Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Comprehensive study on performance improvement of flat plate solar collectors integrated with thermal energy storage through porous media and nano-additives","authors":"Mohammed Y. Nawaf ,&nbsp;Abdulrazzak Akroot ,&nbsp;Hasanain A. Abdul Wahhab","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable energy development is one of the most continuous, as it is an available, environmentally friendly energy used to meet demand for heat. Due to their simple design, solar collectors are the most widely used technology for solar thermal energy. Also, a major drawback faced by solar thermal collectors operating at low and medium temperature levels is their low thermal performance. This study examines the thermal performance enhancement of solar collectors through the integration of porous media absorbers, TiO₂–water nanofluids, and thermal energy storage (TES) systems. Four porous absorber configurations, C65, C93, A60, and A80 (copper and aluminum materials), were experimentally examined and validated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations under varying porosities, flow rates, and nanoparticle concentrations (0.1–0.3 wt%). Results revealed that the copper foam with 65 % porosity (C65) delivered the highest temperature difference and thermal efficiency among all configurations, with outlet temperature increases of up to 6.8 °C and a 14.5 % improvement in thermal efficiency compared to the baseline. In contrast, the A60 aluminum model exhibited more modest gains. The addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles enhanced heat transfer due to increased effective thermal conductivity, while TES integration reduced outlet temperature fluctuations by nearly 20 %, ensuring more stable operation. Although these findings highlight the promise of hybrid solar collector designs, challenges such as maintaining nanofluid stability, increased pumping power requirements, and ensuring economic feasibility remain critical for real-world applications. This study provides the first systematic comparative insights into the coupled effects of absorbed unit design, nanoparticle integration, and TES operation, offering a practical framework for optimizing solar thermal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129717"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced thermal performance of glass dual-stage wedge-shaped manifold microchannel heat sinks","authors":"Guanghan Huang ,&nbsp;Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuang Liu ,&nbsp;Wenjie Miao ,&nbsp;Jiawei Liao ,&nbsp;Mengnan Jiang ,&nbsp;Chengqiang Cui ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Guannan Yang ,&nbsp;Shidong Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increase in heat flux in Integrated Circuit (IC) chips and the trend of utilizing low-thermal-conductivity glass substrates for microelectronic packaging, thermal management has become a significant challenge. Dual-sided cooling with an embedded microchannel on a glass substrate to achieve near-source cooling is a promising solution. Manifold Microchannels (MMCs) with a more uniform temperature distribution demonstrates potential prospects in IC substrate-embedded cooling technologies. However, current MMCs are mainly single-stage and often experience uneven flow distributions. In addition, there are few reports on MMCs fabricated using glass. To address these gaps, this study proposes a novel Dual-stage Wedge-shaped Manifold Microchannel (DWMMC) with glass as a material. The main objective is to mitigate flow inhomogeneity and improve temperature uniformity. A glass-based Single-stage Wedge-shaped Manifold Microchannel (SWMMC) was used as the control group. The hydrodynamic and thermal performances of single-phase convective heat transfer were experimentally and numerically analyzed. The experimental results show that the DWMMC exhibits superior thermal performance compared to the SWMMC. Compared with SWMMC, DWMMC reduces the glass-bottom wall temperature by 17.3 °C at 6.7 W·cm⁻², and significantly improves the temperature uniformity. In addition, the DWMMC increased the convective heat transfer coefficient (<em>h</em>_<em>eff</em>) by 58.5 %, achieving a maximum <em>h</em>_<em>eff</em> of 6976 W·m⁻²·K⁻¹. The comprehensive performance evaluation parameter <em>COP</em> was also enhanced by 35.8 %. This enhancement is attributed to the double-bending baffle flow of the DWMMC, which effectively suppresses flow maldistribution and alleviates the large-area low-velocity or stagnation zone. This hydraulic improvement reduces the thickness of the velocity boundary layer and strengthens fluid mixing. Finally, the application demonstration of DWMMC revealed that the thermal resistance of dual-sided cooling with glass substrate-embedded microchannels was remarkably decreased by 57.5 % compared with conventional single-sided cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129706"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal-mechanical analysis on foundation schemes of molten salt storage tanks","authors":"Zhiyi Tang ,&nbsp;Liang Hu ,&nbsp;Yufan Cao ,&nbsp;Fan Bai ,&nbsp;Yifan Wu ,&nbsp;Zhu Yang ,&nbsp;Wen-Quan Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molten salt storage tanks are crucial for long-term and high-capacity thermal energy storage and electricity peak shifting. However, their foundation is vulnerable to structural damage from material overtemperature and large deformations under combined thermal and hydrostatic loads. In this work, steady-state and transient thermal-mechanical behavior of non-cooled, air-cooled, and