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Establishing human microbial observatory programs in low- and middle-income countries 在中低收入国家建立人类微生物观测站计划
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15224
Jeffrey I. Gordon, Michael J. Barratt, Matthew C. Hibberd, Mustafizur Rahman, Tahmeed Ahmed

Studies of the human microbiome are progressing rapidly but have largely focused on populations living in high-income countries. With increasing evidence that the microbiome contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases that affect infants, children, and adults in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and with profound and rapid ongoing changes occurring in our lifestyles and biosphere, understanding the origins of and developing microbiome-directed therapeutics for treating a number of global health challenges requires the development of programs for studying human microbial ecology in LMICs. Here, we discuss how the establishment of long-term human microbial observatory programs in selected LMICs could provide one timely approach.

人类微生物组的研究进展迅速,但主要集中在高收入国家的人群。越来越多的证据表明,微生物组是影响中低收入国家(LMICs)婴儿、儿童和成人疾病的发病机理之一,而且我们的生活方式和生物圈正在发生深刻而迅速的变化,因此,要了解一些全球健康挑战的起源并开发以微生物组为导向的疗法,就需要在中低收入国家制定人类微生物生态学研究计划。在这里,我们将讨论在选定的低收入国家和地区建立长期人类微生物观察站计划如何提供一种及时的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Response inhibition deficits in math-anxious individuals 数学焦虑症患者的反应抑制缺陷
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15216
María Isabel Núñez-Peña, Carlos Campos-Rodríguez

We examined whether math anxiety is related to a response inhibition deficit and, if so, whether it is a domain-specific inhibition deficit in numerical tasks or a general inhibition deficit. Behavioral performance and electroencephalogram activity were recorded while 28 highly math–anxious (HMA) and 28 low math–anxious (LMA) individuals performed both a numerical and a non-numerical Go/Nogo task. In the numerical task, single-digit numbers were presented, and participants were asked to press a button if the number was even. In the non-numerical task, letters were presented, and the button had to be pressed if the letter was a vowel. Nogo trials were answered less accurately and elicited larger Nogo-N2 and Nogo-P3 than Go trials in both tasks and both groups. Importantly, behavioral and brain response differences between tasks were only found in the HMA group. First, they were more error-prone in numerical Nogo than in non-numerical Nogo trials; and second, their Nogo-N2 and N2d (Nogo–Go difference) were smaller in the numerical task than in the non-numerical task. No differences were found in the LMA group. These results suggest that HMA individuals’ response inhibition is impaired specifically when dealing with numbers, which could contribute to their low achievement in math tasks.

我们研究了数学焦虑是否与反应抑制缺陷有关,如果有关,它是数字任务中的特定领域抑制缺陷还是一般抑制缺陷。我们记录了 28 名高度数学焦虑者(HMA)和 28 名低度数学焦虑者(LMA)在完成数字任务和非数字任务 Go/Nogo 时的行为表现和脑电图活动。在数字任务中,参与者会看到一位数的数字,如果数字是偶数,则要求参与者按下按钮。在非数字任务中,屏幕显示字母,如果字母是元音,则必须按下按钮。在这两项任务和两个组别中,Nogo试题的回答准确率都低于Go试题,而且引起的Nogo-N2和Nogo-P3都大于Go试题。重要的是,不同任务之间的行为和大脑反应差异只出现在 HMA 组。首先,他们在数字 Nogo 试验中比在非数字 Nogo 试验中更容易出错;其次,他们在数字任务中的 Nogo-N2 和 N2d(Nogo-Go 差异)比在非数字任务中更小。在 LMA 组中没有发现差异。这些结果表明,HMA 患者在处理数字任务时的反应抑制能力会受到损害,这可能是导致他们数学成绩低下的原因之一。
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引用次数: 0
Kisspeptin in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential 功能性下丘脑闭经中的 Kisspeptin:病理生理学和治疗潜力
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15220
Aaran H. Patel, Kanyada Koysombat, Aureliane Pierret, Megan Young, Alexander N. Comninos, Waljit S. Dhillo, Ali Abbara

