Yi-Hsuan Chang, Chia-Shiang Lin, Cesar Barquero, Chin-An Wang
Achieving optimal performance requires effectively resolving emotional conflict arising from the interference of task-irrelevant, emotionally salient stimuli. While microsaccade behavior has been linked to various cognitive and emotional processes, whether emotional conflict affects microsaccade responses remains to be determined. Additionally, pupil dilation is known to be modulated by emotional conflict signals, and both microsaccades and pupil dilation are arguably mediated by the superior colliculus (SC). However, the relationship between microsaccades and pupil dilation remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of emotional conflict on microsaccade rates and metrics by presenting an emotional face–word stimulus in the face–word Stroop task. Larger microsaccade amplitudes (or higher peak velocities) were observed in the incongruent condition compared to the congruent condition, while microsaccade rates were similar between the two conditions. Additionally, microsaccade amplitudes were larger in incongruent trials following congruent trials than in those following incongruent trials. Furthermore, interindividual correlations between differences in microsaccade responses and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores were observed. Finally, trials with higher microsaccade rates were associated with larger pupil dilation. These results demonstrate the modulation of microsaccade metrics by emotional conflict, implicating the SC in integrating signals from the locus coeruleus network to coordinate these responses.
{"title":"Emotional conflict affects microsaccade dynamics in the emotional face–word Stroop task","authors":"Yi-Hsuan Chang, Chia-Shiang Lin, Cesar Barquero, Chin-An Wang","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15342","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving optimal performance requires effectively resolving emotional conflict arising from the interference of task-irrelevant, emotionally salient stimuli. While microsaccade behavior has been linked to various cognitive and emotional processes, whether emotional conflict affects microsaccade responses remains to be determined. Additionally, pupil dilation is known to be modulated by emotional conflict signals, and both microsaccades and pupil dilation are arguably mediated by the superior colliculus (SC). However, the relationship between microsaccades and pupil dilation remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of emotional conflict on microsaccade rates and metrics by presenting an emotional face–word stimulus in the face–word Stroop task. Larger microsaccade amplitudes (or higher peak velocities) were observed in the incongruent condition compared to the congruent condition, while microsaccade rates were similar between the two conditions. Additionally, microsaccade amplitudes were larger in incongruent trials following congruent trials than in those following incongruent trials. Furthermore, interindividual correlations between differences in microsaccade responses and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores were observed. Finally, trials with higher microsaccade rates were associated with larger pupil dilation. These results demonstrate the modulation of microsaccade metrics by emotional conflict, implicating the SC in integrating signals from the locus coeruleus network to coordinate these responses.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compared to adults, prepubertal children exhibit underdeveloped cholinergic sweating. How maturation affects cholinergic sweating through early adulthood remains unclear. We assessed the influence of age and sex on cholinergic sweating, including seasonal acclimatization, in groups of prepubescent to young adult males and females. A total of 405 children and adolescents (ages 6‐17; 229 boys and 176 girls) and 52 young adults (ages 18‐25; 25 males and 27 females) underwent pilocarpine iontophoresis on the ventral forearm to induce cholinergic sweating during summer (n = 111) and non‐summer (n = 457). Sweat gland output, calculated as sweat rate divided by activated sweat gland density, was compared between sexes and across age groups in 2‐year intervals until age 17. We observed statistically significant sex‐related differences in sweat gland output in children as young as 8‐9 years of age, with even greater differences between sexes in groups 14‐15 years of age and older. The changes in cholinergic sweating function occurred independently of maturational changes in body morphology. Our results offer insight into the sex differences in cholinergic sweating activity during maturation from childhood to adolescence.
