用于同时加热空气和水，并为加湿器、除湿器和淡水储罐定制粘土组件。为了提高热缓冲和运行稳定性，在加湿器内集成了相变材料球，并对有无辅助电加热的系统性能进行了评估。实验结果表明，与基线配置相比，加入相变材料使淡水产量提高了12.5%，在5 h的操作中从2.0 L提高到2.25 L，增益输出比提高了4.54%至0.16。在混合操作下，系统的峰值产量为0.70 L/h，最高湿空气温度为65°C，总产量为3.5 L。数据驱动的经济分析表明，在资本成本为1114美元，年运营费用为30美元的情况下，该系统的年产量为946 L，在15年的使用寿命中，以5%的折现率计算，净现值为正。敏感性分析证实了经济稳健性，净现值约为982美元至2321美元，水的平准化成本为0.12-0.19美元/升。该研究首次证明了基于粘土的HDH组件与相变材料的有效集成，以增强热管理，为传统HDH设计之外的可持续小规模太阳能脱盐提供了一种具有成本效益和可扩展的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical investigation on PCM-integrated roofs for enhancing energy efficiency in large-span buildings 提高大跨度建筑能效的pcm集成屋面试验与数值研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130343

Guoqing Song , Shaotao Xiao , Zheng Li , Xudong Zhi , Feng Fan , Tianli Xu

As global environmental concerns intensify, the building sector has become a major contributor to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating urgent pathways towards carbon neutrality. In this context, large-span buildings pose a critical challenge due to their intensive thermal loads, especially those with lightweight metal roofs. However, research on improving the energy efficiency of such metal-roofed structures remains limited. This study bridges this gap by comprehensively investigating the energy-saving potential, carbon reduction capabilities, and economic viability of Phase change material (PCM)-integrated metal roofs. The EnergyPlus model, validated with experimental data, was employed to conduct a multi-climate parametric analysis involving six phase-change temperatures and ten layer thicknesses. The results reveal that PCM integration effectively reduces annual HVAC loads, with efficacy improving bilinearly with thickness before reaching a saturation threshold. The optimal phase-change temperature is lower in heating-dominated zones and higher in cooling-dominated zones. Quantitatively, the system delivers maximum absolute benefits in severe cold zones (Harbin), achieving the highest annual energy saving of 11.05 kWh/m² and carbon reduction of 7.01 kgCO₂/m². Consequently, Harbin demonstrates the highest economic feasibility, supporting a maximum acceptable PCM cost of 11.04 CNY/kg (based on a 10-year payback period), followed closely by Beijing (10.71 CNY/kg). In contrast, mild zones (Kunming) exhibit the highest relative energy-saving rate (29.49%) but the lowest absolute viability, with a maximum acceptable cost of only 3.92 CNY/kg. These findings provide valuable references for the design and application of PCM-integrated roofs in large-span buildings.

随着全球环境问题的加剧，建筑行业已成为能源消耗和温室气体排放的主要贡献者，迫切需要实现碳中和的途径。在这种情况下，大跨度建筑由于其强烈的热负荷，特别是那些具有轻质金属屋顶的建筑，构成了严峻的挑战。然而，关于提高这种金属屋面结构的能源效率的研究仍然有限。本研究通过全面调查相变材料（PCM）集成金属屋顶的节能潜力、碳减排能力和经济可行性，弥合了这一差距。利用EnergyPlus模型进行了6种相变温度和10种层厚的多气候参数分析，并与实验数据进行了验证。结果表明，PCM集成有效地降低了年暖通空调负荷，在达到饱和阈值之前，效率随厚度的增加呈双线性增长。最优相变温度在加热主导区较低，在冷却主导区较高。在数量上，该系统在严寒地区（哈尔滨）提供了最大的绝对效益，实现了最高的年度节能11.05 kWh/m2和碳减排7.01 kgCO₂/m2。因此，哈尔滨表现出最高的经济可行性，支持最大可接受的PCM成本为11.04元/公斤（基于10年投资回收期），紧随其后的是北京（10.71元/公斤）。相比之下，温和区（昆明）的相对节能率最高（29.49%），但绝对生存力最低，最高可接受成本仅为3.92元/kg。研究结果为大跨度建筑中pcm集成屋面的设计和应用提供了有价值的参考。

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引用次数: 0

A novel process for natural gas liquefaction with hydrogen and helium recovery 天然气氢、氦回收液化新工艺

