Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640024014-3
Alexey Sorokin
In the article, the author analyses the foreign policy views of the FRG Chancellor Konrad Adenauer on the preconditions for the Soviet Union to change its foreign policy course. Given Adenauer's dominant position in the system of foreign policy decision-making, it was these views that for many years formed the conceptual foundations of the German eastern policy. The Chancellor's set of beliefs includes two key blocks related to the expectations of economic crisis in the USSR and the escalation of Soviet-Chinese contradictions. Economic problems combined with generational changes and the need to raise the living standards of the population should have led the Soviet Union, in the Chancellor's opinion, to limit the arms race and make concessions to the West. The Soviet-Chinese contradictions which were supposed to have a restraining effect on Soviet foreign policy were also an important factor for Adenauer. In the long term, these problems should have forced the Soviet Union to give up its position in Europe and to make concessions on the German question. These two crucial components formed the theory of crises, which the Chancellor shared with his interlocutors on foreign policy issues. The sources of the study are primarily documents from Adenauer's archive in Röndorf (Germany).
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640025183-9
O. Kudryavtsev
In this article the author examines the news of European cosmographers of the first quarter of the 16th century about the lands of Eastern Europe discovered at that time. In this article the author examines the news of European cosmographers of the first quarter of the sixteenth century about the lands of Eastern Europe discovered at that time. In the cosmographic work of the Polish author Mathias de Miechow, who relied on the observations of his predecessors – Julius Pomponius Laetus, Pius II, as well as Catalan, Genoese, Venetian cartographers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries – a significant part of the data about the most important geographical objects in Eastern Europe, contained in the works of ancient scholars, was rejected or clarified. In the short time since the first publication of Mathias de Miechow's book, the view he expressed on the geography of Eastern Europe had become predominant, if not universally accepted. Its positive and even enthusiastic perception is to be found in the closely related works on Muscovy by European authors such as Albertus Campensis, Paolo Giovio, Ulrich von Gutten. In particular, these authors confirmed the non-existence of of the so-called Riphean and Hyperborean Mountains, the existence of which had been reported by the most eminent scholars of antiquity; they had also reinterpreted reports of their predecessors about the sources of the great rivers of this region, about peoples and tribes which inhabited it.However, as the author emphasises, these new data about geography and ethnography of Eastern Europe, obtained by humanists-cosmographers should be considered not only as a kind of manifestation of the general processes of global reappraisal of classical inheritance but as an important step in the development of Renaissance self-consciousness revealed in the affirmation of intellectual superiority of Modern epoch in comparison with Antiquity.
在这篇文章中，作者考察了16世纪前25年欧洲宇宙学家关于当时发现的东欧土地的新闻。在这篇文章中，作者考察了16世纪前25年欧洲宇宙学家关于当时发现的东欧土地的消息。波兰作家马蒂亚斯·德·米丘的宇宙学著作依赖于他的前辈——朱利叶斯·庞波尼乌斯·莱图斯、庇护二世，以及14世纪和15世纪的加泰罗尼亚、热那亚、威尼斯制图师的观察——古代学者著作中关于东欧最重要地理目标的重要部分数据要么被否定，要么被澄清。在马赛厄斯·德·米肖的书首次出版后的短时间内，他所表达的关于东欧地理的观点即使没有被普遍接受，也已经成为主流。它的积极甚至热情的看法可以在欧洲作家的密切相关的作品中找到，如Albertus Campensis, Paolo Giovio, Ulrich von Gutten。特别是，这些作者证实了所谓的里斐山和北风山不存在，而古代最著名的学者曾报道过它们的存在;他们还重新解释了前人关于该地区大河源头的报告，以及居住在该地区的民族和部落的报告。然而，正如作者所强调的那样，这些由人文主义宇宙学家获得的关于东欧地理和民族志的新资料不仅应该被视为全球对古典遗产重新评估的一种普遍过程的表现，而且应该被视为文艺复兴时期自我意识发展的重要一步，这种自我意识的发展体现在肯定现代与古代相比的智力优势。
