Applied Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A novel time-current-temperature difference (T-I-T) defrosting control method for air source heat pump based on outdoor fan operation characteristics in space heating","authors":"Rui Tang ,&nbsp;Wenzhe Wei ,&nbsp;Ping Sun ,&nbsp;Jihan Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Yuying Sun ,&nbsp;Shiming Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In space heating, air source heat pumps (ASHPs) always encounter mal-defrosting incidents, resulting in significant energy waste. To improve the defrosting accuracy of ASHP, this paper proposes a novel Time-Current-Temperature difference (T-I-T) defrosting control method based on the characteristic parameter of outdoor fan operation (current). Through theoretical analysis and experimental tests, the influence of frosting on the characteristic parameters of outdoor fan operation was revealed. Then, based on the optimal defrosting control point theory, a method for selecting the defrosting current threshold close to the actual ASHP was proposed. Ultimately, a novel Time-Current-Temperature Difference (T-I-T) defrosting control method was developed, using the current increment to control the defrosting operation. The results showed that, the defrosting current thresholds decreased as the severity of frosting decreases, from 1.52 to 0.78 A. The T-I-T defrosting control method enables the ASHP unit to operate stably and efficiently in space heating. The defrosting frequency decreased from 0.93 to 0.56 times per hour, a reduction of 39.80 %; the average duration of the frosting/defrosting cycle increases from 64.30 to 106.90 min (an increase of 66.25 %), and the average <em>COP</em> of the ASHP unit increases by 10.60 % compared to the T-T defrosting control method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 124850"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of dual-source heat pump coupled with water-cooled photovoltaic/thermal system","authors":"Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei He ,&nbsp;Jian Zhu ,&nbsp;Xianghua Liu ,&nbsp;Zhongting Hu ,&nbsp;Chengguo Yang ,&nbsp;Qingda Meng ,&nbsp;Shu Wang ,&nbsp;Mingyong Li ,&nbsp;Xing Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenyu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a study on an innovative solar-air dual heat source heat pump coupled with a water-cooled photovoltaic/thermal system. The research investigated the real-time operation of solar electrical and thermal efficiency, as well as the coefficient of performance Field experimental platform construction and experimental testing were conducted. The experimental results show that when running the system in composite mode, the average electrical efficiency in the two phases was 16.79% and 18.33%, while the average collector efficiency reached 42.72% and 98.94%, respectively. Under typical autumn working conditions, the heat pump’s coefficient of performance with the fans off and on was 4.37 and 4.73 respectively on sunny days, and under cloudy day conditions, it reached 3.76 and 4.20 respectively. With the fans on, the average collector efficiency on a cloudy day increased by 3.34% compared with that without the fans, and the total average collector efficiency reached 310.5%. Compared with conventional single water-cooled photovoltaic/thermal systems or solar-assisted heat pump systems, the combination of these two systems, with the addition of both fins and fans which increased the heat transfer performance of the system and improved the stability and economy of the system’s operation, providing data to support the feasibility of a water-cooled photovoltaic/thermal coupled dual-source heat pump system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124758"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of a wet pad assisted air-cooled battery thermal management system with varying number of battery cells","authors":"Huaxia Yan ,&nbsp;Xiaona Ma ,&nbsp;Yi Chen ,&nbsp;Qiuhua Tao ,&nbsp;Mengjie Song","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Battery thermal management system is essential in electric vehicles to ensure thermal safety and efficient battery operation. Air-cooled battery thermal management technology is well-developed and inexpensive, but the small convection coefficient of air limits the heat dissipation capability of the system. Direct evaporative cooling, in the form of a wet pad, can be integrated to enlarge the cooling capacity through water evaporation. There is little research investigating the effectiveness of the system under varying number of battery cells. Besides, the minimum temperature of the battery pack is rarely discussed under various ambient conditions. Different from previous work, this paper aims to indicate the optimal working condition zones of a wet pad assisted air-cooled battery thermal management system. Thermal model of the wet pad and battery pack are established using MATLAB and Fluent software, respectively. Simulation results show that with the assistance of the wet pad, 4.9–6.2 °C cooler air would be produced, resulting in a 3.6–6.1 °C reduction in the maximum surface temperature of the battery but a slightly larger temperature difference among batteries. Better cooling performance of the wet pad can