{"title":"Biological maturation and sex differences of cholinergic sweating in prepubertal children to young adults","authors":"Tatsuro Amano, Sota Yasuda, Shotaro Yokoyama, Shoma Oshima, Yumi Okamoto, Junto Otsuka, Hanano Kato, Yoko Kunimasa, Takako Hiwa, Naoto Fujii, Glen P. Kenny, Yuri Hosokawa, Toby Mündel, Narihiko Kondo, Yoshimitsu Inoue","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15331","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to adults, prepubertal children exhibit underdeveloped cholinergic sweating. How maturation affects cholinergic sweating through early adulthood remains unclear. We assessed the influence of age and sex on cholinergic sweating, including seasonal acclimatization, in groups of prepubescent to young adult males and females. A total of 405 children and adolescents (ages 6‐17; 229 boys and 176 girls) and 52 young adults (ages 18‐25; 25 males and 27 females) underwent pilocarpine iontophoresis on the ventral forearm to induce cholinergic sweating during summer (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 111) and non‐summer (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 457). Sweat gland output, calculated as sweat rate divided by activated sweat gland density, was compared between sexes and across age groups in 2‐year intervals until age 17. We observed statistically significant sex‐related differences in sweat gland output in children as young as 8‐9 years of age, with even greater differences between sexes in groups 14‐15 years of age and older. The changes in cholinergic sweating function occurred independently of maturational changes in body morphology. Our results offer insight into the sex differences in cholinergic sweating activity during maturation from childhood to adolescence.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magneto‐acousto electrical tomography (MAET) is a novel medical imaging technique that relies on the difference in electrical properties between healthy and tumor tissues. To facilitate MAET experiments, this study proposes a comprehensive procedure for developing, characterizing, and preserving realistic breast tissue–mimicking phantoms. We developed nontoxic and inexpensive phantoms using sodium alginate, graphite powder, agar, propanediol, aluminum powder, glycine, and deionized water. The dielectric (conductivity and permittivity) and acoustic (speed of sound) properties of phantoms (breast fat, breast gland, and tumor) within the 1–8 MHz frequency range were measured to ensure their suitability for MAET experiments. In conclusion, this study presents a detailed methodology for the preparation, characterization, and preservation of realistic breast tissue–mimicking phantoms tailored for MAET experiments.
{"title":"Development of breast tissue–mimicking electrical and acoustic phantoms for magneto‐acoustic electrical tomography","authors":"Reyhan Zengin, Nevzat Güneri Gençer","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15338","url":null,"abstract":"Magneto‐acousto electrical tomography (MAET) is a novel medical imaging technique that relies on the difference in electrical properties between healthy and tumor tissues. To facilitate MAET experiments, this study proposes a comprehensive procedure for developing, characterizing, and preserving realistic breast tissue–mimicking phantoms. We developed nontoxic and inexpensive phantoms using sodium alginate, graphite powder, agar, propanediol, aluminum powder, glycine, and deionized water. The dielectric (conductivity and permittivity) and acoustic (speed of sound) properties of phantoms (breast fat, breast gland, and tumor) within the 1–8 MHz frequency range were measured to ensure their suitability for MAET experiments. In conclusion, this study presents a detailed methodology for the preparation, characterization, and preservation of realistic breast tissue–mimicking phantoms tailored for MAET experiments.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subbarao Kambhampati, Kaya Stechly, Karthik Valmeekam
We provide a broad unifying perspective on the recent breed of large reasoning models such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek R1, including their promise, sources of power, misconceptions, and limitations.
{"title":"(How) Do reasoning models reason?","authors":"Subbarao Kambhampati, Kaya Stechly, Karthik Valmeekam","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15339","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a broad unifying perspective on the recent breed of large reasoning models such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek R1, including their promise, sources of power, misconceptions, and limitations.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco Estrada, Richard S. J. Tol, Wouter Botzen
Damage functions in integrated assessment models (IAMs) map changes in climate to economic impacts and are central to estimating the social cost of carbon (SCC). However, these functions assume no spatial variation (Svar) and temporal variability (Tvar) in climate changes, potentially biasing estimates and policy advice. While the effects of Tvar have been studied, those of Svar and their interactions with Tvar have not. Here, we allow for Tvar, Svar, and seasonality of damages and show that ignoring these factors significantly biases loss and SCC estimates. Under a high emissions scenario, losses are underestimated by 17–45%, representing US$1.9–US$9.7 trillion by 2050 and US$19–US$70 trillion by 2100 (17–35%). The present value of losses over this century exceeds previous estimates by US$38–US$222 trillion, representing 37–218% of 2020 global gross domestic product (GDP). The present value of losses including climate variability represents about 1.2–11.7% of the present value of global GDP over 2020–2100. The SCC increases by US$20/tCO2, reaching US$106/tCO2. There is large sectoral and regional heterogeneity regarding losses and SCC, with India, Africa, and China accounting for 50% of global SCC, and health and other markets contributing 40%. A more complete climate description than global mean temperature is needed in IAMs to adequately estimate climate change costs.