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130356

Jushi Cai , Shiqiang Cai , Haiqin Wang

Exploration of natural gas reservoirs enriched with hydrogen and helium (“white hydrogen”) presents a significant opportunity for sustainable energy. However, efficient technologies for the simultaneous recovery and liquefaction of these components remain unexplored. This study proposes a novel integrated cryogenic process for the co-production of liquefied natural gas, liquid hydrogen, and liquid helium. The system couples a double mixed refrigerant cycle with a helium reverse brayton cycle to efficiently cover the wide temperature span from ambient to −268 °C. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize key decision variables, resulting in a specific energy consumption of 0.21 kWh/kg of feed gas, representing a 9.76% reduction in energy consumption compared to the base design. The coefficient of performance is 0.55, and the figure of merit is 0.63, and exergy efficiency is 41%. Exergy analysis reveals that optimizing the heat load distribution reduces exergy destruction in the primary cryogenic heat exchanger by approximately 32%. Economic assessment indicates commercial viability, with levelized product costs of 0.275 USD/kg for liquefied natural gas, 2.409 USD/kg for liquid hydrogen, and 82.61 USD/kg for liquid helium. A key novelty of this work is the identification of a strategic thermodynamic-economic trade-off: while higher hydrogen and helium feed concentrations impose an energy penalty due to increased cooling loads, they significantly enhance economic feasibility by increasing high-value by-product yields.

富含氢和氦（“白氢”）的天然气储层的勘探为可持续能源提供了重要机会。然而，同时回收和液化这些成分的有效技术仍未开发。本研究提出了一种新型的综合低温工艺，用于液化天然气、液氢和液氦的联合生产。该系统耦合了双混合制冷剂循环和氦逆布雷顿循环，以有效地覆盖从环境到- 268°C的宽温度范围。采用遗传算法对关键决策变量进行优化，使原料气的比能耗为0.21 kWh/kg，与基本设计相比，能耗降低了9.76%。性能系数为0.55，优值为0.63，火用效率为41%。火用分析表明，优化热负荷分布可使一次低温换热器的火用破坏减少约32%。经济评价表明商业可行性，液化天然气的平准化产品成本为0.275美元/公斤，液氢为2.409美元/公斤，液氦为82.61美元/公斤。这项工作的一个关键新颖之处在于确定了战略热力学-经济权衡：虽然更高的氢和氦进料浓度由于增加的冷却负荷而造成能量损失，但它们通过增加高价值副产品的产量显着提高了经济可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study on the phase transition evolution of supercritical CO2 pipeline during accidental leakage 超临界CO2管道意外泄漏相变演化实验研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130329

Xilin Wang , Zhongjun Yan , Chenyan Wang , Lijing Zhang , Min Hua , Xuhai Pan

Supercritical CO₂ has broad application prospects in chemical, energy, and environmental industries. However, when leakage occurs in supercritical CO₂ pipelines, the accompanying phase transition can significantly increase the risk of pipeline rupture propagation. In this study, experiments were conducted under various initial pressures (10–12 MPa), temperatures (37–47 °C), and orifice sizes (1–3 mm) to observe the evolution of phase transition and the corresponding pressure–temperature variations during leakage. The phase transition process of supercritical CO₂ was divided into four stages. Near the critical pressure, critical opalescence and a vapor–liquid interface appeared inside the pipeline, where flashing occurred and propagated toward the bottom. During the flashing stage, the depressurization rate drops sharply from −1.83 MPa/s to −0.17 MPa/s, while the temperature decreases by approximately 30 °C, significantly increasing pipeline fracture risk. The Widom line and Peng–Robinson Equation of State were applied to delineate the supercritical region and metastable boundaries. Results indicate that the initial pressure and temperature determine the vapor–liquid interface location and the degree of superheat, thereby influencing the transition process. When the initial condition lies in the vapor-like region, supercritical CO₂ transitions directly to vapor. Higher initial pressure extends the supercritical phase duration and reduces superheat, while higher temperature lowers the vapor–liquid interface height. Orifice size affects flow velocity but not the phase transition mechanism. This study provides insights for pipeline safety design and risk management.