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is one of the most common causes of secondary amenorrhea, resulting in anovulation and infertility, and is a low estrogen state that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and impairs bone health. FHA is characterized by acquired suppression of physiological pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release by the hypothalamus in the absence of an identifiable structural cause, resulting in a functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. FHA results from either decreased energy intake and/or excessive exercise, leading to low energy availability and weight loss—often in combination with psychological stress on top of a background of genetic susceptibility. The hypothalamic neuropeptide kisspeptin is a key component of the GnRH pulse generator, tightly regulating pulsatile GnRH secretion and the downstream reproductive axis. Here, we review the physiological regulation of pulsatile GnRH secretion by hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons and how their activity is modulated by signals of energy status to affect reproductive function. We explore endocrine factors contributing to the suppression of GnRH pulsatility in the pathophysiology of FHA and how hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons likely represent a final common pathway through which these factors affect GnRH pulse generation. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of kisspeptin as a novel treatment for women with FHA.

功能性下丘脑闭经(FHA)是继发性闭经最常见的原因之一,可导致无排卵和不孕,是一种低雌激素状态,会增加罹患心血管疾病的风险并损害骨骼健康。FHA 的特点是,在没有可识别的结构性原因的情况下,下丘脑的生理性脉动促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)释放受到后天抑制,从而导致功能性促性腺激素减退症。功能性性腺功能减退症的原因是能量摄入减少和/或运动过度,导致能量供应不足和体重减轻--在遗传易感性的基础上,往往还伴有心理压力。下丘脑神经肽吻肽(kisspeptin)是GnRH脉冲发生器的一个关键组成部分,严格调节脉冲性GnRH分泌和下游生殖轴。在此,我们回顾了下丘脑吻肽(kisspeptin)神经元对 GnRH 脉冲分泌的生理调节,以及能量状态信号如何调节吻肽(kisspeptin)神经元的活动以影响生殖功能。我们探讨了在 FHA 病理生理学中抑制 GnRH 脉冲性的内分泌因素,以及下丘脑吻肽素神经元如何可能代表这些因素影响 GnRH 脉冲产生的最终共同途径。最后,我们讨论了吻肽(kisspeptin)作为一种新型疗法对 FHA 女性患者的治疗潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Food-based dietary guidelines for optimizing calcium intakes for reproductive-aged women in Ethiopia using local foods 利用当地食物优化埃塞俄比亚育龄妇女钙摄入量的食物膳食指南
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15218
Hilary Davies-Kershaw, Kevin Tang, Dawd Gashu, Semira Mitiku Saje, Filomena Gomes, Edward J. M. Joy, E. Louise Ander, Sarah Gibson, Ziaul H. Rana, Elaine L. Ferguson

Increasing dietary calcium intakes of Ethiopian women of reproductive age (WRA) is a public health priority for reducing pre-eclampsia in pregnancy. Using linear programming, we determined whether locally available foods consumed by WRA in nine regions (urban and rural) and two administrative cities of Ethiopia could provide 1000 mg/day of dietary calcium, and we identified food-based recommendations (FBRs) to improve dietary calcium adequacy in each region. Results showed that diets providing 1000 mg/day of calcium were feasible in eight regions (40%) of the target populations examined. It would, however, require marked changes for most populations (90%), increasing the number of servings per week of several food groups to levels close to those of high consumers in each population. The selected calcium-specific FBRs integrate well into the 2022 Ethiopian Dietary Guidelines, requiring additional messages to consume green leafy vegetables, milk, root crops, or teff (Eragrostis tef) or to consume a higher number of servings of vegetables than currently recommended, depending on the population. In conclusion, these analyses show that a food-based approach can be used to achieve dietary calcium adequacy among WRA in 40% of the populations examined. For the other populations, food-based interventions alone may be inadequate and other interventions are likely needed.

