Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129727
Sullivan Durand , Pierre Neveu , Daniel R. Rousse , Didier Haillot
This paper presents a novel framework for the preliminary design of multi-energy Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (m-PTES) systems, also known as Carnot batteries. Built upon Finite Dimension Thermodynamics (FDT), the steady-state approach determines the operating conditions corresponding to near-maximum round-trip efficiency. The proposed method offers three key advantages. It is: 1) general, remaining independent of working fluids and cycle architecture; 2) analytical, relying on few physical parameters to describe system behavior; and 3) computationally very efficient, requiring minimal numerical resources. These attributes make FDT well suited for early-stage design of complex multi-energy PTES systems, where rapid evaluation of thermodynamic potential is essential. The proposed method is applied to a case study in northern Canada to illustrate the influence of main parameters on system performance. The results reveal that the storage temperature has a major impact on all key optimal operating conditions, including intermediate temperature, heat-exchanger conductances and heat rates. From an energetic standpoint, the optimal configuration corresponds to the highest achievable storage temperature. At a storage temperature of 800 °C, when transitioning from the endoreversible case to an irreversible case with 30% internal losses, the round-trip efficiency decreases almost linearly from 0.63 to 0.42, while the optimal storage capacity increases from 199 MWh to 263 MWh. Overall, this work demonstrates that FDT is a powerful framework for preliminary conceptual m-PTES design, enabling efficient identification of suitable working fluids and boundary conditions for further detailed modeling and optimization.
{"title":"Finite dimension thermodynamics-based preliminary design of multi-energy pumped thermal energy storage systems","authors":"Sullivan Durand , Pierre Neveu , Daniel R. Rousse , Didier Haillot","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a novel framework for the preliminary design of multi-energy Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (m-PTES) systems, also known as Carnot batteries. Built upon Finite Dimension Thermodynamics (FDT), the steady-state approach determines the operating conditions corresponding to near-maximum round-trip efficiency. The proposed method offers three key advantages. It is: 1) general, remaining independent of working fluids and cycle architecture; 2) analytical, relying on few physical parameters to describe system behavior; and 3) computationally very efficient, requiring minimal numerical resources. These attributes make FDT well suited for early-stage design of complex multi-energy PTES systems, where rapid evaluation of thermodynamic potential is essential. The proposed method is applied to a case study in northern Canada to illustrate the influence of main parameters on system performance. The results reveal that the storage temperature has a major impact on all key optimal operating conditions, including intermediate temperature, heat-exchanger conductances and heat rates. From an energetic standpoint, the optimal configuration corresponds to the highest achievable storage temperature. At a storage temperature of 800 °C, when transitioning from the endoreversible case to an irreversible case with 30% internal losses, the round-trip efficiency <span><math><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>RT</mi></msub></math></span> decreases almost linearly from 0.63 to 0.42, while the optimal storage capacity <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>TES</mi></msub></math></span> increases from 199 MWh to 263 MWh. Overall, this work demonstrates that FDT is a powerful framework for preliminary conceptual m-PTES design, enabling efficient identification of suitable working fluids and boundary conditions for further detailed modeling and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129727"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129718
Liyang Shen , Jiejin Cai
Exploring more stable and efficient boiling modes through surface modification technologies such as coatings is of great significance for the safe and efficient operation of industrial equipment, in order to optimize the energy structure and enhance energy utilization safety and efficiency. Existing studies on hydrophobic surface boiling heat transfer mainly focus on single dimensions of thermodynamic parameters or bubble dynamics, lacking comprehensive integration of thermodynamic, bubble dynamic, and flow field characteristics, as well as systematic regulation of gas-liquid transport paths via hydrophobic pattern design. This paper aims to design single hydrophobic patterns of different widths to explore the optimal gas-liquid transport path for optimizing boiling heat transfer. Based on experimental methods, this study systematically investigated the effects of single hydrophobic patterns on pool boiling heat transfer from three aspects: thermodynamic parameters, steam escaping along superhydrophobic patterns, and water disturbance to bubbles, using Agilent equipment, high-speed cameras, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). It focuses on their mutual feedback characteristics and derives the optimal width of the hydrophobic patterns.