超临界二氧化碳在化工、能源、环保等领域有着广阔的应用前景。然而，当超临界CO 2管道发生泄漏时，伴随的相变会显著增加管道破裂扩展的风险。本研究在不同的初始压力（10-12 MPa）、温度（37-47℃）和孔口尺寸（1-3 mm）下进行实验，观察泄漏过程中相变的演变及其压力-温度的变化。超临界CO₂的相变过程分为4个阶段。在临界压力附近，管道内部出现临界乳光和汽液界面，并在此发生闪光并向底部传播。在闪蒸阶段，减压速率从- 1.83 MPa/s急剧下降到- 0.17 MPa/s，同时温度下降约30℃，管道断裂风险显著增加。用智慧线和Peng-Robinson状态方程描述了超临界区和亚稳边界。结果表明，初始压力和温度决定了汽液界面位置和过热度，从而影响相变过程。当初始条件处于类蒸汽区时，超临界CO₂直接转变为蒸汽。较高的初始压力延长了超临界相持续时间，降低了过热度，而较高的温度降低了汽液界面高度。孔板尺寸对流动速度没有影响，但对相变机制没有影响。本研究可为管道安全设计及风险管理提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical investigation of Jet–Wall interactions in turbulent jet ignition of zero-carbon Ammonia–hydrogen engines: effects of wall geometry 零碳氨氢发动机湍流射流点火中射流-壁面相互作用的实验与数值研究：壁面几何形状的影响

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130395

Yuhao Liu , Yu Liu , Fangxi Xie , Linghai Han , Yanfeng Gong , Cheng Zhang , Xiangyang Wang

Ammonia–hydrogen combustion offers a renewable and zero‑carbon pathway toward sustainable and efficient power generation. However, its practical use is restricted by poor ignitability and slow flame propagation. Pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition (TJI) provides a promising solution to these challenges, yet the influence of jet–wall interaction remains insufficiently understood. This study combines high-speed optical diagnostics and three-dimensional simulations to elucidate the influence of wall geometry on jet–wall interaction and flame evolution in an ammonia–hydrogen TJI system. Five representative wall contours—flat, sharp convex, round convex, sharp concave, and round concave—were comparatively analyzed. Concave geometries enhanced ignition and combustion by strengthening jet confinement, promoting vortex formation, and improving heat retention, whereas convex and flat walls dissipated jet momentum and prolonged ignition delay. Parametric optimization of round-concave designs with varying cavity depth (L) and curvature radius (ρ) identified an optimal configuration (L ≈ 5 mm, ρ ≈ 20 mm) achieving balanced confinement–mixing behavior. The optimized wall reduced ignition delay by 68.5% and shortened total combustion duration by 23.4% relative to a flat wall. These findings deepen understanding of jet–wall dynamics and provide guidance for designing efficient, zero‑carbon ammonia–hydrogen engines that support the renewable energy transition.

氨氢燃烧为可持续和高效发电提供了一种可再生的零碳途径。但其可燃性差，火焰传播慢，限制了其实际应用。预室湍流射流点火（TJI）为解决这些问题提供了一种很有希望的解决方案，但射流-壁面相互作用的影响仍未得到充分的了解。本研究将高速光学诊断和三维模拟相结合，阐明了氨-氢TJI体系中壁面几何形状对射流-壁面相互作用和火焰演化的影响。比较分析了平面、锐凸、圆凸、锐凹、圆凹五种典型的墙体轮廓。凹形壁面通过加强射流约束、促进涡流形成和改善热保持来增强点火和燃烧，而凸形和扁平壁面则会耗散射流动量并延长点火延迟。对不同空腔深度(L)和曲率半径（ρ）的圆凹设计进行参数优化，确定了最优配置（L≈5 mm, ρ≈20 mm），实现了平衡的密闭混合行为。与普通壁面相比，优化后的壁面延迟点火时间缩短了68.5%，总燃烧时间缩短了23.4%。这些发现加深了对喷气壁动力学的理解，并为设计支持可再生能源转型的高效零碳氨氢发动机提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0

Hollow thermoelectric refrigerator with ultralow power consumption for personal thermal management 超低功耗的中空热电冰箱，适合个人热管理

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130421

Sungjin Park , Yousung Choi , Chanil Lee , Woochul Kim

As global temperatures rise, the demand for personal thermal management continues to increase. Conventional refrigeration systems such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) are energy-intensive, as they cool entire rooms instead of delivering localized cooling for the occupants. Although personalized cooling solutions such as thermal management fabrics and thermoelectric refrigerators have been explored, many have remained low in performance or are too bulky and heavy for practical personal use. To address this issue, the present study proposes a hollow thermoelectric refrigerator as a personal thermal management device. To achieve a cold-side temperature drop of 4 °C which is equivalent to a cool sensation, this hollow refrigerator requires 68% less electrical power than a conventional thermoelectric refrigerator and is 33% lighter, making it a promising wearable alternative. These results demonstrate the potential of hollow thermoelectric refrigerators as efficient personal thermal management devices.

