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Exploring ‘Neutrality’ in the Educational Setting: Gender Imbalances in Some Classroom Practices Among Moroccan EFL Students 探索教育情境中的“中性”:摩洛哥英语学生课堂实践中的性别失衡
Driss Benattabou, Abderrahim Khoumich, Mounir Kanoubi
The aim of the present study is to investigate some biased teaching and learning practices in the classroom context. Special focus geared to the analysis of both male and female classroom interactions along with an examination of teachers’ unconscious bias either in their practices with their students and/or in their choice and use of some teaching materials exploited as topics for class discussion or for evaluation. A three sections’ survey administered to second Baccalaureate students studying EFL in Meknes to serve as a data collection tool for this study. The findings crop up from a quantitative analysis of the data seem to align with prior research in this area substantiating the argument that female language learners are found to be at a great disadvantage. They denied the right to take their learning share of the classroom talk; they not been granted equal time and attention like boys, and they have been excluded far more often from their appealing topics. The paper ends up with a conclusion along with some practical recommendations to help combat this educational mishap. Without any awareness regarding the prevalence and the common overuse of these imbalanced practices, female language learners in particular will continue to be subject to a number of learning barriers, which may hinder them from bringing their potentials into fullness.
本研究的目的是调查课堂环境中一些有偏见的教学实践。特别关注男性和女性课堂互动的分析,以及教师在与学生的实践和/或他们选择和使用一些作为课堂讨论或评估主题的教材时的无意识偏见的检查。本研究的数据收集工具是对梅克内斯第二名攻读英语的学士学位学生进行的三部分调查。从数据的定量分析中得出的发现似乎与该领域先前的研究一致,证实了女性语言学习者被发现处于很大的劣势。他们剥夺了在课堂上分享学习成果的权利;她们不像男孩那样得到同等的时间和关注,她们更经常被排除在她们感兴趣的话题之外。文章最后给出了一个结论,并提出了一些实用的建议,以帮助解决这一教育灾难。如果没有意识到这些不平衡的做法的普遍存在和普遍过度使用,特别是女性语言学习者将继续受到许多学习障碍的影响,这可能会阻碍她们充分发挥潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Gender, Territory and Entrepreneurship among Unemployed Graduates in Physical Activities and Sports: The Case of Tunisia 性别、地域和从事体育活动的失业毕业生的创业精神:以突尼斯为例
Chadlia Fitouri, Hajer Ben Jomaa, Rahma Loussaief, Hiba Abdelkafi
Nationally, Tunisia is not entrepreneurial. It shows a deficit in the creation of innovative businesses. At the regional level, the revitalization of disadvantaged regions facing a problem of underemployment, in particular of highly educated graduates, is justified by the revitalizing entrepreneurial behavior in these areas. This observation is also valid in the sports sector, where unemployment has reached 100% since 2011. Because of this system crisis, which has broken out in Tunisia, we propose in what follows to consider the aspects relating to regional deficiencies by gender, in terms of sports entrepreneurship. The objective of this study is to identify the outlines of a regional catching-up strategy, so that the creation of a ludo-sports project is a challenge that graduates of stapsistes should take up that graduates of stapsistes should take up, pertaining the spirit of equity between the two sexes. This equality is not only desired for an objective of social justice, but also as an essential condition for complementarity and healthy economic development. The results of this quantitative study with 300 unemployed stapsistes belonging to three regions of Tunisia (Kef, Grand Tunis and Gafsa), revealed a favorable entrepreneurial behaviour towards a very favorable entrepreneurial reaction towards the creation of project and a positive correlation between gender, territory and entrepreneurship factors. However, only the Gafsois group seems to be different from the other groups, as it shows a very strong correlation, explained in particular by the socio-cultural factors related to the region.