{"title":"Experimental study on pool boiling optimization of gas-liquid transport path with single hydrophobic pattern","authors":"Liyang Shen , Jiejin Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring more stable and efficient boiling modes through surface modification technologies such as coatings is of great significance for the safe and efficient operation of industrial equipment, in order to optimize the energy structure and enhance energy utilization safety and efficiency. Existing studies on hydrophobic surface boiling heat transfer mainly focus on single dimensions of thermodynamic parameters or bubble dynamics, lacking comprehensive integration of thermodynamic, bubble dynamic, and flow field characteristics, as well as systematic regulation of gas-liquid transport paths via hydrophobic pattern design. This paper aims to design single hydrophobic patterns of different widths to explore the optimal gas-liquid transport path for optimizing boiling heat transfer. Based on experimental methods, this study systematically investigated the effects of single hydrophobic patterns on pool boiling heat transfer from three aspects: thermodynamic parameters, steam escaping along superhydrophobic patterns, and water disturbance to bubbles, using Agilent equipment, high-speed cameras, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). It focuses on their mutual feedback characteristics and derives the optimal width of the hydrophobic patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129718"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129741
Rongqing Bao , Zhaohui Wang , Shixiang Xiong , Shousheng Hong , Hao Wang , Bowen Zhang , Hongxia Wang
Phase change materials (PCMs) demonstrate considerable application value in lithium-ion battery thermal management systems (BTMS), but their inherent low thermal conductivity readily induces localized thermal saturation in areas adjacent to heat sources. To address this issue, this study designed a surrounding-filled composite PCM thermal management system based on a P-type triple-period minimal surface (TPMS) structure, tailored to the geometric characteristics of cylindrical batteries. The objective was to systematically evaluate the impact of different PCM-based heat dissipation solutions on battery thermal response characteristics. Results indicated that under a fixed TPMS volume fraction, the P-type TPMS-PCM composite cooling scheme maintained the battery Tmax at 33.81 °C, achieving temperature reductions of 3.71 °C and 2.17 °C compared to the single PCM scheme and the Fins-PCM composite scheme, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the impact of TPMS lattice filling parameters and volume fraction on thermal management efficiency revealed that the P-30-60 configuration exhibited optimal comprehensive performance among various P-type TPMS topologies. Based on a synergistic optimization of the TPMS structural thickness and the PCM interfacial contact characteristics, a novel variable-density TPMS design is proposed. This new design further reduces the battery Tmax and ΔTmax by 0.54 °C and 0.48 °C, respectively, compared to the P-30-60 design, demonstrating enhanced thermal management performance.
{"title":"Numerical study on battery thermal management system with surrounding-filled triply periodic minimal surface and phase change material","authors":"Rongqing Bao , Zhaohui Wang , Shixiang Xiong , Shousheng Hong , Hao Wang , Bowen Zhang , Hongxia Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change materials (PCMs) demonstrate considerable application value in lithium-ion battery thermal management systems (BTMS), but their inherent low thermal conductivity readily induces localized thermal saturation in areas adjacent to heat sources. To address this issue, this study designed a surrounding-filled composite PCM thermal management system based on a P-type triple-period minimal surface (TPMS) structure, tailored to the geometric characteristics of cylindrical batteries. The objective was to systematically evaluate the impact of different PCM-based heat dissipation solutions on battery thermal response characteristics. Results indicated that under a fixed TPMS volume fraction, the P-type TPMS-PCM composite cooling scheme maintained the battery <em>T</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> at 33.81 °C, achieving temperature reductions of 3.71 °C and 2.17 °C compared to the single PCM scheme and the Fins-PCM composite scheme, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the impact of TPMS lattice filling parameters and volume fraction on thermal management efficiency revealed that the P-30-60 configuration exhibited optimal comprehensive performance among various P-type TPMS topologies. Based on a synergistic optimization of the TPMS structural thickness and the PCM interfacial contact characteristics, a novel variable-density TPMS design is proposed. This new design further reduces the battery <em>T</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> and Δ<em>T</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> by 0.54 °C and 0.48 °C, respectively, compared to the P-30-60 design, demonstrating enhanced thermal management performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129741"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129740
Sabir Rasheed , Hassan Ali , Muhammad Usman , J. Yan , Müslüm Arıcı , Muzaffar Ali
Several countries are considered water-threatened, with per capita water accessibility falling below 1000 m3. Many other regions also experience significant water stress due to urban population growth, agricultural needs, climate change, and inefficient water management systems, especially for perforated indirect evaporative air-cooling systems (PIEACBl). To address this issue, this experimental study examines the water reclamation from the saturated air on the exhausted side of the wetted channels of a perforated indirect evaporative air cooler integrated hydrophobic system (PIEACHPh), utilizing a combination of mesh cloth and hydrophobic sheets. Experimentation is performed under a wide range of varying actual climate conditions, such as humidity ratio and ambient air temperature. Additionally, the global applicability of the proposed system for different climate zones is also established. The experimental results show that the system can recover up to 262.8 l of water annually without requiring additional power. Key parameters such as thermal effectiveness (dewpoint effectiveness = 0.71, wetbulb effectiveness = 1.01) and cooling capacity (CC = 2.43 kW) indicate that the perforated indirect evaporative air cooler is highly efficient in hot, dry climates. Moreover, the analysis revealed that recovering water improves the energy efficiency ratios by approximately 6% (EERHPh = 92.49 compared to EERBl = 87.29) to 20% (EERHPh = 18.96 compared to EERBl = 15.78) and reduces the water footprint by up to 3.09% (SRiWFHPh = 2.80 kg/h.ton compared to SRiWFBl = 2.89 kg/h.ton). These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed system to decrease water footprints and energy consumption, offering a promising solution for sustainable water management.