be obtained at arid ambient conditions. Using the wet pad, the optimal working condition zones of the battery pack are expanded because it is more capable of hot weather. Battery temperature control failed in the dry-air cooling cases at 2C discharge rate with 18 batteries and above, but with the wet pad, it can be controlled at 33.6 °C even with 60 batteries. Lastly, from an optimization viewpoint, by wrapping each battery with 0.5 mm aluminum flake, the maximum surface temperature and the temperature difference of the battery pack can be reduced by 4.1 % and 17.4 %, respectively. The findings will be beneficial for the design and optimization of a wet pad assisted air-cooled battery thermal management system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 124747"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wetting dynamics and heat transfer of droplet evaporation around boiling point: Facile manipulation by surface roughness","authors":"Yukai Lin ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Wu ,&nbsp;Youqiang Wei ,&nbsp;Fuqiang Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evaporation of water–ethanol droplets on solid surfaces has vast potential for applications in thermal management, microfluidics, and biomedical sciences, while the approach of manipulating wetting dynamics and heat transfer of droplet evaporation around the boiling point remains open for investigations. The present study proposes a facile approach: fabricating solid surfaces with diverse roughness by sandpaper milling with different grit densities, which can alter the wetting and heat transfer characteristics of droplet evaporation. We discover that when the temperature of the heated surface exceeds the droplet boiling point, the existence of bubbles affects the solid–liquid wetting state; surface roughness alters the ability of bubble departure, thus determining the solid–liquid contact and the contact line retraction time. Consequently, in this case, the solid–liquid contact area and the heat absorbed from heated surfaces for droplets changes with surface roughness, altering the droplet evaporation time and the average heat flux at the solid–liquid interface. Bridged by droplet wetting dynamics, the heat transfer of droplet evaporation above the boiling point can be manipulated by adjusting surface roughness, offering a facile approach to tuning the process of droplet evaporation in the related industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124851"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on jet ignition phases and control parameters in an active pre-chamber optical engine under ultra-lean combustion conditions","authors":"Yuanzhi Tang ,&nbsp;Diming Lou ,&nbsp;Liang Fang ,&nbsp;Xijiang Wu ,&nbsp;Zhiyu Wang ,&nbsp;Yunhua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The active pre-chamber (APC) jet ignition system is one of the primary technologies for achieving ultra-lean combustion and high thermal efficiency in engines. The impact of the jet process within the engine, as well as its control parameters, on emission pollutants (particularly soot particles) remains unclear. This study focuses on examining the effects of various low-flow injection control strategies on engine combustion and emissions by using optical experiments and numerical simulations. It also explores the impact of different ignition advance angles (ignition timings) based on a short pre-chamber mixing interval to observe ignition combustion, flame propagation, and emission characteristics under ultra-lean conditions (λ = 2.0). The main conclusions are as follows. Appropriately increasing the injection mass can enhance engine load. However, further increases in injection mass significantly raise particulate emissions, resulting in an increase in particle number by up to more than 37-fold, especially for small particles in the 5–––10 nm size range. The chemical reaction between the luminous jet flame and the bright incandescent wake jet flame, as captured by high-speed photography, effectively characterizes the various stages of jet ignition. To reduce particulate matter emissions, it is crucial to avoid the foreseeable wake jet flame caused by the enrichment of the jet mixture in the pre-chamber. The low-flow injection timing should neither be too early nor close to the ignition spark timing. The early injection causes fuel to accumulate at the top of the pre-chamber, hindering the jet flame’s propagation into the main combustion chamber. Late low-flow injection leads to fuel enrichment, resulting in uneven mixing and poor atomization and diffusion due to short mixing times. Ignition after a short mixing time interval tends to increase knocking, resulting in intense combustion and an advanced phase, which slightly reduces load and combustion stability. Regarding the heat release ratio, the total heat release from the two combustion stages in the pre-chamber should ideally account for about 5–6 % of the heat release in the main chamber.