Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献_第6页

Day ahead market clearing model for low-temperature district heating systems based on urban waste heat 基于城市余热的低温区域供热系统日前市场出清模型

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130116

Josip Miškić, Tomislav Pukšec

Low-temperature district heating systems supplied from urban waste heat sources are becoming increasingly important in achieving the sustainability targets of the heating and cooling sector. This paper investigates these systems by introducing a day-ahead market clearing model for low-temperature district heating systems, which are primarily supplied by low-temperature urban waste heat sources. The model offers a comprehensive assessment focusing on energy, economic, and environmental aspects of low-temperature district heating systems while incorporating market incentive models such as the Feed-in Premium model. Additionally, the model incorporates the EU Emission Trading System to assess the impact of greenhouse gas trading on economic outcomes. The results are presented through a series of diagrams highlighting the effects of various market and economic parameters on the viability of incorporating urban waste heat into district heating systems. Results showed that the Ultra low temperature configuration achieved a levelized cost of heat of 93 €/MWh, with a primary energy factor of 0.288 and a carbon emission factor of 0.037, markedly lower than the 150 €/MWh, 1.187, and 0.241 values recorded for conventional gas-based systems. Furthermore, the study showed that urban waste heat, primarily from data centres (supplying 88% of the heat) and supported by fixed Feed-in Premium market schemes, reduced the investment payback period from 2.2 years to 1.4 years. This enhances economic feasibility, despite some components having longer payback periods.

利用城市废热源提供的低温区域供热系统在实现供热和制冷部门的可持续性目标方面变得越来越重要。本文通过引入以城市低温废热为主要热源的低温区域供热系统的日前市场出清模型，对这些系统进行了研究。该模型对低温区域供热系统的能源、经济和环境方面进行了全面的评估，同时结合了市场激励模型，如上网补贴模型。此外，该模型还纳入了欧盟排放交易系统，以评估温室气体交易对经济结果的影响。研究结果通过一系列图表展示，这些图表突出了各种市场和经济参数对将城市废热纳入区域供热系统的可行性的影响。结果表明，超低温配置的平均热量成本为93€/MWh，一次能量因子为0.288，碳排放因子为0.037，显著低于常规燃气系统的150€/MWh、1.187和0.241。此外，研究表明，城市废热，主要来自数据中心（提供88%的热量），并由固定的上网电价补贴市场计划提供支持，将投资回收期从2.2年减少到1.4年。这提高了经济可行性，尽管有些组件的投资回收期较长。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation on effects of enhanced vapor injection on heat storage performance of heat pump 强化蒸汽注入对热泵蓄热性能影响的研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130160

Yihua Yu , Qiu Tu , Xinyue Hao , Lu Liu , Luka Boban , Vladimir Soldo

To efficiently obtain heat storage hot water as heat source for the active enhanced vapor injection, the heat storage performance of a solar-driven heat pump with two self-contained heat storage modes has been investigated. This study explores effects of conventional vapor injection on the heat storage performance using the sub-cooling degree as the control target. The results indicate that essential difference between the two heat storage modes lies in the different characteristic sub-cooling degree, which leads to different heat storage performance and vapor injection effect. For non-injection heat pump, the static heat storage mode has a greater characteristic sub-cooling degree and better performance than the dynamic heat storage mode. The former achieves higher heat storage rate by 24.2% and greater coefficient of performance by 11.7% than the latter. For the vapor injection heat pump, the heat storage rate and coefficient of performance increased by 34.3% and 13.3% under the dynamic heat storage mode are significantly higher than those with improvements of 11.3% and 5.7% under the static heat storage mode. The system under both modes achieved the optimal performance at the sub-cooling degree of 10 °C. The findings provide a basis and guidance for the formulation of control strategies.