{"title":"The Geographical Discoveries in the East of Europe and Their Influence on the Self-Consciousness of the Renaissance Culture","authors":"O. Kudryavtsev","doi":"10.31857/s013038640025183-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s013038640025183-9","url":null,"abstract":"In this article the author examines the news of European cosmographers of the first quarter of the 16th century about the lands of Eastern Europe discovered at that time. In this article the author examines the news of European cosmographers of the first quarter of the sixteenth century about the lands of Eastern Europe discovered at that time. In the cosmographic work of the Polish author Mathias de Miechow, who relied on the observations of his predecessors – Julius Pomponius Laetus, Pius II, as well as Catalan, Genoese, Venetian cartographers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries – a significant part of the data about the most important geographical objects in Eastern Europe, contained in the works of ancient scholars, was rejected or clarified. In the short time since the first publication of Mathias de Miechow's book, the view he expressed on the geography of Eastern Europe had become predominant, if not universally accepted. Its positive and even enthusiastic perception is to be found in the closely related works on Muscovy by European authors such as Albertus Campensis, Paolo Giovio, Ulrich von Gutten. In particular, these authors confirmed the non-existence of of the so-called Riphean and Hyperborean Mountains, the existence of which had been reported by the most eminent scholars of antiquity; they had also reinterpreted reports of their predecessors about the sources of the great rivers of this region, about peoples and tribes which inhabited it.However, as the author emphasises, these new data about geography and ethnography of Eastern Europe, obtained by humanists-cosmographers should be considered not only as a kind of manifestation of the general processes of global reappraisal of classical inheritance but as an important step in the development of Renaissance self-consciousness revealed in the affirmation of intellectual superiority of Modern epoch in comparison with Antiquity.","PeriodicalId":82203,"journal":{"name":"Novaia i noveishaia istoriia","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81428611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640024698-5
A. Ganin
{"title":"The Red Army and the National Question (A.Y. Bezugolny. The National Composition of the Red Army. 1918–1945. Historical and Statistical Research. Moscow, 2021)","authors":"A. Ganin","doi":"10.31857/s013038640024698-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s013038640024698-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82203,"journal":{"name":"Novaia i noveishaia istoriia","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85236440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640023158-1
Denis V. Rodin
{"title":"Great Britain in the “Balkan Labyrinth” on the Eve of the Great War (O.I. Aganson. In Search of Equilibrium: Great Britain and the “Balkan Labyrinth”, 1903–1914. Saint-Petersburg, 2022)","authors":"Denis V. Rodin","doi":"10.31857/s013038640023158-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s013038640023158-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82203,"journal":{"name":"Novaia i noveishaia istoriia","volume":"68 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87653934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640023042-4
I. Khruleva
{"title":"Economic Causes of the Cold War (K.V. Minkova. Economic Origins of the Cold War: Soviet-American Economic Relations in 1943–1947. Saint-Petersburg, 2021)","authors":"I. Khruleva","doi":"10.31857/s013038640023042-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s013038640023042-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82203,"journal":{"name":"Novaia i noveishaia istoriia","volume":"89 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83626949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640024696-3
Velikhan Mirzekhanov
The final phase of the Batum subsystem unfolded despite the apparent defeat of the Central Powers on the main fronts of the Great War already at the end of September 1918. It was a consequence of the inertia of German and Ottoman expansion in the region, which received a new impetus after the capture of Baku in September 1918. For two months, efforts to maintain Berlin's and Constantinople's influence in the region continued, partly through uneasy compromises with Soviet Russia and thanks to an operational pause taken by British troops. The economic potential of exploiting the Transcaucasia for the Central Powers could not be realised, but the overall capabilities were unlocked and preparations gave way to a test-delivery phase. The impact of the intervention of the Central Powers on the course of the Civil War in the North Caucasus increased. The elimination of the Batum subsystem was one of the primary objectives of the British emissaries who were arriving from mid-November, however, they were unable to undo or transform its effects due to the same reasons that led to the policy failures of the German and Ottoman actors.