从全国来看,突尼斯没有创业精神。这表明创新企业的创造出现了赤字。在区域一级,振兴面临就业不足问题的处境不利区域,特别是高学历毕业生的就业不足问题,是有理由的,因为这些地区的企业行为得到了振兴。这一观察结果也适用于体育行业,自2011年以来,该行业的失业率已达到100%。由于这种在突尼斯爆发的制度危机,我们建议在接下来的内容中考虑与性别有关的区域缺陷,在体育创业方面。这项研究的目的是确定一项区域追赶战略的大纲,以便建立一个体育项目,这是一项挑战,高中毕业生应该接受,高中毕业生应该接受,符合两性之间平等的精神。这种平等不仅是实现社会正义的目标所需要的,而且也是互补性和健康经济发展的必要条件。这项对突尼斯三个地区(Kef、大突尼斯和加夫萨)的300名失业农民进行的定量研究结果显示,有利的创业行为对非常有利的创业反应对创建项目有利,性别、领土和创业因素之间存在正相关关系。然而,只有Gafsois群体似乎与其他群体不同,因为它显示出非常强的相关性,特别是与该地区有关的社会文化因素。
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引用次数: 0
Towards Combatting Violence against Women’s Access to Land Ownership in Morocco 在摩洛哥打击对妇女获得土地所有权的暴力行为
Aissam Zine-Dine, Kamal El Aissaoui
Assorted kinds of violence and discrimination against women’s access to land ownership seem to be the most criticized the moment their dismissal is no longer a necessity for the Moroccan Legislator. It is hard to deny that all rights and obligations related to access to land, seen as a tangible resource, constitute the first-rate concerns of citizenship. As such, women not only call for an austere equality to men in the broadest sense of the term, but also for access to key positions in the society mainly through access to the means of production1 (El Yaagoubi, 2012: 33). The idea that women are landowners has become an in-vogue question. It is possible to say that women are heading towards building a social class that is becoming more voluble and visible. A reform of their tenure status is imperative bearing in mind that land property is directly associated with power. It is therefore appropriate that legal regimes of different land statuses take into consideration the benefits of this category given the fact that women constitute more than half of the population.
当摩洛哥立法委员不再需要解雇妇女时,针对妇女获得土地所有权的各种暴力和歧视似乎是最受批评的。很难否认,与获得土地有关的所有权利和义务,被视为一种有形资源,构成公民的首要关切。因此,女性不仅要求在最广泛的意义上与男性严格平等,而且要求主要通过获得生产资料获得社会中的关键职位1 (El Yaagoubi, 2012: 33)。女人是地主的观念已经成为一个流行的问题。可以说,女性正在建立一个越来越健谈、越来越引人注目的社会阶层。考虑到土地所有权与权力直接相关,改革他们的权属地位势在必行。因此,鉴于妇女占人口的一半以上,不同土地状况的法律制度考虑到这一类人的利益是适当的。
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引用次数: 0
Feminist Occidentalist Discourse in ‘Shehrazad Goes West: Different Cultures, Different Harems’ by Fatima Mernissi 法蒂玛·默尼西的《谢赫拉扎德西行:不同的文化,不同的后宫》中的女性主义西方话语
Bitari Wissam
Occidental discourses tend to revise orientalist images about the orient. Many authors have taken the responsibility of giving a new voice to the occident and among those is Fatima Mernissi. In this regard, this paper aims at discussing the shift that has marked the writings of Fatima Mernissi with a particular focus on her book, ‘Shehrazad Goes West: Different Cultures, Different Harems’. It is undeniable that Fatima Mernissi‘s thoughts have known a radical change in terms of ideology and discourse. ‘Shehrazad Goes West’ seems to promote an Occidentalist discourse that isn’t based on appropriating orientalist rhetorical images of the orient but rather on revising/ reconsidering the tropes of essentialism, dehumanization and fixity that Orientalist texts usually opt for. From an auto-orientalist discourse that Mernissi advocated in her narrative Dreams of Trespass, we move to another discourse that manifests itself in ‘Shehrazad Goes West’, which is Occidentalism. In this article, based on a postcolonial feminist approach, I argue that Fatima Mernissi uses another approach of occidentalism in her construction of Western gender relations and the space of Western Harem. Instead of constructing a counter-hegemonic discourse to orientalism that based on misrepresenting the “other” and denying their voices, Eastern representation of the West in ‘Shehrazad Goes West’ does not keep with the same rhetoric of orientalism; rather it dismantles that logic which victimized people of the East and replaces it with a humane vocabulary. Moreover, the Occidentalist approach appropriated in the book does not only target the occident but also the orient resulting on what Abdelkbir Khatibi calls “double critiques”. The significance of this paper lies in highlighting such a potentially inclusive and democratic discourse that would counterbalance the politics of othering inherent in the discourse of orientalism.