为了有效地获取蓄热热水作为主动强化蒸汽注入的热源，研究了具有两种独立蓄热模式的太阳能热泵的蓄热性能。本研究以过冷度为控制指标，探讨常规注汽对储热性能的影响。结果表明，两种储热方式的本质区别在于特征过冷度的不同，从而导致储热性能和注汽效果的不同。对于非注热热泵，静态蓄热方式比动态蓄热方式具有更大的特征过冷度和更好的性能。前者的蓄热率比后者高24.2%，性能系数比后者高11.7%。对于注汽热泵，动态蓄热模式下的蓄热率和性能系数分别提高了34.3%和13.3%，显著高于静态蓄热模式下的11.3%和5.7%。两种模式下的系统在过冷度为10℃时均达到最佳性能。研究结果为制定防治策略提供了依据和指导。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical study on critical ventilation volume for fire-induced smoke control in a metro station 地铁车站火灾烟气控制临界通风量的实验与数值研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130091

Zeng Long , Maohua Zhong , Hongqing Zhu

Effective ventilation measures for smoke control in metro stations play a significant role in providing a safe evacuation environment and preventing casualties. Current research about ventilation theory has application limitations in on-site fire emergencies. To address this issue, the critical ventilation volume is focused on under different heat release rates (HRRs), ceiling screen depths and fire source locations, through theoretical analysis, experiments and simulations. The research perspective includes two aspects: on the one hand, a prediction model for the smoke overflow range in the station hall is proposed based on equivalent diameter, and it can be transformed into the calculation formula for critical ventilation volume when the equivalent diameter is zero. On the other hand, the critical velocity at the stair opening is modelled under different fire scenarios, which is used to calculate the air volume distribution of each staircase. On this basis, the prediction models for critical ventilation volume can be established, considering two staircase layouts on the platform. Additionally, the calculated model under the most dangerous fire scenario is compared with the specified values in the ‘Code for design of metro’ (GB50157-2013), verifying the applicability of the model. This work can provide references for the ventilation volume design of subway stations, and guide the on-site emergency measures for smoke control.

地铁车站有效的通风防烟措施对提供安全的疏散环境和防止人员伤亡具有重要作用。现有的通风理论研究在现场火灾应急中存在一定的应用局限性。为了解决这一问题，通过理论分析、实验和模拟，重点研究了不同放热率、顶棚深度和火源位置下的临界通风量。研究视角包括两个方面：一方面，提出了基于等效直径的车站大厅溢烟范围预测模型，并将其转化为等效直径为零时的临界通风量计算公式；另一方面，对不同火灾情景下楼梯开口处的临界速度进行建模，并以此计算各楼梯的风量分布。在此基础上，建立考虑平台上两种楼梯布置的临界通风量预测模型。并将最危险火灾情景下的计算模型与《地铁设计规范》（GB50157-2013）的规定值进行了比较，验证了模型的适用性。该工作可为地铁车站的通风量设计提供参考，指导现场防烟应急措施的制定。

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引用次数: 0

Design, testing, and analytical characterization of a low-hysteresis linkage-actuated re-deployable radiator for deep space missions 用于深空任务的低迟滞连杆驱动可重新展开散热器的设计、测试和分析特性

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130129

Yuki Akizuki , Kenichiro Sawada , Tomihiro Kinjo , Hiroyuki Ogawa , Toshiaki Okudaira , Hiroyuki Toyota , Kazutaka Nishiyama , Hiroshi Imamura , Takeshi Takashima , Kan Matsumoto , Takeshi Kuratomi , Kazuki Watanabe , Hosei Nagano

This paper presents the design, fabrication, testing, and evaluation results of a re-deployable radiator developed for deep space exploration missions. This radiator, referred to as a reversible thermal panel (RTP), is a thermal control device that autonomously deploys and stows its radiator fin in response to temperature variations at the heat source. The radiator fin is made of laminated graphite sheets with high thermal conductivity, and the deployment/stowing mechanism employs an actuator driven by shape memory alloys, enabling lightweight, power-free operation. Target specifications for installation into the deep space probe, DESTINY⁺, were established, and the first flight-capable RTP that met these specifications was developed. A new actuator mechanism that converts linear motion into rotational motion via a link mechanism was proposed and implemented, achieving reduced temperature hysteresis. Thermal vacuum tests were conducted to evaluate the heat dissipation performance of the RTP, achieving a heat dissipation per unit mass of 149 W/kg. The measured temperature hysteresis was 26 °C, a lower value than that reported for previously developed RTPs. A detailed thermal mathematical model was developed based on the RTP geometry. Correlation was performed using the test results, demonstrating the development of a highly accurate thermal mathematical model. Analytical evaluation using the correlated model clarified the heat dissipation ratio and fin efficiency at each deployment angle. A simplified thermal network model that incorporates the hysteresis characteristics of the SMA actuator was developed, and demonstrated that temperature oscillations can potentially be suppressed by tuning the hysteresis characteristics of the actuator.