{"title":"The Dismantling of the Batum Subsystem of International Relations and Its Historical Consequences, September–November 1918","authors":"Velikhan Mirzekhanov","doi":"10.31857/s013038640024696-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s013038640024696-3","url":null,"abstract":"The final phase of the Batum subsystem unfolded despite the apparent defeat of the Central Powers on the main fronts of the Great War already at the end of September 1918. It was a consequence of the inertia of German and Ottoman expansion in the region, which received a new impetus after the capture of Baku in September 1918. For two months, efforts to maintain Berlin's and Constantinople's influence in the region continued, partly through uneasy compromises with Soviet Russia and thanks to an operational pause taken by British troops. The economic potential of exploiting the Transcaucasia for the Central Powers could not be realised, but the overall capabilities were unlocked and preparations gave way to a test-delivery phase. The impact of the intervention of the Central Powers on the course of the Civil War in the North Caucasus increased. The elimination of the Batum subsystem was one of the primary objectives of the British emissaries who were arriving from mid-November, however, they were unable to undo or transform its effects due to the same reasons that led to the policy failures of the German and Ottoman actors.","PeriodicalId":82203,"journal":{"name":"Novaia i noveishaia istoriia","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89120651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640025108-6
O. Tuminskaya
{"title":"Museological Thought: the Origins (V.G. Ananyev. Institute of Art History as a Center of Museological Thought of Petrograd – Leningrad of the Late 1910s–1920s. Saint-Petersburg, 2021)","authors":"O. Tuminskaya","doi":"10.31857/s013038640025108-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s013038640025108-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82203,"journal":{"name":"Novaia i noveishaia istoriia","volume":"30 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88713196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640023753-6
A. Bogdashkin
{"title":"Conference in Voronezh on the Problems of Fascism and Anti-Fascism","authors":"A. Bogdashkin","doi":"10.31857/s013038640023753-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s013038640023753-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82203,"journal":{"name":"Novaia i noveishaia istoriia","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87614315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640025110-9
A. Lazarev
{"title":"All-Russian Conference of Africanists","authors":"A. Lazarev","doi":"10.31857/s013038640025110-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s013038640025110-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82203,"journal":{"name":"Novaia i noveishaia istoriia","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87167685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s013038640020660-4
N. Kudeyarova
In this study the author analyses the causes of mass emigration from Southern Europe in the nineteenth century, which had a profound influence on the formation of the modern composition of the population of several Latin American countries. The study is based on the push/pull migration model proposed by Everett S. Lee, as well as on the model of interrelation of migration and employment diversification by sector of economic activity developed by Gustavo Cabrera, where the mono-industry specialisation of employment in a region stimulates the population outflow. Despite slow demographic growth, lagging industrialisation in Italy and Spain could not cope with the surplus labour force that emerged in the agrarian regions. The gap between the agrarian South and the industrialising North, characteristic of these two countries, had an important impact on the formation of internal mobility. Political upheavals – the unification of Italy, the dynastic confrontation in Spain – also increased the outflow of population. Unresolved agrarian issues, population growth and lagging modernisation increased the push-factor effect. The author notes the structural similarity of the internal causes of mass migration but, on the basis of statistical data, emphasises the geographical diversity of the resettlement areas chosen. The collapse of the Spanish Empire brought an end to the colonial type of migration, which had its greatest impact on the situation in Cuba in the period indicated. Further dynamics were determined by the socio-economic motivations and policies of the host countries, especially in Latin America and the USA, where migrants found new opportunities.
在这项研究中，作者分析了19世纪南欧大规模移民的原因，这对几个拉丁美洲国家现代人口构成的形成产生了深远的影响。本研究基于Everett S. Lee提出的推/拉迁移模型，以及Gustavo Cabrera提出的按经济活动部门划分的迁移与就业多样化相互关系模型，该模型认为一个地区的单一行业的就业专业化刺激了人口外流。尽管人口增长缓慢，但意大利和西班牙落后的工业化进程无法应对农业地区出现的过剩劳动力。作为这两个国家的特征，农业南方和工业化北方之间的差距对内部流动的形成产生了重要影响。政治动荡——意大利的统一，西班牙的王朝对抗——也增加了人口的外流。未解决的土地问题、人口增长和落后的现代化增加了推动因素效应。作者指出，大规模移徙的内部原因在结构上是相似的，但根据统计数据，强调所选择的重新安置地区在地理上是不同的。西班牙帝国的崩溃结束了殖民式的移徙，这种移徙在本报告所述期间对古巴局势的影响最大。进一步的动态是由东道国的社会经济动机和政策决定的，特别是在移徙者找到新机会的拉丁美洲和美国。
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