提高埃塞俄比亚育龄妇女(WRA)的膳食钙摄入量是减少妊娠先兆子痫的公共卫生优先事项。通过线性规划,我们确定了埃塞俄比亚九个地区(城市和农村)和两个行政城市的育龄妇女所食用的当地食物是否能提供 1000 毫克/天的膳食钙,并确定了基于食物的建议(FBR),以提高每个地区的膳食钙充足率。结果表明,在所调查的目标人群中,有八个地区(40%)的膳食可以提供每天 1000 毫克的钙。然而,这需要对大多数人群(90%)的膳食做出显著改变,将几类食物的每周食用量增加到接近每个人群中高消费人群的水平。所选的钙特异性 FBR 很好地融入了《2022 年埃塞俄比亚膳食指南》,根据不同人群的情况,需要额外宣传食用绿叶蔬菜、牛奶、根茎类作物或teff(tef),或食用比目前建议更多份量的蔬菜。总之,这些分析表明,在所研究的人群中,有 40% 的 WRA 可以通过基于食物的方法来实现膳食钙充足。对于其他人群,仅靠食物干预可能是不够的,可能还需要其他干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the role of the human gut microbiome in overweight and obesity 了解人类肠道微生物组在超重和肥胖中的作用
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15215
Michael I. McBurney, Clara E. Cho

The gut microbiome may be related to the prevalence of overweight and obesity, but high interindividual variability of the human microbiome complicates our understanding. Obesity often occurs concomitantly with micronutrient deficiencies that impair energy metabolism. Microbiota composition is affected by diet. Host–microbiota interactions are bidirectional. We propose three pathways whereby these interactions may modulate the gut microbiome and obesity: (1) ingested compounds or derivatives affecting small intestinal transit, endogenous secretions, digestion, absorption, microbiome balance, and gut barrier function directly affect host metabolism; (2) substrate availability affecting colonic microbial composition and contact with the gut barrier; and (3) microbial end products affecting host metabolism. The quantity/concentration, duration, and/or frequency (circadian rhythm) of changes in these pathways can alter the gut microbiome, disrupt the gut barrier, alter host immunity, and increase the risk of and progression to overweight and obesity. Host-specific characteristics (e.g., genetic variations) may further affect individual sensitivity and/or resilience to diet- and microbiome-associated perturbations in the colonic environment. In this narrative review, the effects of selected interventions, including fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary calorie restriction, dietary fibers and prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids, on the gut microbiome, body weight, and/or adiposity are summarized to help identify mechanisms of action and research opportunities.

肠道微生物组可能与超重和肥胖的发生率有关,但人类微生物组的个体间差异很大,这使我们的理解变得复杂。肥胖往往与微量营养素缺乏同时发生,而微量营养素缺乏会损害能量代谢。微生物群的组成受饮食影响。宿主与微生物群之间的相互作用是双向的。我们提出了这些相互作用可能调节肠道微生物群和肥胖的三个途径:(1)摄入的化合物或衍生物影响小肠转运、内源性分泌、消化、吸收、微生物群平衡和肠道屏障功能,直接影响宿主代谢;(2)底物的可用性影响结肠微生物组成和与肠道屏障的接触;以及(3)微生物终产物影响宿主代谢。这些途径的数量/浓度、持续时间和/或频率(昼夜节律)的变化会改变肠道微生物群、破坏肠道屏障、改变宿主免疫力,并增加超重和肥胖的风险和进展。宿主的特异性特征(如基因变异)可能会进一步影响个体对饮食和微生物相关的结肠环境扰动的敏感性和/或恢复力。在这篇叙述性综述中,总结了一些干预措施对肠道微生物组、体重和/或脂肪率的影响,包括粪便微生物组移植、饮食热量限制、膳食纤维和益生元、益生菌和合成益生元、维生素、矿物质和脂肪酸,以帮助确定作用机制和研究机会。
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引用次数: 0
School feeding for improving child nutrition in conflict-affected settings: Feasibility and cost efficiency of alternative models in Yemen 学校供餐改善受冲突影响地区儿童的营养状况:也门替代模式的可行性和成本效益
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15222
Lilia Bliznashka, Dalia Elsabbagh, Sikandra Kurdi, Olivier Ecker, Aulo Gelli