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124843"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of membrane distillation powered by engine exhaust for water desalination","authors":"Atia Khalifa ,&nbsp;Abdelrahman Etman ,&nbsp;Mohammed El-Adawy ,&nbsp;Suhaib M. Alawad ,&nbsp;Medhat A. Nemitallah","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address water shortage in arid areas and make use of waste heat, an experimental investigation is presented for a novel system of air gap membrane distillation unit driven by an engine exhaust heat source for the development of an on-board car water desalination. The design of the gas-to-water heat exchanger is presented and optimized. The system’s performance, governed by the achieved feed water temperature and measured by the output vapor mass flux, is evaluated with time under varying operational parameters, including engine load, engine speed, and feed water flow rate, with the analysis of production cost for economic viability. Experimental results revealed that higher engine loads and speeds lead to rapid temperature increase of the feed water, enhancing the efficiency of the membrane distillation process and increasing the permeate flux. Notably, a maximum permeate flux of 45 kg/m²h was achieved after 40 minutes of operation. A minimum production cost of 3.2 $/m³ is estimated at an engine load of 35 N.m. With production costs ranging from 3.2 to 5.8 $/m³, the proposed system emerges as a highly competitive option when compared with other membrane distillation systems driven by waste heat in literature. This study underscores the potential of utilizing waste heat from car engines for cost-effective and sustainable water desalination, paving the way for further development and implementation of the system as a mobile desalination unit for different applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124839"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combustion performance of an evaporative flameholder under subsonic-supersonic mixing inflow","authors":"Yakun Huang ,&nbsp;Zhixiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Dan Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaomin He","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combustion process in rocket-assisted subsonic ramjet engines represents a key advancement in integrated aerospace propulsion, particularly for embedded rocket-based systems. These engines offer the potential to improve combustion performance at altitudes of 25–35 km. However, the significant temperature and velocity differentials between the rocket jet and the subsonic ramjet flow restrict heat and mass transfer. Investigating the relationship between combustion performance and inlet parameters under subsonic-supersonic mixing conditions offers a promising approach to enhancing thrust performance. This study introduces subsonic and supersonic airflow mixing via a flat-plate shear layer in a rectangular channel, with an evaporative flameholder placed centrally to assess combustion. Results reveal that combustion efficiency decreases as the equivalence ratio exceeds 0.2, while the static temperature ratio has minimal impact on efficiency but strongly influences the maximum flame stabilization limit. As the temperature ratio increases from 1.30 to 1.80, the flame limit narrows from 1.656 to 0.237. Higher pressure ratios initially enhance combustion efficiency and flame coverage but eventually cause a decrease. The flame limit broadens from 0.900 to 1.626 as the pressure ratio increases from 1.12 to 1.50. While Mach number changes have little effect on efficiency, the flame limit exhibits an initial rise followed by a drop. Novel findings include an asymmetrical flame pattern and a “<em>Z</em>” shaped outlet temperature distribution, contributing to optimized combustion strategies for combined-cycle engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124772"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new improvement to the characteristic equation method applied to different single-effect LiBr-H2O absorption chillers","authors":"Y.R. Fischer,&nbsp;J. C. C. Dutra","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The characteristic equation method was developed to be applied to absorption machines using characteristic equations to control and predict the thermodynamic performance of these machines. Since the conventional characteristic equation method was established, different approaches have been taken to improve the accuracy of the results of the characteristic equations. The Dühring parameter (B) represents a linear relationship between the internal boiling temperatures at a given concentration of solution and has usually been adopted as a constant fixed value in the characteristic equation method. The influence of the Dühring parameter (B) on the accuracy of the main results is important to the characteristic equation method and has not been analyzed further. This study analyzed this parameter in the characteristic equation method and a new approach to this method was proposed. This analysis gives a better insight into the influence of this parameter on the characteristic equation method and this approach provides a new use of this method to achieve better thermodynamic prediction and control of absorption chillers of different capacities under different operating conditions. The deviations between the fixed B value usually adopted for the LiBr/H₂O solution and each value of the B obtained by the model at different concentrations of solution and internal temperatures affected the accuracy