Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation on performance of a PODE/methanol two-stroke engine applying fuel blending and dual direct injection strategies","authors":"Pengbo Dong ,&nbsp;Zhuohan Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Xu ,&nbsp;Changhong Ma ,&nbsp;Lu Yan ,&nbsp;Qingyang Wang ,&nbsp;Liyun Fan ,&nbsp;Zhenxian Zhang ,&nbsp;Wuqiang Long","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As highly promising low-carbon fuel power system, methanol engine in diesel-methanol dual direct injection (DDI) strategy still suffers from poor ignition characteristics under low-load conditions, leading to frequent misfires, low substitution rates, and high emissions. On the other hand, polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) exhibits superior ignition performance and soot reduction capability compared to diesel, while it remains unclear whether it can effectively improve methanol substitution rate under low and medium loads. Furthermore, DDI systems require complex dual injection hardware, which limits practical implementation. Given that PODE and methanol are fully miscible, PODE/methanol blends direct injection mode can simplify the injection system and potentially offer more effective ignition points. However, studies focusing on PODE/methanol DDI and blend fuel strategies remain scarce, and systematic experimental comparisons between them under low and medium loads are also lacking. In this study, performance characteristics of PODE/methanol dual direct injection (P-M DDI) mode were investigated firstly under different methanol injection mass and low/medium loads using a low-speed two-stroke engine. The maximum methanol injection mass was 97.6 mg/cycle when the PODE injection mass was fixed at 39.4 mg/cycle. Then, PODE/methanol blends direct injection (P50-DI) mode was conducted, and performance characteristics were compared between P-M DDI mode and P50-DI mode under different fuel injection timings. The results reveal that in P-M DDI mode, PODE flame ignites methanol rapidly, resulting in combustion phase characteristics with dual-peak heat release. The engine output torque exhibits a proportional increase with the methanol injection mass rising, indicating that the output is effectively regulated through “quantitative regulation” approach. The maximum energy replacement ratio of methanol (ERM) reaches 76% at 50% load. However, a higher ERM results in increased COV_IMEP, primarily because the flame propagation is hindered, which elevated the variability in methanol combustion efficiency. Furthermore, delaying the PODE injection timing shortens the combustion duration by 7.5% and improves the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) by 7.6%. Compared to P50-DI mode, P-M DDI mode shows shorter combustion duration and higher ITE due to that methanol can be ignited rapidly by PODE spray flame and achieve fast combustion. In contrast, the superior premix uniformity and micro-explosion effect of methanol in P50-DI mode contribute to the reduction of NO_x and CO emissions. These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing combustion and emission characteristics of methanol-based dual-fuel engines under low and medium load conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129765"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot test and numerical research of a novel non-heat exchange temperature control technology for CAES underground caverns","authors":"Junhui Liao ,&nbsp;Zhongming Jiang ,&nbsp;Xi Lu ,&nbsp;Gaofeng Ma ,&nbsp;Zhaofeng Shi ,&nbsp;Chenzhi Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Ji ,&nbsp;Jiahao Li ,&nbsp;Xiangyi Huang ,&nbsp;Zhezhen Xiao ,&nbsp;Xue Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature control is crucial for the safe operation of compressed air energy storage (CAES) underground caverns. While the heat exchange technology has been widely proved, research on low-cost non-heat exchange temperature control (NETC) technology—relying on active airflow restructuring rather than external thermal intervention to reduce the local high temperature in the cavern—remains largely theoretical. To validate the efficacy of NETC technology, a pilot-scale test was conducted in a tunnel-type cavern, complemented by numerical simulations for synergistic validation and mechanism exploration. Experimental results demonstrate that with NETC, the average temperature rise of each tunnel and monitored point was remarkably consistent at 11.7 ± 0.3 °C during air charging. The temperatures at the same elevation (waist of the cavern) of the typical section were uniform but noticeably higher than those at the bottom. The maximum temperature difference within the same measured section reached 5.5 °C, revealing a non-uniform temperature distribution of the vertical section. Numerical simulations show that NETC measures reduce the maximum temperature by 17.2% and decrease the high-temperature zone volume by 23%. The mechanism of NETC measures is to actively intervene in the air flow field, promote the turbulence formation, and enhance the convection heat exchange of air. In engineering-scale applications, NETC technology could reduce the temperature gradient, enhance the structural stability, and lower the construction costs, offering a technically and economically feasible solution