西方话语倾向于修正东方主义者关于东方的形象。许多作家都承担了向西方发出新的声音的责任,法蒂玛·默尼西就是其中之一。在这方面,本文旨在讨论标志着Fatima Mernissi作品的转变,并特别关注她的书,“Shehrazad走向西方:不同的文化,不同的后宫”。不可否认,法蒂玛·默尼西的思想在意识形态和话语上都发生了根本性的变化。《谢赫拉萨德西行》似乎推动了一种西方主义的话语,这种话语不是基于对东方主义修辞形象的挪用,而是基于对东方主义文本通常选择的本质主义、非人性化和固定性的修正/重新考虑。从默尼西在她的叙事《侵入之梦》中倡导的一种自动东方主义话语,我们转向了在《谢赫拉扎德西行》中表现出来的另一种话语,即西方主义。本文基于后殖民女性主义的视角,认为法蒂玛·默尼西在建构西方性别关系和西方后宫空间的过程中,运用了另一种西方主义的视角。在《谢赫拉扎德西行》中,东方对西方的再现并没有遵循东方主义的修辞,而是基于对“他者”的歪曲和对他们声音的否认,构建了一种对东方主义的反霸权话语;相反,它拆除了使东方人民受害的逻辑,代之以人道的词汇。此外,书中所采用的西方主义方法不仅针对西方,也针对东方,导致了哈提比所说的“双重批判”。本文的意义在于强调这样一种潜在的包容性和民主话语,这种话语将抵消东方主义话语中固有的他者政治。
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引用次数: 0
Data and Techniques Used for Analysis of Women Authorship in STEMM: A Review STEMM中女性作者身份分析的数据和技术综述
V. Bhagat
Women are underrepresented in authorship of scholarly articles published in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Medicine (STEMM). The scholars have been analysed this representation of women using wide range of data, methods and techniques. Several studies have reported complementary results with gender disparity in authorship of scholarly publications. However, the reported results vary according to objectives of the study, size and source of the data, techniques and methods used for the analysis. Therefore, these results are specific to size and source of data, techniques and methods, academic fields, journals, regions, etc. and insufficient to reach global conclusions. The study concludes that: 1) available data is insufficient to include all scholarly authorships, 2) data and techniques used for detection of author’s gender need more geographic inclusions, 3) new techniques and methods should be adopted for more precise and inclusive analysis, and 4) the results, techniques and methods should be tested thoroughly from different sources of data and geographic conditions. The field is new, active, important and challenging area of research for equality and social welfare.
在科学、技术、工程、数学和医学(STEMM)领域发表的学术文章中,女性的代表人数不足。学者们使用广泛的数据、方法和技术分析了女性的这种代表性。一些研究报告了学术出版物作者性别差异的互补结果。然而,报告的结果因研究的目标、数据的规模和来源、分析所用的技术和方法而异。因此,这些结果是特定于数据规模和来源、技术方法、学术领域、期刊、地区等的,不足以得出全球性的结论。研究认为:1)现有数据不足以涵盖所有学术作者;2)用于检测作者性别的数据和技术需要更多的地理包容性;3)需要采用新的技术和方法来更精确和包容地分析;4)需要从不同的数据来源和地理条件对结果、技术和方法进行彻底的测试。该领域是研究平等与社会福利的新兴、活跃、重要和具有挑战性的领域。
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引用次数: 4
Women Authorship of Scholarly Publications in STEMM: Authorship Puzzle stem学术出版物的女性作者身份:作者身份之谜
V. Bhagat
The continued underrepresentation of women in scholarly activities slows down the scientific progress of any country. Several studies have analyzed the women representation in authorship of scholarly publications in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Medicine (STEMM). Women account only 30% of overall authorship of scholarly articles. Prestigious authorships like first-, last- and corresponding authors also show significant underrepresentation of women. Women as first authors are significantly increasing since last decades; however, growth of last authors is not significant and share of corresponding authors not changed. Women show low overall impact of scholarly publications due to lower productivity but not for quality of publication. This gender authorship puzzle can be solved by adopting gender responsive planning and management. Therefore, systematic efforts to understand the gender disparities in scholarly publications, authorship citations and collaborations require for achieving significant positive change in the share of women in academic authorship, impact and career. The field is new, active, attractive and interesting area of research to achieve gender equality in scientific research and publications for social welfare.