{"title":"Economic consequences of spatial variation and temporal variability of climate change","authors":"Francisco Estrada, Richard S. J. Tol, Wouter Botzen","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15335","url":null,"abstract":"Damage functions in integrated assessment models (IAMs) map changes in climate to economic impacts and are central to estimating the social cost of carbon (SCC). However, these functions assume no spatial variation (Svar) and temporal variability (Tvar) in climate changes, potentially biasing estimates and policy advice. While the effects of Tvar have been studied, those of Svar and their interactions with Tvar have not. Here, we allow for Tvar, Svar, and seasonality of damages and show that ignoring these factors significantly biases loss and SCC estimates. Under a high emissions scenario, losses are underestimated by 17–45%, representing US$1.9–US$9.7 trillion by 2050 and US$19–US$70 trillion by 2100 (17–35%). The present value of losses over this century exceeds previous estimates by US$38–US$222 trillion, representing 37–218% of 2020 global gross domestic product (GDP). The present value of losses including climate variability represents about 1.2–11.7% of the present value of global GDP over 2020–2100. The SCC increases by US$20/tCO<sub>2</sub>, reaching US$106/tCO<sub>2</sub>. There is large sectoral and regional heterogeneity regarding losses and SCC, with India, Africa, and China accounting for 50% of global SCC, and health and other markets contributing 40%. A more complete climate description than global mean temperature is needed in IAMs to adequately estimate climate change costs.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Héctor Vázquez‐Lorente, Lourdes Herrera‐Quintana, Francisco M. Acosta, Francisco J. Amaro‐Gahete, Jonatan R. Ruiz
In this study, we measured the dose–response effect of a 24‐week concurrent training (CT) intervention on low‐grade systemic inflammation biomarkers in sedentary young healthy adults. A total of 100 untrained participants were randomized to (1) no exercise (control group, n = 35), (2) aerobic + resistance exercise (CT) at moderate intensity (exercise‐moderate group; n = 33), or (3) CT at vigorous intensity (exercise‐vigorous group, n = 32). Serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐7, IL‐8, and IL‐10, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), tumor necrosis factor‐α, leptin, and adiponectin were determined and compared among the three groups. The exercise‐vigorous group members had lower differences in IL‐7 levels among them, compared to the exercise‐moderate group members (Δ = ‒7.97% vs. 1.90%; p = 0.030; 95% CI [‒0.90, ‒0.04]). The exercise‐vigorous group members showed higher differences in CRP values (Δ = 20.1%; F = 3.339; p = 0.046) compared to both the control (Δ = ‒1.91%) and the exercise‐moderate (Δ = ‒23.3%) group members, whereas the control group exhibited higher differences in IFN‐γ levels compared to the exercise‐vigorous group (Δ = 15.3% vs. 2.62%; p = 0.048; 95% CI [‒0.68, ‒0.01]). For individuals in the three groups, body composition and physical fitness correlated overall with leptin. The data show, and we concluded, that the training intervention had no significant effect on low‐grade systemic inflammation biomarkers.
{"title":"Low‐grade systemic inflammation biomarkers in sedentary young healthy adults are not significantly affected by a 24‐week concurrent training intervention","authors":"Héctor Vázquez‐Lorente, Lourdes Herrera‐Quintana, Francisco M. Acosta, Francisco J. Amaro‐Gahete, Jonatan R. Ruiz","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15329","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we measured the dose–response effect of a 24‐week concurrent training (CT) intervention on low‐grade systemic inflammation biomarkers in sedentary young healthy adults. A total of 100 untrained participants were randomized to (1) no exercise (control group, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 35), (2) aerobic + resistance exercise (CT) at moderate intensity (exercise‐moderate group; <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 33), or (3) CT at vigorous intensity (exercise‐vigorous group, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 32). Serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐7, IL‐8, and IL‐10, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐<jats:roman>γ</jats:roman>), tumor necrosis factor‐<jats:roman>α</jats:roman>, leptin, and adiponectin were determined and compared among the three groups. The exercise‐vigorous group members had lower differences in IL‐7 levels among them, compared to the exercise‐moderate group members (Δ = ‒7.97% vs. 1.90%; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.030; 95% CI [‒0.90, ‒0.04]). The exercise‐vigorous group members showed higher differences in CRP values (Δ = 20.1%; <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> = 3.339; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.046) compared to both the control (Δ = ‒1.91%) and the exercise‐moderate (Δ = ‒23.3%) group members, whereas the control group exhibited higher differences in IFN‐<jats:roman>γ</jats:roman> levels compared to the exercise‐vigorous group (Δ = 15.3% vs. 2.62%; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.048; 95% CI [‒0.68, ‒0.01]). For individuals in the three groups, body composition and physical fitness correlated overall with leptin. The data show, and we concluded, that the training intervention had no significant effect on low‐grade systemic inflammation biomarkers.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As climate change increasingly impacts global health, the psychological ramifications are becoming a significant concern, especially the phenomenon known as eco-anxiety. This anxiety stems from the chronic fear of environmental doom and affects a growing number of individuals, profoundly impacting both personal and collective well-being. Notably, children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the mental health effects of climate events, showing heightened symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety. Eco-anxiety, while sharing similarities with general anxiety disorders in terms of neural mechanisms, also exhibits unique characteristics that underscore its distinction. Research on the neurobiological underpinnings of eco-anxiety reveals that structures within the brain's salience network, such as the midcingulate cortex and the insula, are crucial in detecting and responding to environmental threats. These areas show altered structure and function in individuals experiencing high levels of climate anxiety, correlating with both increased anxiety and engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. Understanding these neurobiological pathways is essential for developing targeted interventions that not only mitigate distress but also enhance psychological resilience. Employing neuroscience-based strategies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and neurofeedback, may offer effective tools for managing eco-anxiety, ultimately empowering vulnerable populations to confront climate challenges with renewed vigor and a sense of control.