本文介绍了一种用于深空探测任务的可再展开散热器的设计、制造、测试和评估结果。这种散热器被称为可逆热面板（RTP），是一种热控制装置，可以根据热源处的温度变化自动部署和放置其散热器鳍。散热器翅片由具有高导热性的层压石墨片制成，展开/装载机构采用由形状记忆合金驱动的致动器，实现轻量化、无功耗操作。建立了深空探测器“命运+”的目标规格，并开发了第一个符合这些规格的可飞行RTP。提出并实现了一种通过连杆机构将直线运动转化为旋转运动的新型作动机构，实现了降低温度滞后的目的。通过热真空试验对RTP的散热性能进行了评估，其单位质量的散热性能为149 W/kg。测量到的温度滞后为26°C，比以前开发的rtp报告的值低。基于RTP几何模型建立了详细的热数学模型。利用测试结果进行了相关性分析，证明了一个高度精确的热数学模型的发展。利用相关模型进行分析评估，明确了各展开角下的散热比和翅片效率。建立了包含SMA致动器迟滞特性的简化热网络模型，并证明通过调整致动器的迟滞特性可以抑制温度振荡。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-objective optimization of Magnetic Czochralski crystal growth process using surrogate modeling and evolutionary algorithm 基于代理建模和进化算法的磁直拉晶体生长过程多目标优化

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130075

Ruinian Peng , Hongming Tang , Jian Wu

The optimization of the Magnetic Czochralski (MCZ) crystal growth process is crucial for producing high-quality single-crystal silicon but is challenged by the complex interplay of multiple physical phenomena and computationally expensive simulations. Achieving both high crystal quality and production efficiency often involves navigating conflicting objectives. To address this challenge, this study proposes and implements a multi-objective optimization framework based on surrogate modeling. The framework integrates high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, ensemble learning surrogate models, and the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II. The primary objectives were to minimize the solid–liquid interface deflection (

| δ |

) and maximize the crystal pulling velocity (V

_{pull}

), while satisfying the v/G Voronkov criterion. Eight key process and geometric parameters were investigated. Accurate surrogate models (R

^{2} > 0.90

) were successfully developed, serving as efficient proxies for the CFD simulations. Model interpretation using SHapley Additive exPlanations and Response Surface Analysis revealed that while deflection is predominantly driven by the pulling velocity, the v/G ratio is governed by a more complex, multi-parameter interaction, highlighting the limitations of single-parameter tuning. The optimization successfully generated a 3D Pareto front of optimal solutions, offering a range of actionable process recipes from conservative (low-deflection) to aggressive (high-V

_{pull}

) that significantly outperform the initial base cases. This work provides not only a set of optimized process parameters but also demonstrates a robust methodology for navigating the complex design space of the MCZ process. The findings offer a valuable data-driven tool for process engineers to make informed decisions that balance the competing demands of crystal quality and production efficiency.