{"title":"Effects of passive hydrophobic water recovery from saturated air in perforated indirect evaporative air cooler","authors":"Sabir Rasheed , Hassan Ali , Muhammad Usman , J. Yan , Müslüm Arıcı , Muzaffar Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several countries are considered water-threatened, with per capita water accessibility falling below 1000 m<sup>3</sup>. Many other regions also experience significant water stress due to urban population growth, agricultural needs, climate change, and inefficient water management systems, especially for perforated indirect evaporative air-cooling systems (PIEAC<sub>Bl</sub>). To address this issue, this experimental study examines the water reclamation from the saturated air on the exhausted side of the wetted channels of a perforated indirect evaporative air cooler integrated hydrophobic system (PIEAC<sub>HPh</sub>), utilizing a combination of mesh cloth and hydrophobic sheets. Experimentation is performed under a wide range of varying actual climate conditions, such as humidity ratio and ambient air temperature. Additionally, the global applicability of the proposed system for different climate zones is also established. The experimental results show that the system can recover up to 262.8 l of water annually without requiring additional power. Key parameters such as thermal effectiveness (dewpoint effectiveness = 0.71, wetbulb effectiveness = 1.01) and cooling capacity (CC = 2.43 kW) indicate that the perforated indirect evaporative air cooler is highly efficient in hot, dry climates. Moreover, the analysis revealed that recovering water improves the energy efficiency ratios by approximately 6% (EER<sub>HPh</sub> = 92.49 compared to EER<sub>Bl</sub> = 87.29) to 20% (EER<sub>HPh</sub> = 18.96 compared to EER<sub>Bl</sub> = 15.78) and reduces the water footprint by up to 3.09% (SRiWF<sub>HPh</sub> = 2.80 kg/h.ton compared to SRiWF<sub>Bl</sub> = 2.89 kg/h.ton). These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed system to decrease water footprints and energy consumption, offering a promising solution for sustainable water management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129740"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>Advancements in national fitness initiatives have positioned naturally ventilated gymnasiums as critical for low-carbon sports building development. However, existing thermal comfort models (e.g., Predicted Mean Vote [PMV], ASHRAE adaptive model) are incompatible with high-metabolism badminton players in hot and humid climates, due to their constrained metabolic rate scope (PMV: <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span>4.0 MET; ASHRAE adaptive: 1.0–1.5 MET) and failure to account for the dynamic high-metabolic demands of badminton (5.0–8.0 MET) and limited evaporative heat loss in such environments. To fill this gap, a 115-day cross-seasonal (winter–spring–summer) field test was conducted in a naturally ventilated gymnasium in Guangzhou (hot and humid region). Guided by Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) principles, the study integrated on-site measurements of key thermal parameters (indoor/outdoor temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature, wind speed) and subjective surveys (507 valid samples). Metabolic rates of badminton players were quantified per ISO 8996-2021 (average: 5.5 MET; males: 6.33<span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>1.52 MET; females: 4.63<span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>0.94 MET), and an Adaptive Predicted Thermal Sensation (aPTS) model was developed. Results show that the thermal neutral Standard Effective Temperature (SET) for badminton players exhibited significant seasonal variability relevant to gymnasium thermal design, with values of 23.30 °C in winter, 22.12 °C in spring, and 25.46 °C in summer; winter showed the highest temperature sensitivity (slope: 0.2513) while spring exhibited the lowest (0.1733). Athletes’ thermal adaptation behaviors were also scenario-specific: sweat wiping (71.01%) and cold beverage consumption (60.36%) were the primary responses to heat stress, whereas clothing addition (45.56%) dominated under cold conditions, distinct from the primarily environmental adjustment strategies of sedentary populations. Notably, the proposed aPTS model—incorporating outdoor temperature as an adaptation indicator—outperformed the classical Predicted Thermal Sensation (PTS) model, with a reduced root mean square error (RMSE: 0.34 vs. 0.40) and an increased coefficient of determination (R<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>: 0.86 vs. 0.81); its comfort range expanded with increasing outdoor temperature, conforming to dynamic thermal adaptation mechanisms. Compared with ASHRAE 55-2023, the derived SET comfort range was more suitable for hot and humid regions: at an outdoor temperature of 30 °C, the 80% acceptability upper limit of SET was 28.5 °C, 2.1 °C lower than that recommended by ASHRAE 55-2023, reflecting the inhibitory effect of high summer indoor humidity (93.2%) on evaporative heat loss. Overall, this study addresses the research gap in thermal comfort of high-metabolism sports populations in hot and humid naturally ventilated gymnasiums. The defined neut
全民健身计划的推进使自然通风的体育馆成为低碳体育建筑发展的关键。然而，现有的热舒适模型（如：Predicted Mean Vote [PMV]、ASHRAE自适应模型）由于代谢率范围有限（PMV:≤4.0 MET； ASHRAE自适应：1.0-1.5 MET），无法考虑羽毛球运动的动态高代谢需求（5.0-8.0 MET）和在湿热环境下有限的蒸发热损失，因此与湿热气候下的高代谢羽毛球运动员不兼容。为了填补这一空白，在广州（湿热地区）一个自然通风的体育馆进行了为期115天的跨季节（冬-春-夏）现场试验。在使用后评价（POE）原则的指导下，本研究结合了室内/室外温度、相对湿度、黑球温度、风速等关键热参数的现场测量和主观调查（507个有效样本）。根据ISO 8996-2021标准对羽毛球运动员的代谢率进行量化（平均：5.5 MET，男性：6.33±1.52 MET，女性：4.63±0.94 MET），并建立了自适应预测热感觉（aPTS）模型。结果表明：羽毛球运动员热中性标准有效温度（SET）与体育馆热设计相关，冬季为23.30°C，春季为22.12°C，夏季为25.46°C；冬季对温度的敏感性最高（斜率为0.2513），春季最低（斜率为0.1733）。运动员的热适应行为也具有场景特异性：热应激的主要反应是擦汗（71.01%）和冷饮（60.36%），而寒冷条件下的主要环境适应策略是增加衣服（45.56%），这与久坐人群的主要环境适应策略不同。值得注意的是，将室外温度作为适应指标的aPTS模型优于经典的预测热感觉（PTS）模型，其均方根误差（RMSE: 0.34 vs. 0.40）降低，决定系数（R2: 0.86 vs. 0.81）增加；其舒适范围随着室外温度的升高而扩大，符合动态热适应机制。与ASHRAE 55-2023相比，导出的SET舒适范围更适合湿热地区，在室外温度为30℃时，SET 80%可接受上限为28.5℃，比ASHRAE 55-2023推荐值低2.1℃，反映了夏季室内高湿度（93.2%）对蒸发热损失的抑制作用。总体而言，本研究填补了高代谢运动人群在湿热自然通风体育馆热舒适方面的研究空白。确定的中性温度范围和aPTS模型为自然通风体育馆的热设计和通风优化提供了关键的热参数，并为国际热舒适标准（如ASHRAE 55）的场景本地化提供了经验支持。
{"title":"Adaptive predicted thermal sensation model for badminton players in naturally ventilated gymnasiums: Thermal comfort insights in hot and humid region","authors":"Jiajie Dong, Chihui Zhu, Xingrui Gao, Jiyu Huang, Hongbin Luo, Shirong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advancements in national fitness initiatives have positioned naturally ventilated gymnasiums as critical for low-carbon sports building development. However, existing thermal comfort models (e.g., Predicted Mean Vote [PMV], ASHRAE adaptive model) are incompatible with high-metabolism badminton players in hot and humid climates, due to their constrained metabolic rate scope (PMV: <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span>4.0 MET; ASHRAE adaptive: 1.0–1.5 MET) and failure to account for the dynamic high-metabolic demands of badminton (5.0–8.0 MET) and limited evaporative heat loss in such environments. To fill this gap, a 115-day cross-seasonal (winter–spring–summer) field test was conducted in a naturally ventilated gymnasium in Guangzhou (hot and humid region). Guided by Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) principles, the study integrated on-site measurements of key thermal parameters (indoor/outdoor temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature, wind speed) and subjective surveys (507 valid samples). Metabolic rates of badminton players were quantified