of the main results of the characteristic equations. An approach using a linear adjustment between B and the thrust temperature (Δt_thrust) was put forward to reduce these deviations. The results of the characteristic equations were more accurate using this adjustment than using the fixed B value. Then, the characteristic equation method was applied to six LiBr/H₂O single-effect absorption chillers using the proposed new approach. This approach was compared with the conventional method and with other main approaches. The heat removed (<span><math><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>E</mi></msub></math></span>) and COP results from the characteristic equations and the thermodynamic modelling were compared. All the average deviations using the proposed approach were less than 2 %, which represents an improvement in the accuracy of the results of the characteristic equations and gives a better prediction and control of absorption chiller performance. Therefore, the proposed approach contributed to improve the accuracy of the characteristic equation method in order to refine its application to absorption chillers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 124818"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A methodology for selection of solid desiccants in energy recovery ventilators","authors":"Easwaran N. Krishnan ,&nbsp;Hadi Ramin ,&nbsp;A. Gurubalan ,&nbsp;M. Muneeshwaran ,&nbsp;Kai Li ,&nbsp;Kashif Nawaz ,&nbsp;Carey Simonson","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Controlling indoor humidity levels is essential for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. The use of energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) is an energy-efficient way to regulate indoor air humidity. Fixed-bed regenerators and rotary wheels are widely used ERVs because of their high sensible and latent effectiveness. These ERVs are made of desiccant-coated substrates, which enable them to transfer moisture between the supply and exhaust air streams. However, the moisture transfer ability of ERVs depends on the physiochemical and sorption properties of desiccants. Extensive, full-scale experiments are required to determine the best desiccant material for these systems. This paper presents a simplified method of selecting suitable desiccant materials for ERVs. The methodology involves important characterization methods, literature correlations for performance prediction, and cost-effective testing methods prior to full-scale testing, and full-scale test methods are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the performance of a few newly derived materials is evaluated and compared with that of conventional desiccants such as silica gel and molecular sieves. The highest latent effectiveness was obtained for composite of super absorbent polymer (SAP) with potassium formate (SAP-HCO₂K-50 %), all-polymer porous solid desiccant (APPSD) and metal organic framework (MOF)–MIL–101 (Cr), followed by activated carbon fibre felt (ACFF) Silica sol-LiCl30, SAP, silica gel, MOF–303, and molecular sieve. Researchers and manufacturers would benefit from the proposed methodology and presented data in developing new desiccant materials for ERV applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 124830"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on geothermal-solar hybrid systems for power production and multigeneration systems","authors":"Boniface Wainaina Kariuki ,&nbsp;Hamdy Hassan ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Ahmed ,&nbsp;Mohamed Emam","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geothermal and Solar are among the renewable energy, classed as low to high-temperature sources which are abundant across the globe. However, geothermal resources surfer extraction challenges as well as resource degradation. On the other hand, solar resources are highly intermittent and unavailable at night. Researchers have proposed hybrid geothermal-solar energy schemes to overcome their challenges and to enhance their energy efficiency. This review presents the directions, challenges, opportunities, and future orientations of hybrid geothermal-solar combinations. An overview of solar and geothermal energy sources applications with main use is presented. The study concentrated on the presented hybrid systems for electricity generation (power systems) and multigeneration systems. It is found that geothermal–solar hybrid applications in power plants involve lower enthalpy and lower cost geothermal heat source combined with higher enthalpy and higher-cost solar thermal heat to achieve better performance, with a reported power production increase by upto 20% in some cases compared to geothermal only power plants. Geothermal–solar hybridization in multigeneration has increasingly been proposed for hydrogen production, electricity generation, clean water production and space heating and cooling, energy outputs in an efficient way. It is indicated that promising performance results with exergy and energy efficiency of 40% and 50% are reportedly attainable. The main challenge of multigeneration schemes is their complexity and their real applications are rare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 124796"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}