磁性奇克拉尔斯基（MCZ）晶体生长过程的优化对于生产高质量的单晶硅至关重要，但受到多种物理现象复杂相互作用和计算成本高昂的模拟的挑战。实现高晶体质量和生产效率往往涉及到相互冲突的目标。为了解决这一挑战，本研究提出并实现了一个基于代理建模的多目标优化框架。该框架集成了高保真计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟、集成学习代理模型和非主导排序遗传算法II。主要目标是在满足v/G Voronkov准则的前提下，最小化固液界面偏转（|δ|）和最大化晶体拉扯速度（Vpull）。研究了8个关键工艺和几何参数。成功开发了精确的代理模型（R2>0.90），可作为CFD模拟的有效代理。使用SHapley加性解释和响应面分析的模型解释表明，虽然挠度主要由拉动速度驱动，但v/G比受更复杂的多参数相互作用控制，突出了单参数调整的局限性。优化成功地生成了最优解决方案的3D Pareto前沿，提供了一系列可操作的工艺配方，从保守（低挠度）到激进（高v拉），显著优于初始基本情况。这项工作不仅提供了一组优化的工艺参数，而且还展示了一种用于导航MCZ工艺复杂设计空间的强大方法。该研究结果为工艺工程师提供了一个有价值的数据驱动工具，以做出明智的决策，平衡晶体质量和生产效率的竞争需求。

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引用次数: 0

Hybrid deep reinforcement learning for economic dispatch in port microgrids 港口微电网经济调度的混合深度强化学习

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130163

Yanru Lu , Zhiyu Zhu , Jiayi Fan , Zhipeng Long

Ports are undergoing a rapid low-carbon transformation, and the rising penetration of renewable energy makes efficient scheduling of port microgrids increasingly critical. Existing static optimization methods rely on offline predictions and fail to adapt to renewable volatility, while single reinforcement learning algorithms suffer from local optima in high-dimensional decision spaces; moreover, existing studies rarely integrate static demand response planning with dynamic reinforcement learning correction, creating a disconnect between offline global optimization and online real-time adjustment. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a Two-Stage Collaborative Optimization Framework combining demand response-driven static planning with deep reinforcement learning-based dynamic correction: the static layer uses an improved Exponential-Trigonometric Optimization algorithm for scheduling benchmarks, while the dynamic layer introduces a Differential Evolution and Crossover Enhanced Reinforcement Learning algorithm to enhance convergence and exploration. Simulation results show 100% wind power utilization, 95% photovoltaic utilization, and operating cost reductions of 5.28% vs. Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient, 50.05% vs. Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient, and 50.48% vs. Proximal Policy Optimization. These findings confirm the framework's effectiveness in improving renewable energy integration and economic efficiency, offering a practical pathway for port energy system green transformation.

港口正在经历快速的低碳转型，可再生能源的不断普及使得港口微电网的高效调度变得越来越重要。现有的静态优化方法依赖于离线预测，不能适应可再生的波动，而单一的强化学习算法在高维决策空间中存在局部最优；此外，现有研究很少将静态需求响应规划与动态强化学习校正相结合，造成了离线全局优化与在线实时调整之间的脱节。为了解决这些限制，本文提出了一个结合需求响应驱动的静态规划和基于深度强化学习的动态校正的两阶段协同优化框架：静态层使用改进的指数三角优化算法来调度基准，而动态层引入差分进化和交叉增强强化学习算法来增强收敛和探索。仿真结果表明，与双延迟深度确定性策略梯度相比，风电利用率为100%，光伏利用率为95%，运行成本降低5.28%，与深度确定性策略梯度相比降低50.05%，与近端策略优化相比降低50.48%。这些研究结果证实了该框架在提高可再生能源整合和经济效率方面的有效性，为港口能源系统绿色转型提供了切实可行的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Evolution and resilience of thermal performance in two-phase closed thermosyphon embankments under climate warming in permafrost regions 气候变暖条件下多年冻土区两相封闭热虹吸路堤热性能演化与恢复

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130161

Yaqian Dong , Chunguang Xu , Chunlei Xie , Sinan Li , Andrey Melnikov , Andrei Zhang , Ze Zhang