per ISO 8996-2021 (average: 5.5 MET; males: 6.33<span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>1.52 MET; females: 4.63<span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>0.94 MET), and an Adaptive Predicted Thermal Sensation (aPTS) model was developed. Results show that the thermal neutral Standard Effective Temperature (SET) for badminton players exhibited significant seasonal variability relevant to gymnasium thermal design, with values of 23.30 °C in winter, 22.12 °C in spring, and 25.46 °C in summer; winter showed the highest temperature sensitivity (slope: 0.2513) while spring exhibited the lowest (0.1733). Athletes’ thermal adaptation behaviors were also scenario-specific: sweat wiping (71.01%) and cold beverage consumption (60.36%) were the primary responses to heat stress, whereas clothing addition (45.56%) dominated under cold conditions, distinct from the primarily environmental adjustment strategies of sedentary populations. Notably, the proposed aPTS model—incorporating outdoor temperature as an adaptation indicator—outperformed the classical Predicted Thermal Sensation (PTS) model, with a reduced root mean square error (RMSE: 0.34 vs. 0.40) and an increased coefficient of determination (R<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>: 0.86 vs. 0.81); its comfort range expanded with increasing outdoor temperature, conforming to dynamic thermal adaptation mechanisms. Compared with ASHRAE 55-2023, the derived SET comfort range was more suitable for hot and humid regions: at an outdoor temperature of 30 °C, the 80% acceptability upper limit of SET was 28.5 °C, 2.1 °C lower than that recommended by ASHRAE 55-2023, reflecting the inhibitory effect of high summer indoor humidity (93.2%) on evaporative heat loss. Overall, this study addresses the research gap in thermal comfort of high-metabolism sports populations in hot and humid naturally ventilated gymnasiums. The defined neut","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129726"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129751
Hanbey Hazar , Selahattin Ozgur Firat , Huseyin Sevinc
In the study, a filtration system was designed using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technique and synthetic zeolites and its effects on exhaust emissions and performance attributes of a diesel engine were investigated by integrating this system into the intake line. Synthetic 4A and 5A zeolites were used as adsorbent materials in the PSA unit. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine operated at constant speed under variable load conditions. SEM and EDX analyses were performed to characterize the surface properties of the zeolites. According to the oxygen measurements obtained at the outlet of the filtration system, the 4A and 5A zeolites provided an air outlet containing oxygen at the rate of 25.8% and 27.36%, respectively. The most remarkable improvements in exhaust emissions and performance parameters were obtained with the 5A zeolite. The use of 5A resulted in reductions in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, smoke density, and brake-specific fuel consumption by 17.31%, 13.83%, 17.42%, and 4.18%, respectively. Conversely, nitrogen oxides, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, torque, engine noise and vibration increased by 15.37%, 4.61%, 7.04%, 4.42%, 1.4%, and 3.1%, respectively. In-cylinder peak pressure also increased by 5.33% with PSA. This study provides the first experimental integration of a PSA-based continuous oxygen-enrichment system using synthetic 4A and 5A zeolites into a diesel engine, demonstrating how zeolite type and microstructure influence oxygen concentration and combustion behaviour. The findings show that continuous on-board oxygen enrichment can enhance diesel engine performance while reducing most exhaust emissions.