water-cooled foundation configurations are studied. The influence of high temperature on the structural response is analyzed. The result shows that thermal effects alter the deformation pattern especially at the edge of the foundation, and increase the maximum displacement from 105.0 mm to 125.5 mm. The investigations of steady-state air- and water-cooled cases show that the cooling tubes can effectively control and uniform the foundation temperature, particularly preventing the concrete overtemperature, while increasing the edge deformation, local stress concentration and maximum displacement. The influences of the environment temperature and cooling fluid velocity on the temperature and deformation are also investigated, and discussions between comparable air- and water-cooled cases have been made. Transient simulations of a 2-hour salt filling process and a 1-hour thermal storage process show that the average temperature of the upper layers rises following the variations of the molten salt temperature and level, and the foundation settlement increases with time. The structural response exhibits delayed thermal and mechanical equilibrium during thermal storage. The study also proposes three future research directions: improved foundation model, extended study scope, and artificial intelligence combination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129749"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient low-carbon hydrogen-electricity cogeneration system based on coal-biomass complementary gasification coupling with solid oxide fuel cells","authors":"Zhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Yang ,&nbsp;Sheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, hydrogen production primarily relies on fossil fuels, suffering from low energy efficiency and high carbon emissions. Developing low-carbon, efficient, and economically viable hydrogen production solutions has become a critical issue requiring urgent attention. This research proposes a hydrogen-electricity cogeneration system based on complementary coal-biomass gasification technology and solid oxide fuel cells. This system employs the synergistic effects of coal and biomass during gasification to enhance thermodynamic efficiency and reduce carbon emission intensity. Additionally, the system utilizes heat recovered from the SOFC stack and afterburner to supply thermal energy for the pyrolysis reaction. This enhances the energy grade matching between the thermal supply and demand sides, enabling efficient utilization of SOFC waste heat. This research utilized Aspen Plus software to simulate and validate both the novel and reference systems, evaluating their performance across three dimensions of thermodynamics, carbon emissions, and economic viability. Compared to the reference system, the novel system demonstrated a 4.64% improvement in energy efficiency, a 4.05% increase in exergy efficiency, and a 60.36% reduction in CO₂ emissions. During the lifecycle, the new hydrogen-electric cogeneration system achieved a DPP of 5.42 years and an NPV of 171,057.92 k$, demonstrating better economic performance than the reference system. Sensitivity analysis indicates that increasing SOFC temperature, pressure, and fuel utilization enhances power generation performance. Additionally, hydrogen price, discount rate, and fuel cost are key parameters influencing system economics. This research offers new perspectives for developing efficient coal and biomass utilization technologies and low-carbon hydrogen production techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129713"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of phase change transpiration cooling based on temperature difference drive","authors":"Shupeng Xie,&nbsp;Fei He,&nbsp;Caiyi He,&nbsp;Mu Li,&nbsp;Juntao Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transpiration cooling is an efficient active thermal protection technique for high-heat-flux components of high-speed aircraft. Traditional transpiration cooling depends on external devices to deliver coolant to porous structures, which increases energy consumption and mass load. To address this issue, a phase change transpiration coolant self-supply system driven by temperature differences is proposed. In this system, non-uniform heat flux induces temperature gradients and thereby density variations within the internal piping, generating a pressure gradient to drive coolant flow. The performance of the coupled system with piping and porous structure exposed to high-temperature mainstream is evaluated using a high-enthalpy wind tunnel and a high-speed camera system. The results show that the self-supply system driven by temperature differences is feasible, providing a promising approach for active thermal protection in extreme environments. The cooling process can be divided into single-phase (SPFP) and two-phase (TPFP) regimes according to whether boiling occurred within the pipe during the stable stage. In the SPFP case, cooling mainly relies on liquid evaporation at the cooling cavity, achieving a maximum efficiency of only 5.1 %. In contrast, in the TPFP case, periodically generated bubbles in the pipeline carry large amounts of coolant into the porous structure, enhancing convective heat transfer and enabling a transition from gas-film to liquid-film cooling, thereby increasing the maximum efficiency to 59.9 %. Moreover, both temperature and temperature difference significantly affect the system performance. Higher temperature promotes boiling and bubble formation, while a larger temperature difference enhances coolant transport. The synergy of these factors intensifies