Two-phase closed thermosyphons are widely used as passive, energy-free cooling devices to stabilize permafrost embankments by exploiting ambient cold energy. However, their long-term cooling capacity and spatial effectiveness under sustained climate warming remain poorly quantified. This study evaluates the decadal-scale cooling performance of two-phase closed thermosyphon systems installed in a high-temperature permafrost embankment using 10 years (2015–2024) of continuous, multi-depth ground-temperature observations. Cooling effectiveness is assessed using air-temperature-derived freezing and thawing indices, which represent seasonal cold accumulation and heat load, respectively, with their ratio serving as an integrated indicator of cooling efficiency. Temporal trends in subsurface temperature are analyzed using the Mann–Kendall trend test. The results show a clear degradation in the performance of two-phase closed thermosyphons over time. The freezing index decreases by approximately 12%, while the thawing index increases by about 18%, leading to a statistically significant reduction of nearly 25% in the freezing–thawing index ratio. Cooling effects are confined to narrow zones adjacent to the condenser sections, whereas areas farther from the two-phase closed thermosyphons exhibit persistent warming. These findings indicate that warming-induced reductions in available cold energy increasingly constrain the cooling capacity of two-phase closed thermosyphons and cannot fully offset sustained thermal forcing. Overall, this study improves understanding of the long-term evolution of thermal performance and cold-energy regulation constraints in thermosyphon-stabilized embankments under climate change, providing insights for the sustainable thermal stabilization of infrastructure in permafrost regions.

两相封闭热虹吸被广泛用作被动、无能量的冷却装置，通过利用环境冷能来稳定永久冻土堤防。然而，在气候持续变暖的条件下，它们的长期降温能力和空间有效性仍然缺乏量化。本研究利用10年（2015-2024年）的连续、多深度地温观测，评估了安装在高温永久冻土路基上的两相封闭式热虹吸系统的年代际冷却性能。制冷效果评估采用空气温度衍生的冻结和融化指数，分别代表季节冷积累和热负荷，其比率作为制冷效率的综合指标。使用Mann-Kendall趋势检验分析了地下温度的时间趋势。结果表明，随着时间的推移，两相封闭热虹吸管的性能明显下降。冻结指数下降约12%，而解冻指数上升约18%，导致冻融指数比下降近25%，具有统计学意义。冷却效果仅限于靠近冷凝器部分的狭窄区域，而远离两相封闭热虹吸管的区域则表现出持续变暖。这些发现表明，变暖导致的可用冷能减少越来越多地限制了两相封闭热虹吸管的冷却能力，不能完全抵消持续的热强迫。总的来说，本研究提高了对气候变化下热虹吸稳定河堤热性能和冷能调节约束的长期演变的理解，为多年冻土区基础设施的可持续热稳定提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Improved temperature uniformity and fast charging of high energy density Li-ion battery module via two-phase immersion cooling 采用两相浸没冷却提高了高能量密度锂离子电池模块的温度均匀性和快速充电性能

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130105

Danish Akbal Kureshi, Rakesh Nandan, Mihir Kumar Das

Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries provide high energy density and prolonged life, making them ideal for high-performance electric vehicles and aerospace applications. However, this chemistry leads to severe heat generation during fast charging and discharging without an effective thermal management system, leading to degradation and pose safety risks. Further, two-phase immersion cooling is recognized for its high heat transfer coefficients and low wall superheat. Based on these facts, the present study investigates the application of N-pentane as a dielectric coolant for two-phase immersion cooling of a 5S3P Li-ion battery module. The analysis focuses on two-phase heat transfer performance, surface temperature variation, and temperature uniformity of the battery in the module under different C-rates of charging and discharging. Results show that N-pentane immersion cooling effectively limits battery temperatures in the module below 40 °C with a peak reduction of 15.86 °C at 1C charging over natural convection cooling. At 2C discharging, it reduces the temperature non-homogeneity of 3.87 °C, nearly a tenfold improvement over natural convection cooling. Also, immersion cooling maintained acceptable battery temperature even under 2C fast charging, confirming its suitability for high-rate operation. During cyclic loading, the naturally cooled battery module exceeded the safety limit after the second cycle, while immersion cooling sustained repeated 1C–1C and 1C–2C cycles within safe limits. Further, high-speed bubble visualization shows an inverse trend between bubble departure diameter and nucleation frequency. Overall, the study shows that two-phase immersion cooling effectively manages the thermal challenges in NCA battery modules.