随着全球气温的上升，个人热管理的需求持续增加。传统的制冷系统，如供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）是能源密集型的，因为它们冷却整个房间，而不是为居住者提供局部冷却。虽然已经探索了个性化的冷却解决方案，如热管理织物和热电冰箱，但许多仍然性能低下，或者对于实际的个人使用来说过于笨重。为了解决这一问题，本研究提出了一种空心热电冰箱作为个人热管理装置。为了达到4°C的冷侧温度下降，这相当于一种凉爽的感觉，这种中空冰箱比传统的热电冰箱节省68%的电力，重量轻33%，使其成为一种有前途的可穿戴替代品。这些结果证明了空心热电冰箱作为高效个人热管理设备的潜力。

引用次数: 0

Design optimization and annual performance of a solar-aided lignite-fired plant with calcium looping CO2 capture 钙环CO2捕集太阳能辅助褐煤电厂的设计优化及年度性能分析

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130386

Junjie Wu , Yun Li , Ximeng Wang , Yu Han

This study addresses the dual challenges of high energy penalties in calcium looping (CaL) CO₂ capture and the low efficiency of lignite-fired plants by proposing a novel solar-aided CaL system integrated with lignite pre-drying. Using a comprehensive thermodynamic model featuring a component-level boiler model, three integration designs differing in the extraction point of CO₂-rich flue gas were investigated: before the economizer (design I), after the economizer (design II), and after the air heater (design III). Based on steady-state and annual simulations, design I was proved to achieve the best performance, due to its earliest extraction point of CO₂-rich flue gas with the highest temperature, which allows the CO₂-lean flue gas to be more sufficiently cooled in the following process. At 90% CO₂ capture efficiency with an optimized heliostat field area of 5.00 × 10⁵ m², design I achieved the highest annual solar electricity generation(93.8 GWh) and annual solar-to-electricity efficiency (8.80%), significantly outperforming designs II and III. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for design I is $0.0350/kWh, which is 22.6% lower than design II and 17.3% lower than design III. Therefore, the proposed system effectively reduces both coal consumption and CO₂ emissions, offering an efficient solution for decarbonizing lignite-fired power plants. Sensitivity analysis showed that fuel price significantly impacts LCOE, decreasing it by 41.27% when coal price rises from $83.34/t to $500/t.

本研究通过提出一种集成褐煤预干燥的新型太阳能辅助CaL系统，解决了钙环（CaL） CO2捕获的高能量损失和褐煤燃烧植物的低效率的双重挑战。利用以组件级锅炉模型为特征的综合热力学模型，研究了三种不同富co2烟气抽吸点的集成设计：省煤器前（设计I）、省煤器后（设计II）和空气加热器后（设计III）。通过稳态模拟和年度模拟，证明设计I的性能最佳，因为其最早提取富co2烟气的点温度最高，使得贫co2烟气在后续工艺中得到更充分的冷却。在90%的CO2捕集效率下，优化定日镜面积为5.00 × 105 m2，设计I实现了最高的年太阳能发电量（93.8 GWh）和年太阳能发电效率（8.80%），显著优于设计II和III。设计I的平准化能源成本（LCOE）为0.0350美元/千瓦时，比设计II低22.6%，比设计III低17.3%。因此，该系统有效地降低了煤耗和CO2排放，为褐煤电厂脱碳提供了有效的解决方案。敏感性分析表明，当煤价从83.34美元/t上升到500美元/t时，燃料价格对LCOE的影响显著，降低了41.27%。

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引用次数: 0

Study of automatic startup/shutdown control system for direct helium brayton cycle coupled miniature reactors 直接氦布雷顿循环耦合微型反应堆自动启停控制系统研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130376

Yulong Wang , Leilei Qiu , Shengyong Liao , Sui Fan , Peiwei Sun , Xinyu Wei

This research develops an automated control system for the startup and shutdown processes in Direct Helium Brayton Cycle Coupled Miniature Reactors (Mi-HTR). To address the challenges posed by strong nonlinearity, time-varying dynamics, and thermal inertia delays during transients, we first establish a conventional control framework using frequency-domain analysis with multi-operating-point PI controllers. Subsequently, we propose an innovative Optimal Startup/Shutdown Path Estimation Method (OEAPS), which integrates full-power-range weighted state-space fusion models with adaptive model predictive control to dynamically optimize setpoints through multi-constraint rolling optimization. Comprehensive dynamic simulations demonstrate that OEAPS significantly outperforms conventional methods; the settling time for the reactor outlet helium temperature is reduced by 18.2% during high-power shutdown and by 53.6% during low-power operation, while the reactor power settling time decreases by 32.6% and 48.9%, respectively. Additionally, the startup heating duration to reach operational state is shortened by 12.7%, with a 28.6% reduction in overshoot. This system effectively resolves thermal response delays and enables safe autonomous operation for mobile micro-reactors in remote environments.