{"title":"Neural pathways to resilience: Leveraging neuroscience to understand and mitigate eco-anxiety","authors":"Burcin Ikiz, Joshua M. Carlson","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15347","url":null,"abstract":"As climate change increasingly impacts global health, the psychological ramifications are becoming a significant concern, especially the phenomenon known as eco-anxiety. This anxiety stems from the chronic fear of environmental doom and affects a growing number of individuals, profoundly impacting both personal and collective well-being. Notably, children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the mental health effects of climate events, showing heightened symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety. Eco-anxiety, while sharing similarities with general anxiety disorders in terms of neural mechanisms, also exhibits unique characteristics that underscore its distinction. Research on the neurobiological underpinnings of eco-anxiety reveals that structures within the brain's salience network, such as the midcingulate cortex and the insula, are crucial in detecting and responding to environmental threats. These areas show altered structure and function in individuals experiencing high levels of climate anxiety, correlating with both increased anxiety and engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. Understanding these neurobiological pathways is essential for developing targeted interventions that not only mitigate distress but also enhance psychological resilience. Employing neuroscience-based strategies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and neurofeedback, may offer effective tools for managing eco-anxiety, ultimately empowering vulnerable populations to confront climate challenges with renewed vigor and a sense of control.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that significantly affects children's development, posing a significant challenge in pediatric healthcare. Early parent-mediated interventions (PMIs) aim to improve a child's social communication skills through joint engagement in daily activities. However, widespread access to this type of intervention is heavily limited due to implementation barriers and logistical challenges. The use of technology may offer promising alternatives to reach more families. This randomized controlled trial will assess the efficacy of an innovative e-coaching program designed to provide parents of young children with ASD with effective strategies via an online learning platform combined with personalized debriefings. It will compare e-coaching to standard Pediatric Autism Communication Therapy and to the absence of a PMI, with all three arms combined with community assistance as usual, in a cohort of 99 families with preschool children with ASD. The primary outcome will be the quality of parent–child interaction, measured through behavioral assessments and simultaneous dual gaze recording with head-mounted eye-tracking during semi-structured standardized play sessions. Secondary outcomes will include the child's developmental level and parental well-being. If validated, e-coaching could be disseminated to reach more families and have a positive impact on their quality of life.
{"title":"E-coaching for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial","authors":"Chloé Peter, Evelyne Antonietti, Maria-Paraskevi Antoniou, Elvire Bucaille, Joana Almeida Osório, Sabine Manificat, Borja Rodríguez-Herreros, Nadia Chabane","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15320","url":null,"abstract":"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that significantly affects children's development, posing a significant challenge in pediatric healthcare. Early parent-mediated interventions (PMIs) aim to improve a child's social communication skills through joint engagement in daily activities. However, widespread access to this type of intervention is heavily limited due to implementation barriers and logistical challenges. The use of technology may offer promising alternatives to reach more families. This randomized controlled trial will assess the efficacy of an innovative e-coaching program designed to provide parents of young children with ASD with effective strategies via an online learning platform combined with personalized debriefings. It will compare e-coaching to standard Pediatric Autism Communication Therapy and to the absence of a PMI, with all three arms combined with community assistance as usual, in a cohort of 99 families with preschool children with ASD. The primary outcome will be the quality of parent–child interaction, measured through behavioral assessments and simultaneous dual gaze recording with head-mounted eye-tracking during semi-structured standardized play sessions. Secondary outcomes will include the child's developmental level and parental well-being. If validated, e-coaching could be disseminated to reach more families and have a positive impact on their quality of life.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143814013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kavish Shah, HariOm Vaja, Kahan Patel, Ahan Banker, Jay Shah
Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by overlapping features of various connective tissue diseases. We present a case of a 62-year-old Indian male with a 20-year history of skin tightness and dysphagia, accompanied by a low-grade fever persisting for 1 year. Physical examination revealed sclerodactyly, Raynaud's phenomenon, and perioral sclerosis. High-resolution computed tomography findings indicated a pattern consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), characterized by honeycombing and traction bronchiectasis. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of anti-U1 RNP antibodies. The patient was initially treated with methotrexate, which led to bullous drug eruptions on the palms, lips, and soles, diagnosed as methotrexate-induced erythema multiforme. Following the discontinuation of methotrexate, treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone resulted in the resolution of fever and synovitis within 1 month. Over 6 months, there was significant improvement in Raynaud's phenomenon and sclerodactyly. This case highlights the uncommon presentation of UIP in MCTD and the potential for methotrexate to induce bullous eruptions, emphasizing the necessity for cautious use of this medication in patients with connective tissue diseases.