heat transfer but may also amplify pressure oscillations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129728"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrete thermal analysis of a marine reboiler under transcritical pressure conditions","authors":"Ibrahim Kaya,&nbsp;Yasin Ust","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the growing emphasis on greenhouse gas reduction, energy efficiency, and the decarbonization objectives of the International Maritime Organization, Transcritical Organic Rankine cycles have emerged as a promising technology for waste heat recovery at vessels. However, conducting thermal analyses of the heat exchangers operating under transcritical pressure conditions remains challenging due to the sharp variations in thermo-physical properties near the critical point. Consequently, conventional analysis methods, such as the effectiveness–number of transfer units (ε–NTU) method, often exhibit numerical instability or fail to converge under transcritical conditions. To overcome this limitation, the Discrete Sub-Heat Exchanger (DSHE) method was developed, wherein the heat exchanger is discretized into multiple sub-heat exchanger pairs with locally constant fluid properties at defined area condition. The method was implemented for the thermal analysis of a marine reboiler integrated into a waste heat recovery system operated by the exhaust gases of a 1980 kW turbocharged Tier-II marine diesel engine. Comparative simulations revealed that the ε–NTU method fails to converge at specific transcritical pressure and mass flow rate ranges, whereas the DSHE approach provides stable and consistent solutions. At higher pressures and mass flow rates, the deviation between outlet temperatures predicted by both methods decreases from approximately 20% to below 2%. Sensitivity analyses verified the numerical stability of the DSHE modelling, achieving convergence with residuals on the order of 10⁻⁵–10⁻⁶ beyond 1000 discrete elements. Overall, the DSHE method demonstrates a reliable and consistent tool for the thermal analysis of heat exchangers under transcritical pressure conditions, offering a robust approach for future studies involving two-phase or complex flow configurations with algorithm acceleration methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129668"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allam cycle technical and cost readiness levels: A review of the current technology status","authors":"Ameer Al-Dafaie,&nbsp;Kumar Patchigolla,&nbsp;Dawid P. Hanak","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Allam Cycle emerged as a near-zero CO₂ emission power generation technology that promised higher efficiency and comparable specific costs to conventional gas-fired power plants with post-combustion CO₂ capture. Yet its commercial deployment has been hindered by uncertainties in technical maturity, flexibility, and cost accuracy. This review provided a systematic assessment of the Allam Cycle using a combined technology readiness level (TRL), flexibility, and cost readiness level (CRL) framework that linked component-level maturity, operational flexibility requirements, and the quality of cost estimates.<!--> <!--> A structured matrix was developed to evaluate critical components, including plant control system, oxy-combustor, sCO₂ turbine, recuperator, and oxygen storage, against TRL, flexibility (startup, shutdown, load, and fuel variation), and cost class, using criteria adapted from established guidelines and recent sCO₂ literature. The analysis showed that, despite the common perception that the Allam Cycle approaches TRL 7 at the system level, most critical components remained in the TRL 3–6 range for a utility-scale plant, with the turbine and recuperator constrained by operating at up to 300 bar and turbine inlet temperatures above 1000 °C, which further hinders the commercial deployment. Existing performance assessments reported net electrical efficiencies up to about 54–55 % (LHV) for natural gas-fired Allam Cycles and 37–43 % (HHV) for coal-based configurations, but these figures were largely based on steady-state models with simplified treatment of ASU integration and limited part-load analysis.<!--> <!--> From a cost perspective, most evaluations relied on specific capital costs of roughly 1300–1850 $/kW and Class 4–5 estimates, corresponding to CRL 3–4 with wide cost tolerances and limited project-specific detail. The review identified the need for further experimental validation of oxy-combustors and sCO₂ turbines under relevant operating conditions, development of advanced recuperators, integrated dynamic control strategies with ASU and oxygen storage, and higher-fidelity, location-specific cost assessments. The proposed TRL–flexibility–CRL matrix provided a practical roadmap to align experimental programs, component development, and techno-economic studies with the TRL ≥ 7–8 thresholds required for large-scale power-sector investments. It also highlighted priorities for maturing the Allam Cycle into a commercially robust decarbonized power option.