School feeding programs can support children's nutrition, health, and education in emergencies. This study assessed the feasibility, trade-offs, cost efficiency, and perceived benefits of school feeding modalities operating in urban Yemen. It draws on primary data from a qualitative evaluation with 21 school feeding implementers and 88 beneficiaries conducted in Feb–Mar 2023, and secondary data from a desk review of published and program literature on school feeding operations. Results showed that school feeding provided students with on average 18%, 40%, and 66% of daily energy, protein, and micronutrient requirements, respectively. Models including fortified snacks were 3–11 times more cost-efficient in terms of nutrient delivery. The most prominent strength of the models examined were the perceived benefits on child, family, and financial outcomes. Among the main weaknesses was the poor nutritional quality of the meal, which in turn emerged as a primary opportunity to improve school feeding through hybrid models providing a combination of fortified snacks and healthy meals. Other weaknesses such as poor water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure, and desired improvements such as the school kitchen and canteen, require considerable investments. Hybrid models are cost-efficient, acceptable, and feasible in Yemen and can serve the diet and nutrition needs of school-aged children.

学校供餐计划可以在紧急情况下为儿童的营养、健康和教育提供支持。本研究评估了在也门城市开展的学校供餐模式的可行性、利弊权衡、成本效益和预期收益。研究参考了 2023 年 2 月至 3 月期间对 21 名学校供餐实施者和 88 名受益者进行的定性评估所获得的主要数据,以及对有关学校供餐活动的出版文献和项目文献进行的案头审查所获得的次要数据。结果显示,学校供餐为学生提供的能量、蛋白质和微量营养素平均分别占每日需求量的18%、40%和66%。包括强化零食在内的模式在提供营养方面的成本效益要高出 3-11 倍。所研究的模式中最突出的优点是对儿童、家庭和经济成果的明显益处。主要不足之处是膳食营养质量差,这也是通过混合模式改善学校供餐的主要机会,混合模式既提供强化点心,也提供健康膳食。其他薄弱环节,如供水、环境卫生和个人卫生基础设施薄弱,以及学校厨房和食堂等需要改善的地方,都需要大量投资。混合模式在也门具有成本效益、可接受性和可行性,可满足学龄儿童的饮食和营养需求。
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引用次数: 0
What can naked mole-rats teach us about ameliorating hypoxia-related human diseases? 裸鼹鼠在改善与缺氧有关的人类疾病方面能给我们带来什么启示?
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15219
Karen L. Kadamani, Reyhaneh Rahnamaie-Tajadod, Liam Eaton, John Bengtsson, Mohammad Ojaghi, Hang Cheng, Matthew E. Pamenter

Ameliorating the deleterious impact of systemic or tissue-level hypoxia or ischemia is key to preventing or treating many human diseases and pathologies. Usefully, environmental hypoxia is also a common challenge in many natural habitats; animals that are native to such hypoxic niches often exhibit strategies that enable them to thrive with limited O2 availability. Studying how such species have evolved to tolerate systemic hypoxia offers a promising avenue of discovery for novel strategies to mitigate the deleterious effects of hypoxia in human diseases and pathologies. Of particular interest are naked mole-rats, which are among the most hypoxia-tolerant mammals. Naked mole-rats that tolerate severe hypoxia in a laboratory setting are also protected against clinically relevant mimics of heart attack and stroke. The mechanisms that support this tolerance are currently being elucidated but results to date suggest that metabolic rate suppression, reprogramming of metabolic pathways, and mechanisms that defend against deleterious perturbations of cellular signaling pathways all provide layers of protection. Herein, we synthesize and discuss what is known regarding adaptations to hypoxia in the naked mole-rat cardiopulmonary system and brain, as these systems comprise both the primary means of delivering O2 to tissues and the most hypoxia-sensitive organs in mammals.