女性在学术活动中的持续代表性不足减缓了任何国家的科学进步。一些研究分析了女性在科学、技术、工程、数学和医学(STEMM)学术出版物中的作者比例。女性仅占学术文章总作者的30%。像第一作者、最后作者和通讯作者这样的著名作者也显示出明显的女性代表性不足。近几十年来,作为第一作者的女性显著增加;然而,最后作者的增长并不显著,通信作者的份额没有变化。由于生产率较低,女性对学术出版物的总体影响较低,但与出版质量无关。通过采取促进性别平等的规划和管理,可以解决这个性别作者的难题。因此,系统地了解学术出版物、作者引用和合作中的性别差异,需要在女性在学术作者、影响力和职业生涯中的份额方面取得重大的积极变化。该领域是一个新的、活跃的、有吸引力的和有趣的研究领域,以实现科学研究和出版物中的性别平等,为社会福利服务。
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引用次数: 4
Patriarchal Features in Post-Independence Indian English Novels 独立后印度英语小说的父权特征
Kalpana Nehere
Feminist analyses of novels can give insights about women’s life in contemporary society. Fifteen Indian novels written after independence by women and men novelists have been reviewed to understand the role of patriarchy with feminist approach. These novels depict patriarchy as symbolic power, property rights, essence of father, husband and child, urge for son, women’s activities for the sake of husband, etc. Hierarchal stratified caste base Indian social structure supports patriarchy as notion. Characters, setting or situations, dialogues, point of view, etc. in these selected novels show unequal, secondary and exploited status of women in Indian society. Women blindly follow patriarchal rules and traditional structure with rituals. Therefore, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity given in Constitution of India are yet to be achieved for women. Only few characters are rebellious for their constitutional rights and came out of home at workplaces but as ‘hands of gold’. The findings and analysis of the study are useful to understand the status of women in Indian society for planning and management to achieve constitutional provisions for social welfare.
对小说的女性主义分析可以洞察当代社会女性的生活。本文回顾了印度独立后15部女性和男性小说家创作的小说,试图从女性主义的角度来理解父权制的作用。这些小说从象征权力、财产权利、父亲的本质、丈夫和孩子、对儿子的渴望、妇女为丈夫而进行的活动等方面描写了父权制。等级森严的种姓基础印度社会结构支持父权制的概念。这些小说选集中的人物、场景、对话、观点等都表现了女性在印度社会中不平等的、次要的、被剥削的地位。女性用仪式盲目地遵循父权规则和传统结构。因此,印度宪法赋予妇女的正义、自由、平等和博爱尚未实现。只有少数角色反抗他们的宪法权利,在工作场所走出家门,但作为“黄金之手”。研究结果和分析有助于了解妇女在印度社会中的地位,以规划和管理实现宪法规定的社会福利。
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引用次数: 0
Gender in Afghanistan's Wheat and Agricultural Literature- How to Get to Empowerment? 阿富汗小麦和农业文学中的性别——如何获得赋权?
K. Drucza, V. Peveri
This review of 45 documents demonstrates the massive evidence gap in gender relations in Afghanistan agriculture. Women face greater constraints than men in generating an income from agriculture, especially if single, but how this has changed over time and many other assumptions require empirical study. Furthermore, how to empower women economically in a patriarchal society is unclear, but the literature suggests that masculinity studies may present some answers. The review highlights the methodological challenges associated with conducting gender sensitive research in Afghanistan and the way misunderstood gender relations create further development challenges. Many questions remain about the role of agriculture in Afghanistan livelihoods and how this shapes, and is shaped by, gender relationships. Moreover, what an agenda for women’s empowerment should look like in Afghanistan’s rural farming communities remains unclear from the review. Empowering women in Afghan’s agriculture sector requires considerable experimentation, more data and contextually relevant, carefully designed programs. The review is relevant to development practitioners, researchers and agricultural scientists working in Afghanistan.
