Diego G. Miralles, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Tim R. McVicar, Miguel D. Mahecha
Vegetation is often viewed as a consequence of long-term climate conditions. However, vegetation itself plays a fundamental role in shaping Earth's climate by regulating the energy, water, and biogeochemical cycles across terrestrial landscapes. It exerts influence by consuming water resources through transpiration and interception, lowering atmospheric CO2 concentration, altering surface roughness, and controlling net radiation and its partitioning into sensible and latent heat fluxes. This influence propagates through the atmosphere, from microclimate scales to the entire atmospheric boundary layer, subsequently impacting large-scale circulation and the global transport of heat and moisture. Understanding the feedbacks between vegetation and atmosphere across multiple scales is crucial for predicting the influence of land use and land cover changes, and for accurately representing these processes in climate models. This review discusses the biophysical and biogeochemical mechanisms through which vegetation modulates climate across spatial and temporal scales. Particularly, we evaluate the influence of vegetation on circulation patterns, precipitation, and temperature, considering both long-term trends and extreme events, such as droughts and heatwaves. Our goal is to highlight the state of science and review recent studies that may help advance our collective understanding of vegetation feedbacks and the role they play in climate.
{"title":"Vegetation–climate feedbacks across scales","authors":"Diego G. Miralles, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Tim R. McVicar, Miguel D. Mahecha","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15286","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetation is often viewed as a consequence of long-term climate conditions. However, vegetation itself plays a fundamental role in shaping Earth's climate by regulating the energy, water, and biogeochemical cycles across terrestrial landscapes. It exerts influence by consuming water resources through transpiration and interception, lowering atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, altering surface roughness, and controlling net radiation and its partitioning into sensible and latent heat fluxes. This influence propagates through the atmosphere, from microclimate scales to the entire atmospheric boundary layer, subsequently impacting large-scale circulation and the global transport of heat and moisture. Understanding the feedbacks between vegetation and atmosphere across multiple scales is crucial for predicting the influence of land use and land cover changes, and for accurately representing these processes in climate models. This review discusses the biophysical and biogeochemical mechanisms through which vegetation modulates climate across spatial and temporal scales. Particularly, we evaluate the influence of vegetation on circulation patterns, precipitation, and temperature, considering both long-term trends and extreme events, such as droughts and heatwaves. Our goal is to highlight the state of science and review recent studies that may help advance our collective understanding of vegetation feedbacks and the role they play in climate.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minghan Guo, Xu Han, Hongxing Liu, Jianing Zhu, Jie Zhang, Yanru Bai, Guangjian Ni
Deep learning has revolutionized electroencephalograph (EEG) decoding, with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) being a predominant tool. However, CNNs struggle with long-term dependencies in sequential EEG data. Models like long short-term memory and transformers improve performance but still face challenges of computational efficiency and long sequences. Mamba, a state space model–based method, excels in modeling long sequences. To overcome the limitations of existing EEG decoding models and exploit Mamba's potential in EEG analysis, we propose MI-Mamba, a model integrating CNN with Mamba for motor imagery (MI) data decoding. MI-Mamba processes multi-channel EEG signals through a single convolutional layer to capture spatial features in the local temporal domain, followed by a Mamba module that processes global temporal features. A fully connected, layer-based classifier is used to derive classification results. Evaluated on two public MI datasets, MI-Mamba achieves 80.59% accuracy in the four-class MI task of the BCI Competition IV 2a dataset and 84.42% in the two-class task of the BCI Competition IV 2b dataset, while reducing parameter count by nearly six times compared to the most advanced previous models. These results highlight MI-Mamba's effectiveness in MI decoding and its potential as a new backbone for general EEG decoding.