{"title":"The effect of synthetic 4A and 5A zeolite-based nitrogen capture systems on diesel engine performance and emissions","authors":"Hanbey Hazar , Selahattin Ozgur Firat , Huseyin Sevinc","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the study, a filtration system was designed using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technique and synthetic zeolites and its effects on exhaust emissions and performance attributes of a diesel engine were investigated by integrating this system into the intake line. Synthetic 4A and 5A zeolites were used as adsorbent materials in the PSA unit. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine operated at constant speed under variable load conditions. SEM and EDX analyses were performed to characterize the surface properties of the zeolites. According to the oxygen measurements obtained at the outlet of the filtration system, the 4A and 5A zeolites provided an air outlet containing oxygen at the rate of 25.8% and 27.36%, respectively. The most remarkable improvements in exhaust emissions and performance parameters were obtained with the 5A zeolite. The use of 5A resulted in reductions in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, smoke density, and brake-specific fuel consumption by 17.31%, 13.83%, 17.42%, and 4.18%, respectively. Conversely, nitrogen oxides, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, torque, engine noise and vibration increased by 15.37%, 4.61%, 7.04%, 4.42%, 1.4%, and 3.1%, respectively. In-cylinder peak pressure also increased by 5.33% with PSA. This study provides the first experimental integration of a PSA-based continuous oxygen-enrichment system using synthetic 4A and 5A zeolites into a diesel engine, demonstrating how zeolite type and microstructure influence oxygen concentration and combustion behaviour. The findings show that continuous on-board oxygen enrichment can enhance diesel engine performance while reducing most exhaust emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129751"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129744
Jiawei Li , Tianyuan Yang , Zhichao Chen , Xiaoguang Li , Minhang Song , Hongpeng Liu , Qing Wang
In this study, high-temperature co-firing experiments using coal gasification fine ash (CGFA) and bituminous coal were conducted in a high-temperature drop tube furnace (DTF) to explore the effects of different temperatures, excess air coefficients, and blending ratios on combustion performance. The experimental results showed that increases in temperature and excess air coefficients were beneficial to the combustion of CGFA; moreover, co-firing CGFA effectively reduced NOx emissions. The burnout rate and NOₓ emission results indicated that the optimal blending ratio range of CGFA was 30%–50%. A technical scheme for coupling pre-chamber swirl combustion with tangential combustion was further proposed, and numerical simulations were conducted on the pre-chamber swirl burner arranged in a tangentially fired boiler. The effect of different primary air temperatures on the velocity distribution, temperature, and atmosphere concentration in the furnace was explored under 30% CGFA co-firing. The results indicated that low nitrogen combustion and efficient CGFA burnout can be achieved at a primary air temperature of 150 °C. This study proposes a new technical solution for the large-scale co-firing of CGFA in power plant boilers.
{"title":"Research on efficient and clean combustion of carbon based solid waste under dual carbon background: High temperature combustion experiment, pre-chamber swirl combustion coupled with tangential combustion numerical simulation","authors":"Jiawei Li , Tianyuan Yang , Zhichao Chen , Xiaoguang Li , Minhang Song , Hongpeng Liu , Qing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, high-temperature co-firing experiments using coal gasification fine ash (CGFA) and bituminous coal were conducted in a high-temperature drop tube furnace (DTF) to explore the effects of different temperatures, excess air coefficients, and blending ratios on combustion performance. The experimental results showed that increases in temperature and excess air coefficients were beneficial to the combustion of CGFA; moreover, co-firing CGFA effectively reduced NO<sub><em>x</em></sub> emissions. The burnout rate and NO<em>ₓ</em> emission results indicated that the optimal blending ratio range of CGFA was 30%–50%. A technical scheme for coupling pre-chamber swirl combustion with tangential combustion was further proposed, and numerical simulations were conducted on the pre-chamber swirl burner arranged in a tangentially fired boiler. The effect of different primary air temperatures on the velocity distribution, temperature, and atmosphere concentration in the furnace was explored under 30% CGFA co-firing. The results indicated that low nitrogen combustion and efficient CGFA burnout can be achieved at a primary air temperature of 150 °C. This study proposes a new technical solution for the large-scale co-firing of CGFA in power plant boilers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129744"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129733
Wenhao Luo, Peng Hu, Jiangyan Yin
Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage is a promising large-scale energy storage technology. However, its round-trip efficiency when driven by waste heat is fundamentally limited by the heat pump's maximum temperature. While solar integration has been explored, it often fails to substantially surpass this ceiling. This study proposes a novel hybrid pumped thermal electricity storage system that introduces a cascaded energy utilization approach, synergistically coupling industrial waste heat with concentrated solar thermal energy. The system innovatively uses the heat pump for intermediate temperature elevation and then employs high-grade solar heat to boost the storage temperature to a significantly higher level, creating a thermally stratified reservoir that enables a better match between energy quality and power conversion. A dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle is then adopted to effectively convert this stratified energy into electricity through staged expansion. A thorough investigation and multi-objective optimization of working fluids and system parameters were conducted, evaluating performance in a practical factory scenario. Compared to a waste-heat-only system, the hybrid system enhances round-trip efficiency by 42.45%–91.29% and energy density by 18.08%–41.34%. Although solar collectors increase the levelized cost of storage initially, the cost shows diminishing marginal growth with scale. The cyclopentane-cyclopentane fluid pair was identified as optimal, achieving a 95.87% round-trip efficiency, 6.36 kWh/m3 energy density, and a 0.2065 $/kWh levelized cost of storage. This integrated design effectively decouples the organic Rankine cycle performance from the heat pump constraint, demonstrating a viable pathway toward high-efficiency thermal energy storage.