这份对45份文件的审查表明,阿富汗农业中的性别关系存在巨大的证据差距。在从农业中获得收入方面,女性面临比男性更大的限制,尤其是单身女性,但这种情况如何随着时间的推移而变化以及许多其他假设需要进行实证研究。此外,如何在男权社会中赋予女性经济权力尚不清楚,但文献表明,男性气质研究可能会提供一些答案。这份审查报告强调了在阿富汗开展对性别问题敏感的研究所面临的方法上的挑战,以及被误解的性别关系如何造成进一步的发展挑战。关于农业在阿富汗生计中的作用,以及农业如何塑造性别关系,以及性别关系如何塑造性别关系,仍然存在许多问题。此外,在阿富汗农村农业社区,妇女赋权的议程应该是什么样子,从审查中仍不清楚。在阿富汗农业部门赋予妇女权力需要大量的实验、更多的数据和与具体情况相关的精心设计的方案。这份综述与在阿富汗工作的发展从业人员、研究人员和农业科学家有关。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Challenging Dominant Cultures of Knowledge Production 社论:挑战知识生产的主导文化
K. Drucza
Instead, this journal promotes „feminist ethics‟. This involves considering power and authority and ethical issues while conducting research through a feminist lens (Hesse-Biber, 2007; Edwards and Mauthner, 2002). Feminism includes men and any other category used to describe a person who lobbies for equal rights and opportunities. To apply a feminist ethics requires, building an understanding of women‟s oppression and gender processes. This is done by considering knowledge production as an exchange or dialogue that is power-ridden (not neutral), relational (not impersonal) and context-specific (Hill Collins 1991).
相反,这本杂志提倡“女权主义伦理”。这包括在通过女权主义视角进行研究时考虑权力、权威和伦理问题(Hesse-Biber, 2007;Edwards and Mauthner, 2002)。女权主义包括男性和任何其他用来描述争取平等权利和机会的人的类别。要应用女权主义伦理学,就需要建立对女性受压迫和性别过程的理解。这是通过将知识生产视为权力支配(不是中立的)、关系(不是非个人的)和特定于情境的交流或对话来实现的(Hill Collins 1991)。
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引用次数: 0
Moroccan Women’s Resistance to Al-hogra in the Aftermaths of Arab Spring: Patterns and Outcomes 阿拉伯之春后摩洛哥妇女对Al-hogra的抵抗:模式和结果
This article aims to investigate Moroccan women’s forms and patterns of resistance to Al-hogra in the aftermaths of Arab Spring. It focuses mainly on the nature and forms of this resistance and their impact in the public sphere in Morocco namely after 2011 constitutional reforms. To do this, we look at the development of the new forms of civil resistance after the turmoil of the Arab Spring in Morocco by tracing cases of women’s civil resistance to stand against ‘Al-hogra’ and to demand specific rights in the post Moroccan spring movement. The focus is on cases that attracted a lot media attention and stirred reaction in the public arena. This includes namely cases of self-immolations and suicide protests.
本文旨在探讨阿拉伯之春之后,摩洛哥妇女反抗Al-hogra的形式与模式。它主要关注这种抵抗的性质和形式及其对摩洛哥公共领域的影响,即2011年宪法改革之后。为此,我们回顾了摩洛哥阿拉伯之春动乱后,新形式的公民抵抗运动的发展,追踪了摩洛哥之春运动后,妇女反对“Al-hogra”和要求特定权利的公民抵抗运动的案例。重点是那些吸引了大量媒体关注并在公共领域激起反应的案件。这包括自焚和自杀抗议案件。
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引用次数: 0
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Resources for feminist research : RFR = Documentation sur la recherche feministe : DRF
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