{"title":"A case of mixed connective tissue disease with usual interstitial pneumonia and methotrexate-induced erythema multiforme","authors":"Kavish Shah, HariOm Vaja, Kahan Patel, Ahan Banker, Jay Shah","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15333","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by overlapping features of various connective tissue diseases. We present a case of a 62-year-old Indian male with a 20-year history of skin tightness and dysphagia, accompanied by a low-grade fever persisting for 1 year. Physical examination revealed sclerodactyly, Raynaud's phenomenon, and perioral sclerosis. High-resolution computed tomography findings indicated a pattern consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), characterized by honeycombing and traction bronchiectasis. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of anti-U1 RNP antibodies. The patient was initially treated with methotrexate, which led to bullous drug eruptions on the palms, lips, and soles, diagnosed as methotrexate-induced erythema multiforme. Following the discontinuation of methotrexate, treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone resulted in the resolution of fever and synovitis within 1 month. Over 6 months, there was significant improvement in Raynaud's phenomenon and sclerodactyly. This case highlights the uncommon presentation of UIP in MCTD and the potential for methotrexate to induce bullous eruptions, emphasizing the necessity for cautious use of this medication in patients with connective tissue diseases.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143814015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although loneliness is an unpleasant subjective experience associated with negative consequences, decades of research suggest loneliness is accompanied by adaptive cognitive changes that promote self-preservation and attempts for social reconnection. This review summarizes theoretical accounts that elaborate how loneliness alters attention and social information processing, then reviews whether findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies align with these hypothesized effects. We first examined the hypothesis that loneliness should increase general attention to monitor for potential environmental threats. Findings from resting-state studies suggested that loneliness corresponds to greater baseline activity in attention-related regions. Next, we examined the hypothesis that loneliness heightens sensitivity to the social world to protect against social threats and motivate reconnection. Here, studies showed sensitivity toward negative social information increased, whereas sensitivity toward positive social information was stimulus dependent (e.g., strangers, close others). Finally, we examined the hypothesis that loneliness enhances mentalizing to better predict social situations. Although many studies support this hypothesis, the research here is limited. However, studies do find that lonely individuals show idiosyncratic processing of the self and others. To conclude, we lay out future directions addressing some shortcomings of current fMRI studies of loneliness, and provide additional avenues to expand our knowledge of the “lonely brain.”
{"title":"The lonely brain: Aligning theories of loneliness with data from neuroimaging studies","authors":"Flora Blandl, Naomi I. Eisenberger","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15330","url":null,"abstract":"Although loneliness is an unpleasant subjective experience associated with negative consequences, decades of research suggest loneliness is accompanied by adaptive cognitive changes that promote self-preservation and attempts for social reconnection. This review summarizes theoretical accounts that elaborate how loneliness alters attention and social information processing, then reviews whether findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies align with these hypothesized effects. We first examined the hypothesis that loneliness should increase general attention to monitor for potential environmental threats. Findings from resting-state studies suggested that loneliness corresponds to greater baseline activity in attention-related regions. Next, we examined the hypothesis that loneliness heightens sensitivity to the social world to protect against social threats and motivate reconnection. Here, studies showed sensitivity toward negative social information increased, whereas sensitivity toward positive social information was stimulus dependent (e.g., strangers, close others). Finally, we examined the hypothesis that loneliness enhances mentalizing to better predict social situations. Although many studies support this hypothesis, the research here is limited. However, studies do find that lonely individuals show idiosyncratic processing of the self and others. To conclude, we lay out future directions addressing some shortcomings of current fMRI studies of loneliness, and provide additional avenues to expand our knowledge of the “lonely brain.”","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143798047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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