改善全身或组织缺氧或缺血的有害影响是预防或治疗许多人类疾病和病理的关键。有益的是,环境缺氧也是许多自然栖息地面临的共同挑战;在这种缺氧环境中生活的动物通常会表现出一些策略,使它们能够在氧气供应有限的情况下茁壮成长。研究这些物种如何进化以耐受全身性缺氧,为发现减轻缺氧在人类疾病和病理中的有害影响的新策略提供了一条很有希望的途径。裸鼹鼠是最耐受缺氧的哺乳动物之一,它们的研究尤其令人感兴趣。在实验室环境中耐受严重缺氧的裸鼹鼠还能防止心脏病发作和中风的临床相关模拟症状。支持这种耐受性的机制目前正在阐明之中,但迄今为止的研究结果表明,新陈代谢率抑制、新陈代谢途径重编程以及抵御细胞信号通路有害干扰的机制都提供了层层保护。裸鼹鼠的心肺系统和大脑既是向组织输送氧气的主要途径,也是哺乳动物中对缺氧最敏感的器官,在此,我们综合讨论了裸鼹鼠心肺系统和大脑对缺氧的适应性。
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引用次数: 0
Putative epithelial–mesenchymal transitions during salamander limb regeneration: Current perspectives and future investigations 蝾螈肢体再生过程中的假定上皮-间充质转化:当前视角与未来研究
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15210
Ryan T. Kim, Jessica L. Whited

Previous studies have implicated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in salamander limb regeneration. In this review, we describe putative roles for EMT during each stage of limb regeneration in axolotls and other salamanders. We hypothesize that EMT and EMT-like gene expression programs may regulate three main cellular processes during limb regeneration: (1) keratinocyte migration during wound closure; (2) transient invasion of the stump by epithelial cells undergoing EMT; and (3) use of EMT-like programs by non-epithelial blastemal progenitor cells to escape the confines of their niches. Finally, we propose nontraditional roles for EMT during limb regeneration that warrant further investigation, including alternative EMT regulators, stem cell activation, and fibrosis induced by aberrant EMT.

以前的研究表明,上皮-间质转化(EMT)与蝾螈的肢体再生有关。在这篇综述中,我们描述了EMT在斧头鱼和其他蝾螈肢体再生的每个阶段中可能发挥的作用。我们推测,EMT 和类 EMT 基因表达程序可能调控肢体再生过程中的三个主要细胞过程:(1)伤口闭合过程中角质细胞的迁移;(2)发生 EMT 的上皮细胞对残肢的短暂入侵;以及(3)非上皮胚芽祖细胞利用类 EMT 程序摆脱其龛位的限制。最后,我们提出了EMT在肢体再生过程中值得进一步研究的非传统作用,包括替代性EMT调节因子、干细胞活化以及异常EMT诱导的纤维化。
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引用次数: 0
Interactions between kisspeptin and bone: Cellular mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future potential kisspeptin与骨骼之间的相互作用:细胞机制、临床证据和未来潜力
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15213
Edouard G. Mills, Ali Abbara, Waljit S. Dhillo, Alexander N. Comninos

The neuropeptide kisspeptin and its cognate receptor have been extensively studied in reproductive physiology, with diverse and well-established functions, including as an upstream regulator of pubertal onset, reproductive hormone secretion, and sexual behavior. Besides classical reproduction, both kisspeptin and its receptor are extensively expressed in bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts, which putatively permits direct bone effects. Accordingly, this sets the scene for recent compelling findings derived from in vitro experiments through to in vivo and clinical studies revealing prominent regulatory interactions for kisspeptin signaling in bone metabolism, as well as certain oncological aspects of bone metabolism. Herein, we comprehensively examine the experimental evidence obtained to date supporting the interaction between kisspeptin and bone. A comprehensive understanding of this emerging facet of kisspeptin biology is fundamental to exploiting the future therapeutic potential of kisspeptin-based medicines as a novel strategy for treating bone-related disorders.