for the temperature control issue of CAES underground caverns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129776"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy consumption optimization of thermal management system for extended-range electric vehicles based on 11-way valve heat pump architecture","authors":"Liange He,&nbsp;Jinwang Tang,&nbsp;Limin Wu,&nbsp;Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Haijun Mo","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal management of extended-range electric vehicles (EREV) presents a unique challenge due to the dynamic interplay between the intermittent, high-grade heat from the range extender and the continuous, low-grade heat from the electric drive. To address this, this paper proposes a novel integrated thermal management system (ITMS) featuring a heat pump and a purpose-designed 11-way valve topology. This architecture enables unique hybrid heating modes for maximum energy efficiency. Furthermore, an EREV state-aware control strategy is developed to coordinate the different heat sources, ensuring seamless thermal management during transitions between charge-depleting and charge-sustaining modes. Simulation results, validated by experimental data, demonstrate robust performance across diverse conditions. Under −7 °C, the proposed system reduces energy consumption by 4.59% ± 0.21% in the CLTC and 4.52% ± 0.23% in the more dynamic WLTC, proving its adaptability to different driving behaviors. Additionally, a parametric study reveals an “inverted-U\" efficiency trend across the −20 °C to 0 °C range, with peak savings reaching 5.20% ± 0.24%. Detailed contribution analysis further quantifies that while the heat pump is the primary saver, the 11-way valve integration itself contributes a distinct 7.6% (CLTC) and 7.3% (WLTC) of the total savings, validating the effectiveness of the advanced architecture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129529"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and performance evaluation of MPCM slurry for battery thermal management via immersion cooling","authors":"Zhihui Zhang ,&nbsp;Rongfang Qiu ,&nbsp;Zhenlang Mai ,&nbsp;Tingting Wu ,&nbsp;Changhong Wang ,&nbsp;Zhixuan Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immersion cooling offers a promising solution to the thermal safety challenges of high-energy-density energy storage systems. However, its broader adoption has been limited by the inherently low heat transfer efficiency of conventional single-phase immersion coolants. To address this fundamental constraint, this study developed a novel microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) and its corresponding slurry (MPCMS), specifically engineered to concurrently enhance the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of the coolant. A comprehensive experimental characterization of the synthesised materials was conducted, followed by their innovative deployment in an immersion-cooled battery thermal management system (BTMS). The thermal management performance was rigorously evaluated through numerical simulation, systematically revealing the advantages of this novel coolant. The results show that the SiC-modified MPCM (MPCM-SiC) achieves a thermal conductivity of 0.247 W/m·K, a 37.2% improvement over its unmodified counterpart, while retaining a high encapsulation efficiency of 77.96% and excellent thermal cycling stability. The derived MPCMS-SiC slurry exhibits corresponding increases in thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of up to 18.39% and 325.29%, respectively, confirming its superior heat transfer and energy storage capabilities. In a BTMS evaluation, the 10 wt% MPCMS-SiC formulation reduced the maximum battery pack temperature and the maximum temperature differential to 38.12 °C and 5.34 °C. These values represent reductions of 9.28% and 23.28% compared to mineral oil, demonstrating simultaneous optimization of temperature suppression and uniformity. Furthermore, this approach reduced the system pumping power by 88.69%, significantly improving overall energy efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129779"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective quantum differential evolution with Kolmogorov–Arnold network surrogate modeling for plate-fin heat exchanger design","authors":"Viviana Cocco Mariani ,&nbsp;Carlos Augusto Richter do Nascimento ,&nbsp;Leandro dos Santos Coelho","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a data-driven framework for the multi-objective thermodynamic optimization of counter-flow plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHEs), addressing the complex trade-offs between thermal performance, pressure drop, and technical viability. The proposed methodology integrates a novel Multiobjective Quantum-inspired Self-adaptive Differential Evolution (MOQSDE) algorithm with a surrogate model based on a Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (KAN) and its symbolic approximation. The KAN model is trained using data from computational fluid dynamics simulations, effectively approximating the nonlinear behavior of the PFHE and reducing the computational cost associated with traditional iterative design methods. The framework optimizes fin geometry and plate spacing parameters to simultaneously maximize heat transfer