镍钴铝（NCA）锂离子（Li-ion）电池提供高能量密度和长寿命，使其成为高性能电动汽车和航空航天应用的理想选择。然而，如果没有有效的热管理系统，这种化学反应会导致在快速充放电过程中产生严重的热量，从而导致降解并构成安全风险。此外，两相浸没冷却因其高传热系数和低壁过热度而得到认可。基于这些事实，本研究研究了正戊烷作为介质冷却剂在5S3P锂离子电池模块两相浸没冷却中的应用。重点分析了不同充放电倍率下模块内电池的两相传热性能、表面温度变化和温度均匀性。结果表明，与自然对流冷却相比，正戊烷浸没冷却有效地将模块中的电池温度限制在40°C以下，在1C充电时峰值降低15.86°C。在2C放电时，它降低了3.87°C的温度不均匀性，比自然对流冷却提高了近10倍。此外，浸没式冷却即使在2C快速充电下也能保持可接受的电池温度，证实了其适合高倍率运行。在循环加载过程中，自然冷却的电池模块在第二次循环后超过安全极限，而浸没冷却的电池模块则在安全范围内持续重复1C-1C和1C-2C循环。此外，高速气泡可视化显示气泡偏离直径与成核频率呈反比趋势。总体而言，该研究表明，两相浸入式冷却有效地管理了NCA电池模块的热挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical study on the effect of pyrolytic coke deposition of n-decane on flow and heat transfer behavior in porous media 正癸烷热解焦炭沉积对多孔介质流动和传热行为影响的数值研究

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130123

Yu Zhang , Shuyuan Liu , Yin Wang , Kaibo Kong , Wenqiang Li

Transpiration cooling method using endothermic hydrocarbon fuels offers high cooling efficiency for hypersonic vehicles but is faced with the challenge of coke deposition in porous media. A two-dimensional transpiration cooling model considering detailed pyrolysis mechanism and coking processes of n-decane is presented in this study. The influence of pyrolytic coke deposition on the porous media properties and transpiration cooling performance is investigated. Under the influence of inflow mainstream at 1600 K for 30 min, the specific coke deposition mass reaches 2.1 μg·cm⁻² in the porous zone. The local porosity and permeability of the porous media decrease by 60% and 91.8%, respectively. Moreover, the flow distribution non-uniformity coefficient of the coolant increases by 28%. Increasing the sintered particle diameter from 50 μm to 150 μm results in a decrease by 80% in local coke deposition and a decrease by 16.6% in the flow non-uniformity coefficient. Moreover, heat transfer in the boundary layer exhibits opposite variation trends with time for the proximal and the distal ends of the outlet surface of the porous media due to coking-induced coolant migration. The mechanistic analysis shows that the effect of particle diameter on coking rate is initially dominated by the permeability-induced temperature difference but then dominated by the increasing difference in coolant residence time as coking process becomes significant. Specifically, coking rate is more sensitive to local temperature and flow residence time when very small sintered particles are used. For coking time of 30 min, the average cooling efficiency with the sintered diameter of 50 μm and 150 μm decreases by 5% and 2%, respectively. The research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the impact of pyrolytic coke deposition on flow and heat transfer behaviors in the transpiration cooling process using hydrocarbon coolants.

采用吸热烃类燃料的蒸腾冷却方法为高超声速飞行器提供了较高的冷却效率，但面临着多孔介质积炭的挑战。建立了考虑正癸烷详细热解机理和焦化过程的二维蒸腾冷却模型。研究了热解焦沉积对多孔介质性能和蒸腾冷却性能的影响。在1600 K入流主流作用30 min下，多孔区焦炭比沉积质量达到2.1 μg·cm−2。多孔介质的局部孔隙度和渗透率分别下降60%和91.8%。冷却液的流动分布不均匀系数提高了28%。烧结颗粒直径从50 μm增加到150 μm，局部积炭减少80%，流动不均匀系数降低16.6%。此外，由于焦化引起的冷却剂迁移，多孔介质出口表面近端和远端边界层传热随时间的变化趋势相反。机理分析表明，颗粒直径对结焦速率的影响最初主要受渗透率引起的温差的影响，随着结焦过程的显著化，冷却剂停留时间的差异逐渐增大。具体来说，当使用很小的烧结颗粒时，结焦速率对局部温度和流动停留时间更敏感。焦化时间为30 min时，烧结直径为50 μm和150 μm的平均冷却效率分别下降5%和2%。研究结果有助于更深入地了解热解焦沉积对烃类冷却剂蒸腾冷却过程流动和换热行为的影响。