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129684"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel bi-axial bifacial solar concave concentrator (BBfSCcT): Integrated experimental validation, TRNSYS modeling, and thermoeconomic optimization","authors":"Ridha Chargui ,&nbsp;Mbarek Marzougui ,&nbsp;Lotfi Snoussi","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a new sensor-based solar tracking system (STS) model, the bi-axis bifacial solar concave concentrator with tracking system (BBfSCcT), designed to optimize solar energy harvesting. Its unprecedented design integrates two anti-parallel solar panels (TAPSP), one front-facing and one rear, with a bi-axis STS, complemented by a parabolic dish acting as a concave concentrator. This innovative configuration, precisely controlled by a microcontroller that processes sensor signals, ensures perpendicular alignment with incident sunlight. The study addresses a critical research gap by providing a comprehensive mathematical model and optimization strategy for the BBfSCcT system, as limited computational research has previously accentuated its unique advantages. A six-day experimental investigation, validated by numerical simulations using Python and TRNSYS software, assessed power output, temperature variations, and overall system efficiency. The key findings confirm that this synergistic TAPSP configuration with BxSTS significantly enhances energy capture, achieving impressive thermal efficiencies. While the rear-facing panel (BSPy) experienced some power reduction due to localized high temperatures resulting from concentrated irradiation, a thorough economic analysis revealed a robust Net Present Value (NPV) of $ 6737.50 over 25 years and a rapid payback period of 4.45 years. These results position the novel BBfSCcT system as an economically feasible and environmentally sound solution for advanced solar energy generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129710"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of manifold micro/mini-channel heat sink through cooling with microencapsulated phase change material slurries","authors":"Chen Wang,&nbsp;Shugang Wang,&nbsp;Jihong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro/mini-channel heat sinks using microencapsulated phase change material slurries offer great potential for high-heat-flux cooling. However, achieving balanced thermo-hydraulic performance remains challenging due to the complex coupling among latent heat storage, flow resistance, and heat transfer. A three-dimensional model of a manifold micro/mini-channel heat sink was developed, and a Taguchi-Grey relational analysis framework was applied to perform multi-objective optimization of heat transfer, flow resistance, phase-change utilization, and temperature uniformity. Parametric analysis considered geometric and operational factors, including fin arrangement, fin and manifold dimensions, slurry concentration, and inlet temperature, to coordinate performance indicators. Results showed that fin height dominates convective heat transfer (84.22 %), manifold height strongly affects flow resistance (29.51 %) and phase-change utilization (62.2 %), and fin arrangement (34.19 %) mainly controls temperature uniformity. The optimized configuration yields a 3.5 K reduction in heated-wall temperature, a 9.72 % decrease in friction factor, and a 63.5 % improvement in temperature uniformity compared with the conventional design. The proposed optimization framework not only achieves a balanced improvement in thermo-hydraulic and phase-change performance but also clarifies the physical roles of key design parameters. This work therefore establishes a practical and interpretable multi-objective design strategy for manifold micro /mini-channel heat sinks employing microencapsulated phase change material slurries in compact electronic and energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129731"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of hydrogen sulfide formation in pulverized coal combustion and its application to a full-scale opposed-firing boiler","authors":"Hiroki Umetsu ,&nbsp;Kenji Tanno ,&nbsp;Hiroaki Watanabe ,&nbsp;Masahiko Morinaga ,&nbsp;Toshiaki Fukada","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In pulverized coal-fired power plants, sulfur-induced corrosion of water wall tubes remains a significant operational issue. Accurate prediction of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) concentration distributions within the furnace is essential for evaluating corrosion risks and planning maintenance strategies. However, detailed reaction mechanisms for H₂S prediction are computationally expensive, and simplified models have not been sufficiently validated for large-scale boilers, leaving a practical research gap. In this study, a simplified global reaction model was developed based on detailed chemical reaction analysis. We introduce a reduced model that preserves predictive accuracy while improving computational efficiency for furnace-scale simulations. The model's validity was evaluated by comparing simulation results with experimental data at two vastly different scales, differing by three orders of magnitude, under two-stage combustion conditions: a 760 kW (thermal input) single-burner test facility and a full-scale 2500 MW (thermal input) opposed-firing boiler. The results demonstrated good agreement with experimental data, including trends in H₂S peak concentrations due to variations in coal properties such as fuel ratio and sulfur content. Subsequently, the influence of coal properties on the wall-side distribution of H₂S concentration in the boiler was also investigated. The analysis revealed that while the effect of fuel ratio on H₂S distribution was limited, sulfur content had a strong positive linear correlation with wall-peak H₂S concentrations across all cases. These findings indicate the practical applicability of the simplified model for corrosion risk assessment and support its potential use as a tool for coal selection and furnace operation optimization in utility boilers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129721"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}