{"title":"Performance analysis and optimization of an integrated waste heat-solar hybrid pumped thermal electricity storage system","authors":"Wenhao Luo, Peng Hu, Jiangyan Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage is a promising large-scale energy storage technology. However, its round-trip efficiency when driven by waste heat is fundamentally limited by the heat pump's maximum temperature. While solar integration has been explored, it often fails to substantially surpass this ceiling. This study proposes a novel hybrid pumped thermal electricity storage system that introduces a cascaded energy utilization approach, synergistically coupling industrial waste heat with concentrated solar thermal energy. The system innovatively uses the heat pump for intermediate temperature elevation and then employs high-grade solar heat to boost the storage temperature to a significantly higher level, creating a thermally stratified reservoir that enables a better match between energy quality and power conversion. A dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle is then adopted to effectively convert this stratified energy into electricity through staged expansion. A thorough investigation and multi-objective optimization of working fluids and system parameters were conducted, evaluating performance in a practical factory scenario. Compared to a waste-heat-only system, the hybrid system enhances round-trip efficiency by 42.45%–91.29% and energy density by 18.08%–41.34%. Although solar collectors increase the levelized cost of storage initially, the cost shows diminishing marginal growth with scale. The cyclopentane-cyclopentane fluid pair was identified as optimal, achieving a 95.87% round-trip efficiency, 6.36 kWh/m<sup>3</sup> energy density, and a 0.2065 $/kWh levelized cost of storage. This integrated design effectively decouples the organic Rankine cycle performance from the heat pump constraint, demonstrating a viable pathway toward high-efficiency thermal energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129733"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129757
Antonio Guerriero , Angelo Cervone , Chiara Falsetti
The deployment of small satellites has been rapidly increasing due to their numerous advantages, including significantly lower launch costs, improved space debris mitigation and a reduced environmental footprint. Despite these benefits, small satellites face a critical engineering problem: their limited surface area and compact architectures lead to high heat fluxes that current thermal control solutions struggle to dissipate effectively. In this context, the development of advanced thermal control systems (TCS) is essential to maintain satellite components within their operational temperature limits by balancing internal and external heat loads. Two-phase flow-based thermal control systems, including heat pipes, phase change materials, and mechanically pumped loops, have been successfully used in larger spacecraft but remain largely unexplored for small satellites. These technologies represent a promising approach to managing the rising thermal loads expected in next-generation small satellite systems. This gap highlights the lack of comprehensive assessment regarding their scalability, microgravity behavior, and suitability for emerging high-power small-satellite platforms.
The novelty of this review lies in summarizing recent advancements in two-phase thermal control systems while identifying the current limitations and open challenges that must be addressed to ensure their reliable operation. By clarifying these limitations and mapping current research efforts, the study provides critical insights needed to guide future system development. The review underlines how future progress in this field will strongly depend on advances in system miniaturization, including novel materials and manufacturing techniques, as well as deeper understanding of two-phase transport phenomena in microgravity, and rigorous experimental validation under relevant space conditions. Overall, this study highlights the growing potential of two-phase systems to address escalating thermal loads in next-generation small satellites and outlines the key directions required to achieve their reliable and widespread adoption.