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引用次数: 0

A vertical fin-intensified radiative sky cool method for heat rejection: Insights from the comparative study of cooling technologies 垂直翅片强化辐射天空散热方法：来自冷却技术比较研究的见解

IF 6.9 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130109

Linrui Jia, Lin Lu

Current Applications Focused on Radiative Sky Cooling (RSC) Are Limited to Specific Devices and Have a Narrow Adaptability Range Due to their Low Energy Density. To Better Address Building-Scale Cooling Demands, this Study Introduces a Novel Vertical Fin-Intensified Radiative Sky Cool Radiator (VRSCR), Using the Numerical Method. This Design Synergistically Integrates RSC with Convective Cooling to Overcome the Limitations Associated with Low Radiative Cooling Power Density. Additionally, this Study Conducts a Comprehensive Comparison of Five Cooling Technologies, Providing Insights and Recommendations for their Application Potential. The Technologies Examined Include Passive Radiative Cooling Buildings, Horizontal Radiative Sky Cool Radiators (HRSCR), VRSCR, Stand-Alone Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems (GSHP), and Conventional Air-Source Heat Pump Systems (ASHP). The Findings Reveal that the Difference between the Inlet Water Temperature and the Ambient Air Temperature Significantly Influences the Adaptability of both VRSCR and HRSCR. When the RSCR Cools the Circulating Water to Ambient Levels, the Back-Insulated HRSCR Is Recommended. Conversely, when RSCR Works over the Ambient Air Temperature, the VRSCR without a Thermal Insulation Layer Is Favoured. The Corresponding Cooling Powers Are 106.6 W/m² for the VRSCR and 91.1 W/m² for the HRSCR. To Quantitatively Assess the Cooling Efficiency of each Technology, the Regional Average Coefficients of Performance (COPs) Are Calculated. National Averages Indicate COPs of 5.9 for VRSCR (Winter), 5.2 for HRSCR (Winter), 4.6 for GSHP, 4.3 for VRSCR (Summer), 4.0 for HRSCR (Summer), and 3.4 for ASHP. This Study Highlights the Significant Potential of Renewable and Sustainable Cooling Solutions in Promoting Energy-Efficient Buildings in China

辐射天空冷却（RSC）由于能量密度低，目前的应用仅限于特定器件，且适应范围窄。为了更好地满足建筑规模的制冷需求，本文采用数值方法，介绍了一种新型的垂直翅片强化辐射天空冷散热器（VRSCR）。该设计协同集成了RSC和对流冷却，以克服低辐射冷却功率密度的限制。此外，本研究还对五种冷却技术进行了全面的比较，并对其应用潜力提出了见解和建议。研究的技术包括被动式辐射冷却建筑、水平辐射天空冷散热器（HRSCR）、VRSCR、独立地源热泵系统（GSHP）和传统空气源热泵系统（ASHP）。结果表明，进水温度与环境空气温度的差异对VRSCR和HRSCR的适应性均有显著影响。当RSCR将循环水冷却至环境温度时，推荐使用后置绝缘HRSCR。相反，当RSCR在环境空气温度下工作时，没有保温层的VRSCR更受青睐。对应的制冷功率VRSCR为106.6 W/m2， HRSCR为91.1 W/m2。为了定量评估每种技术的冷却效率，计算了区域平均性能系数（cop）。全国平均水平表明，VRSCR（冬季）的cop为5.9，HRSCR（冬季）的cop为5.2，GSHP的cop为4.6，VRSCR（夏季）的cop为4.3，HRSCR（夏季）的cop为4.0，空气源热泵的cop为3.4。本研究强调了可再生和可持续制冷解决方案在促进中国节能建筑方面的巨大潜力

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