本研究开发了直接氦布雷顿循环耦合微型反应堆（Mi-HTR）启动和关闭过程的自动控制系统。为了解决瞬态过程中强非线性、时变动力学和热惯性延迟带来的挑战，我们首先利用多工作点PI控制器的频域分析建立了一个传统的控制框架。随后，我们提出了一种创新的最优启动/关闭路径估计方法（OEAPS），该方法将全功率范围加权状态空间融合模型与自适应模型预测控制相结合，通过多约束滚动优化动态优化设定值。综合动态仿真表明，OEAPS显著优于传统方法；高功率停堆和低功率停堆时，反应堆出口氦温度沉降时间分别缩短18.2%和53.6%，反应堆功率沉降时间分别缩短32.6%和48.9%。此外，达到运行状态的启动加热时间缩短了12.7%，超调量减少了28.6%。该系统有效地解决了热响应延迟问题，实现了远程环境下移动微堆的安全自主运行。

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引用次数: 0

Fire risk assessment of lithium-ion power banks: An integrated experimental and analytical study 锂离子电池火灾风险评估：综合实验与分析研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130039

Fuqiang Yang , Menghui Zhang , Kuijie Li , Qingsong Wang , Zonghou Huang

The proliferation of lithium-ion power banks poses significant fire hazards, yet research on their fire risks remains scarce. Therefore, this pioneering study systematically investigates the combustion behavior of power banks and their components under different states of charge (SOC) through cone calorimeter tests and localized overheating experiments. A comprehensive risk assessment framework is established based on fire characteristic parameters, principal component analysis (PCA), and risk matrices. Results illustrate that both power bank units (PBUs) and cells (PBCs) undergo four combustion stages: localized ignition, full ignition, thermal runaway (TR) and extinction. And the heat release rate (HRR) curves exhibit a bimodal characteristic. Key combustion parameters, including the peak value of heat release rate (HRR_peak) and total heat release (THR), are positively correlated with SOC. Furthermore, PBUs exhibit lower HRR_peak and combustion intensity than PBCs at identical SOC levels. Component contribution analysis indicates a nonlinear coupling effect where the whole is not equal to the sum of its parts for THR parameters. The power bank enclosure serves as the primary source of heat and smoke (contributing over 55%), while PBC contributes secondarily (ranging from 4% to 39%). Localized overheating experiments further confirm that the severity of TR in PBUs positively correlates with SOC. PCA extracts two primary dimensions representing “total yield” and “maximum combustion intensity”. Combined with the risk matrix, these confirm that PBUs exhibit highest fire hazard level across four SOC conditions. This study provides experimental evidence and theoretical support for fire risk prevention and safety design in power banks.

锂离子电池的普及带来了巨大的火灾隐患，但对其火灾风险的研究仍然很少。因此，本开创性研究通过锥形量热仪测试和局部过热实验，系统地研究了充电宝及其组件在不同充电状态下的燃烧行为。建立了基于火灾特征参数、主成分分析（PCA）和风险矩阵的综合风险评估框架。结果表明，充电宝单元（PBUs）和电池（PBCs）的燃烧均经历了四个阶段：局部点火、完全点火、热失控（TR）和熄灭。热释放率（HRR）曲线呈现双峰特征。热释放率峰值（HRRpeak）和总放热量（THR）等关键燃烧参数与荷电状态呈正相关。此外，在相同SOC水平下，PBUs的HRRpeak和燃烧强度均低于PBUs。分量贡献分析表明，THR参数存在整体不等于各部分之和的非线性耦合效应。移动电源外壳是热量和烟雾的主要来源（贡献超过55%），而PBC的贡献次要（从4%到39%不等）。局部过热实验进一步证实了PBUs中TR的严重程度与SOC呈正相关。主成分分析提取两个主要维度表示“总产量”和“最大燃烧强度”。结合风险矩阵，这些结果证实了PBUs在四种SOC条件下表现出最高的火灾危险等级。本研究为移动电源的火灾风险防范和安全设计提供了实验依据和理论支持。

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