{"title":"Review of two-phase thermal control systems for small satellites: Current advances and open challenges","authors":"Antonio Guerriero , Angelo Cervone , Chiara Falsetti","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deployment of small satellites has been rapidly increasing due to their numerous advantages, including significantly lower launch costs, improved space debris mitigation and a reduced environmental footprint. Despite these benefits, small satellites face a critical engineering problem: their limited surface area and compact architectures lead to high heat fluxes that current thermal control solutions struggle to dissipate effectively. In this context, the development of advanced thermal control systems (TCS) is essential to maintain satellite components within their operational temperature limits by balancing internal and external heat loads. Two-phase flow-based thermal control systems, including heat pipes, phase change materials, and mechanically pumped loops, have been successfully used in larger spacecraft but remain largely unexplored for small satellites. These technologies represent a promising approach to managing the rising thermal loads expected in next-generation small satellite systems. This gap highlights the lack of comprehensive assessment regarding their scalability, microgravity behavior, and suitability for emerging high-power small-satellite platforms.</div><div>The novelty of this review lies in summarizing recent advancements in two-phase thermal control systems while identifying the current limitations and open challenges that must be addressed to ensure their reliable operation. By clarifying these limitations and mapping current research efforts, the study provides critical insights needed to guide future system development. The review underlines how future progress in this field will strongly depend on advances in system miniaturization, including novel materials and manufacturing techniques, as well as deeper understanding of two-phase transport phenomena in microgravity, and rigorous experimental validation under relevant space conditions. Overall, this study highlights the growing potential of two-phase systems to address escalating thermal loads in next-generation small satellites and outlines the key directions required to achieve their reliable and widespread adoption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129757"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129756
Heechang Oh, Jinwook Son
This study investigates flame propagation direction as a critical knock-control parameter in a practical 1.6-l gasoline direct-injection turbocharged engine. This work performed engine performance testing with simultaneous optical diagnostics on a state-of-the-art gasoline engine to investigate detailed correlations among flame propagation, knock initiation location, and combustion chamber design. Alongside the in-cylinder measurements for the knock onset location and flame propagation direction using a spark plug type optical fiber system, a two-zone thermodynamic model, based on experimental pressure data, was utilized to calculate the unburned zone temperature and pressure for the zero-dimensional combustion analysis. Results reveal that intake-side flame propagation markedly increases knock propensity by locating the end-gas near hotter exhaust valves. Optimized squish geometries shortened combustion duration by 4 CAD and improved fuel consumption by 2–3% at 2000 rpm and 14 bar BMEP. High-tumble intake ports achieved superior outcomes, resulting in 8 CAD faster combustion, a 4% BSFC reduction, and the critical redirection of flame propagation toward the exhaust side, which significantly suppressed knock. This work provides quantitative evidence and practical design guidelines showing how combustion chamber geometry can actively control flame direction to simultaneously mitigate knock and enhance efficiency in dedicated hybrid engines.
在实际的1.6 l汽油直喷涡轮增压发动机上，以火焰传播方向作为爆震控制的关键参数进行了研究。这项工作在一台最先进的汽油发动机上进行了发动机性能测试，同时进行了光学诊断，以研究火焰传播、爆震起爆位置和燃烧室设计之间的详细相关性。除了使用火花塞型光纤系统测量爆震发生位置和火焰传播方向外，还利用基于实验压力数据的两区热力学模型计算了零维燃烧分析中未燃烧区域的温度和压力。结果表明，将废气放置在温度较高的排气阀附近，进气侧火焰传播会显著增加爆震倾向。优化的压缩几何形状使燃烧时间缩短了4 CAD，并在2000 rpm和14 bar BMEP时将燃油消耗提高了2-3%。高转捩进气道取得了优异的效果，燃烧速度加快了8cad， BSFC降低了4%，火焰向排气侧传播的关键重定向，显著抑制了爆震。这项工作提供了定量证据和实用的设计指南，展示了燃烧室的几何形状如何主动控制火焰方向，同时减轻爆震，提高专用混合动力发动机的效率。
{"title":"Effects of flame propagation direction and in-cylinder flow enhancement through combustion chamber design on knocking characteristics in a direct-injection turbocharged gasoline engine","authors":"Heechang Oh, Jinwook Son","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates flame propagation direction as a critical knock-control parameter in a practical 1.6-l gasoline direct-injection turbocharged engine. This work performed engine performance testing with simultaneous optical diagnostics on a state-of-the-art gasoline engine to investigate detailed correlations among flame propagation, knock initiation location, and combustion chamber design. Alongside the in-cylinder measurements for the knock onset location and flame propagation direction using a spark plug type optical fiber system, a two-zone thermodynamic model, based on experimental pressure data, was utilized to calculate the unburned zone temperature and pressure for the zero-dimensional combustion analysis. Results reveal that intake-side flame propagation markedly increases knock propensity by locating the end-gas near hotter exhaust valves. Optimized squish geometries shortened combustion duration by 4 CAD and improved fuel consumption by 2–3% at 2000 rpm and 14 bar BMEP. High-tumble intake ports achieved superior outcomes, resulting in 8 CAD faster combustion, a 4% BSFC reduction, and the critical redirection of flame propagation toward the exhaust side, which significantly suppressed knock. This work provides quantitative evidence and practical design guidelines showing how combustion chamber geometry can actively control flame direction to simultaneously mitigate knock and enhance efficiency in dedicated hybrid engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129756"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号