efficiency while minimizing pressure drop and total annualized cost. The KAN surrogate, trained on a large dataset of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, achieved outstanding predictive performance with coefficients of determination (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>) exceeding 0.996 for pressure drop and above 0.96 for heat transfer coefficients, ensuring accuracy and generalization. The MOQSDE algorithm, enhanced by quantum-inspired operators, entropy-driven parameter adaptation, and dual-space diversity metrics, demonstrated superior convergence and diversity compared to benchmark optimizers, yielding statistically significant improvements in hypervolume and entropy measures. The combined KAN–MOQSDE framework identified PFHE designs that reduced volume and pressure drop by more than 12% while increasing thermal effectiveness relative to baseline configurations. These results confirm that the proposed approach provides both computational efficiency and physical interpretability, offering a robust pathway for the systematic design of compact heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129553"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-stage ventilation strategy for thermal safety and energy efficiency in extreme tunnel conditions","authors":"Zhaoxing Li,&nbsp;Guohui Feng,&nbsp;Jialin Sun,&nbsp;Kailiang Huang,&nbsp;Yipeng Liu,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Jiaxing Wei,&nbsp;Xiru Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective ventilation is essential for ensuring thermal safety and improving energy efficiency in tunnels constructed under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions. Conventional ventilation systems with fixed operating parameters often fail to provide adequate thermal control in such extreme environments. To address this limitation, a two-stage combined ventilation strategy is proposed based on a validated rock-air bidirectional heat-moisture coupling numerical model. The ventilation process is divided into two sequential stages according to construction characteristics. The first stage applies short-term, high-intensity ventilation immediately after blasting to rapidly remove heat and dust in the absence of personnel, while the second stage provides sustained cooling during construction with the airflow velocity restricted to no more than 6 m/s to ensure operational safety. A total of twenty-seven two-stage ventilation schemes were systematically evaluated by combining supply-air flow rates ranging from 35 to 55 m³/s with supply-air temperatures between 15 °C and 25 °C, and compared with a conventional single-stage strategy. Cooling performance and energy consumption were assessed using air temperature, heat index, and wet-bulb globe temperature as thermal safety indicators. The results show that the optimal two-stage scheme achieves energy savings of 76.45%, 77.69%, and 31.82% when evaluated using air temperature, heat index, and wet-bulb globe temperature, respectively, compared with the conventional strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129734"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of oscillating heat pipes: Equilibria, stagnation, startup, bifurcation, oscillation, conductance, and statistics","authors":"Carmen Chicone ,&nbsp;Z.C. Feng ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Lombardo","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A reduced-order model has been developed to describe the nonlinear dynamics of oscillating heat pipes (OHPs). Its formulation consists of two first-order ordinary differential equations for momentum balance and one for the net rate of evaporation and condensation, yielding three equations per liquid-slug/vapor-plug pair. The model captures key aspects of OHP behavior, including equilibrium, stagnation, startup, bifurcation, oscillation, and thermal conductance. With fixed system parameters, the model’s dynamics depend in a complex manner on initial conditions, necessitating statistical averaging to determine thermal conductance. The model’s relative simplicity reduces computational overhead, permitting hundreds to thousands of simulation runs on a supercomputer to compute averages with 95% Z-confidence intervals, allowing statistically meaningful conclusions. The dependence of total thermal conductance — incorporating both latent and sensible heat effects — on temperature difference, number of slug-plug pairs, fill fraction, and number of turns is examined. Using the framework of nonlinear dynamics, we explain bifurcation phenomena, stopovers, multiple attractors, and transitions among attractors. These statistical analyses of large-scale simulations provide a new basis for the design and optimization of OHP performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129761"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD and experimental study of cyclone heat exchanger performance: NTU-effectiveness analysis","authors":"V. Velukumar ,&nbsp;S.D. Sekar ,&nbsp;T. Mothilal","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel cyclone heat exchanger (CHX) was designed for heat exchange between gas-solid in the mixture and evaluated for its applicability in the industrial drying of granular materials. This research investigates the influence of air flow rate (300–1500 m/min), solid particulate loading rate (30–150 g/min), and particulate size (300–500 μm) on the number of transfer units (NTU) and thermal effectiveness (ε). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out using the Reynolds Stress Turbulence Model (RSTM) and Discrete Phase Model (DPM) and validated with laboratory-scale experiments. The findings indicated that an increasing air flow rate improved NTU (1.10–2.37) and ε (0.56–0.88) due to higher outlet temperatures and longer particle residence time. Conversely, larger particles and elevated feed rates decreased effectiveness by 13 to 17.5% due to reduced residence time and a smaller heat transfer area. A new correlation for thermal effectiveness was introduced utilizing non-dimensional variables: holdup mass ratio (ᴨ₁), mass flow rate ratio (ᴨ₂), and particle-to-cyclone diameter ratio (ᴨ₃). The correlation proves strong relation with CFD (R² = 0.9992) and experimental results (R² = 0.9257), offering a reliable tool for CHX design and performance prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129590"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combustion mode vs. misfire: Evidence of relative fuel injection timing of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engine","authors":"Yuelong Li ,&nbsp;Huibing Gan ,&nbsp;Long Wang ,&nbsp;Zonghan Li ,&nbsp;Daoyi Lu ,&nbsp;Ankang Guo ,&nbsp;Huaiyu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High ammonia energy fraction (AEF) dual-fuel engines represent a promising pathway for significant carbon emission reduction. Nevertheless, the liquid ammonia direct-injection mode presents challenges in maintaining combustion stability at high AEF. This study investigates the influence of relative injection timing on combustion modes and misfire intervals, thereby clarifying the combustion instability mechanism in ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines with high ammonia substitution rates. The results show that injecting liquid ammonia 9.5 °CA earlier than diesel fuel, compared to the ammonia premixed mode, increases the indicated thermal efficiency by 4%, and reduces NO_X and unburned ammonia emissions by 22% and 86%, respectively. Moreover, the spatiotemporal overlap between the liquid ammonia and diesel fuel injection zones is identified as the primary cause of misfire. Misfire occurs within a window of liquid ammonia injection timings from −5.25 °CA to 0.1 °CA. Increasing the distance between the liquid ammonia and diesel injectors can shorten this misfire phase. Furthermore, under identical operating conditions, the diffusion combustion mode demonstrates poorer combustion stability. The critical temperature for misfires is largely insensitive to variations in diesel injection timing and the distance between the injectors. This critical temperature clusters around 850 K in the premixed combustion mode and around 930 K in the diffusion combustion mode. The cause of the temperature difference is related to the locally high equivalent ratio in the diffusion mode. This research provides valuable insights for preventing misfire and enhancing combustion stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129768"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in machine learning for advanced building envelopes: From prediction to optimisation","authors":"Xueren Li ,&nbsp;Liwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yin Tang ,&nbsp;Qingyi Chen ,&nbsp;Weijie Sun ,&nbsp;Xiang Fang ,&nbsp;Yao Tao ,&nbsp;Bichen Shang ,&nbsp;Jiyuan Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Innovations in building envelopes are a main pathway toward zero-carbon buildings. However, the integration of renewable energy systems and novel materials increases multi-scale and multi-physics coupling, which complicates prediction and intelligent management. Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into advanced envelope design is increasingly necessary and trending. This paper provides a holistic review of recent research on integrating machine learning (ML) with advanced building envelope designs that require considerations of cross-scale environmental and physical parameters. Popular ML algorithms, data input requirements, and output generation are elucidated, aiming to shed light on the selection of appropriate algorithms for specific datasets. ML-involved studies related to specific building envelope types (e.g., building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), PCM-integrated walls, advanced glazing systems, green roofs, etc.) are discussed. The review highlights the capabilities of emerging AI technologies in predicting renewable-energy related design parameters (e.g., material properties and environmental impacts) that contribute to optimisation and smart management. In particular, given the dependence of renewable energy on outdoor environment, this paper focuses on the influence of macro-scope urban scale environment to achieve environment-buildings integration from an AI perspective. This work is anticipated to yield valuable insights in promoting the AI-driven building envelope design solutions to tackle the emerging challenges in integrating renewable energy and evaluating from a macro-scope view.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 129747"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}