神经肽吻肽(kisspeptin)及其同源受体在生殖生理学中被广泛研究,其功能多种多样,且已得到证实,包括作为青春期开始、生殖激素分泌和性行为的上游调节剂。除了传统的生殖功能外,kisspeptin 及其受体还在骨吸收破骨细胞和骨形成破骨细胞中广泛表达,这可能会对骨骼产生直接影响。因此,从体外实验到体内和临床研究的最新研究结果令人信服地揭示了吻肽(kisspeptin)信号在骨代谢以及骨代谢的某些肿瘤学方面的突出调控相互作用。在此,我们将全面研究迄今为止支持吻肽与骨之间相互作用的实验证据。全面了解吻合素生物学的这一新兴方面,对于开发基于吻合素的药物作为治疗骨相关疾病的新策略的未来治疗潜力至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Bouillon fortification as a strategy to address inequities in micronutrient adequacy of diets in Nigeria 将肉汤强化作为解决尼日利亚膳食中微量营养素不平等问题的一项战略
IF 4.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15207
Katherine P. Adams, Stephen A. Vosti, Emily Becher, Faith Ishaya, Reina Engle-Stone

Bouillon is a widely consumed condiment in many West African countries, including Nigeria. Although Nigeria has mandatory fortification standards for multiple food vehicles, bouillon fortification could help address remaining gaps in micronutrient intake. Using household food consumption data, we used the nutrient density method to model the additional contribution of bouillon fortified with vitamin A (40–250 µg/g bouillon), folic acid (20–120 µg/g), vitamin B12 (0.2–2 µg/g), iron (0.6–5 mg/g), and zinc (0.6–5 mg/g) for meeting micronutrient requirements of women of reproductive age (WRA) and children aged 6–59 months. Accounting for existing fortification programs, our results showed that, except for iron, the prevalence of inadequacy was substantially higher among WRA and children living in poorer and rural households. Given the ubiquity of bouillon consumption, bouillon fortification has the potential to virtually eliminate vitamin A, folate, and vitamin B12 inadequacy, reduce the prevalence of zinc inadequacy by over 20 percentage points, and improve equity in the micronutrient adequacy of diets across socioeconomic strata and urban and rural residence. Our results also suggested that designing a bouillon fortification program would require careful planning to balance reductions in inadequacy with the risk of high intakes. This evidence provides important input into decisions around bouillon fortification in Nigeria.

肉汤是包括尼日利亚在内的许多西非国家广泛食用的调味品。尽管尼日利亚已对多种食品工具制定了强制性强化标准,但肉汤强化仍有助于解决微量营养素摄入不足的问题。利用家庭食品消费数据,我们使用营养密度法建立了一个模型,以计算添加维生素 A(40-250 微克/克肉汤)、叶酸(20-120 微克/克)、维生素 B12(0.2-2 微克/克)、铁(0.6-5 毫克/克)和锌(0.6-5 毫克/克)的肉汤对满足育龄妇女(WRA)和 6-59 个月儿童微量营养素需求的额外贡献。考虑到现有的强化计划,我们的结果表明,除铁外,育龄妇女和生活在贫困家庭和农村家庭的儿童的微量营养素不足率要高得多。鉴于肉汤消费的普遍性,肉汤强化有可能从根本上消除维生素 A、叶酸和维生素 B12 的不足,将锌不足的发生率降低 20 个百分点以上,并改善不同社会经济阶层和城乡居民膳食中微量营养素充足性的公平性。我们的研究结果还表明,在设计肉汤强化计划时需要仔细规划,在降低锌摄入不足率与高锌摄入风险之间取得平衡。这些证据为尼日利亚的肉汤强化决策提供了重要依据。
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引用次数: 0
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