深度学习已经彻底改变了脑电图（EEG）解码，卷积神经网络（cnn）是一个主要的工具。然而，cnn在时序脑电图数据的长期依赖性方面存在问题。长短期记忆和变压器等模型提高了性能，但仍然面临计算效率和长序列的挑战。Mamba是一种基于状态空间模型的方法，擅长长序列的建模。为了克服现有脑电图解码模型的局限性，挖掘曼巴在脑电图分析中的潜力，我们提出了一种将CNN和曼巴神经网络集成在一起的运动图像（MI）数据解码模型MI-Mamba。MI-Mamba通过单个卷积层处理多通道脑电图信号，以捕获局部时域的空间特征，然后由一个Mamba模块处理全局时域特征。使用一个全连接的、基于层的分类器来获得分类结果。在两个公共MI数据集上进行评估，MI- mamba在BCI Competition IV 2a数据集的四类MI任务中达到80.59%的准确率，在BCI Competition IV 2b数据集的两类任务中达到84.42%的准确率，同时与之前最先进的模型相比，减少了近6倍的参数计数。这些结果突出了MI- mamba在MI解码中的有效性和作为一般EEG解码新骨干的潜力。
{"title":"MI-Mamba: A hybrid motor imagery electroencephalograph classification model with Mamba's global scanning","authors":"Minghan Guo, Xu Han, Hongxing Liu, Jianing Zhu, Jie Zhang, Yanru Bai, Guangjian Ni","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15288","url":null,"abstract":"Deep learning has revolutionized electroencephalograph (EEG) decoding, with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) being a predominant tool. However, CNNs struggle with long-term dependencies in sequential EEG data. Models like long short-term memory and transformers improve performance but still face challenges of computational efficiency and long sequences. Mamba, a state space model–based method, excels in modeling long sequences. To overcome the limitations of existing EEG decoding models and exploit Mamba's potential in EEG analysis, we propose MI-Mamba, a model integrating CNN with Mamba for motor imagery (MI) data decoding. MI-Mamba processes multi-channel EEG signals through a single convolutional layer to capture spatial features in the local temporal domain, followed by a Mamba module that processes global temporal features. A fully connected, layer-based classifier is used to derive classification results. Evaluated on two public MI datasets, MI-Mamba achieves 80.59% accuracy in the four-class MI task of the BCI Competition IV 2a dataset and 84.42% in the two-class task of the BCI Competition IV 2b dataset, while reducing parameter count by nearly six times compared to the most advanced previous models. These results highlight MI-Mamba's effectiveness in MI decoding and its potential as a new backbone for general EEG decoding.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Florencia C. Vasta, Valerie M. Friesen, Svenja Jungjohann, Annette M. Nyangaresi, Penjani Mkambula, Taylor Morrison, Fiona Walsh, Mduduzi N. N. Mbuya
Food fortification (i.e., industrial fortification and biofortification) increases the micronutrient content of foods to improve population nutrition. Implementing effective fortification programs requires the generation and use of data to inform decision making. The use of digital tools and technologies (DTTs) for such purposes in broader nutrition programs is growing; however, there is limited consolidation of those used in fortification. This scoping review aimed to identify and describe DTTs used in fortification programs. We searched peer-reviewed and gray literature and conducted 17 stakeholder surveys. We then mapped DTTs identified against the fortification and nutrition data value chains. Of 11,741 articles identified, 158 met the inclusion criteria. From the included articles and stakeholder surveys, 125 DTTs were identified across three categories: software and tooling (n = 58), data and information lifecycle (n = 50), and hardware and infrastructure (n = 17). Gaps were identified in processing, post-harvest storage, aggregation, and transport nodes of the fortification value chain, and data prioritization, translation/dissemination, and decision-making nodes of the nutrition data value chain. DTTs have the potential to address challenges faced by fortification stakeholders to generate and use data to improve program decision making and nutritional impact. Further work is needed to standardize terminology, identify relevant DTTs from other sectors, and explore stakeholder needs.
{"title":"Digital tools and technologies used in food fortification: A scoping review","authors":"Florencia C. Vasta, Valerie M. Friesen, Svenja Jungjohann, Annette M. Nyangaresi, Penjani Mkambula, Taylor Morrison, Fiona Walsh, Mduduzi N. N. Mbuya","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15276","url":null,"abstract":"Food fortification (i.e., industrial fortification and biofortification) increases the micronutrient content of foods to improve population nutrition. Implementing effective fortification programs requires the generation and use of data to inform decision making. The use of digital tools and technologies (DTTs) for such purposes in broader nutrition programs is growing; however, there is limited consolidation of those used in fortification. This scoping review aimed to identify and describe DTTs used in fortification programs. We searched peer-reviewed and gray literature and conducted 17 stakeholder surveys. We then mapped DTTs identified against the fortification and nutrition data value chains. Of 11,741 articles identified, 158 met the inclusion criteria. From the included articles and stakeholder surveys, 125 DTTs were identified across three categories: software and tooling (<i>n</i> = 58), data and information lifecycle (<i>n</i> = 50), and hardware and infrastructure (<i>n</i> = 17). Gaps were identified in processing, post-harvest storage, aggregation, and transport nodes of the fortification value chain, and data prioritization, translation/dissemination, and decision-making nodes of the nutrition data value chain. DTTs have the potential to address challenges faced by fortification stakeholders to generate and use data to improve program decision making and nutritional impact. Further work is needed to standardize terminology, identify relevant DTTs from other sectors, and explore stakeholder needs.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142975527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Individuals with high math anxiety (HMA) demonstrate a tendency to avoid math-related tasks, a behavior that perpetuates a detrimental cycle of limited practice, poor performance, increased anxiety, and further avoidance. This study delves into the cognitive and neural bases of math avoidance behavior in HMA through the lens of reward processing. In Experiment 1, participants reported their satisfaction level in response to the reward provided after solving an arithmetic problem. In Experiment 2, participants weighed the economic benefits against the cognitive costs of solving a calculation problem. This decision-making process was framed in terms of either retaining or losing some monetary reward, creating positive or negative contexts, respectively. Experiment 1 showed that HMA participants were more punishment-sensitive and less satisfied with incorrect answers. Experiment 2 revealed that HMA individuals were less willing to tackle math challenges when their satisfaction dipped after errors. HMAs exhibited increased math avoidance and a notably reduced P3 amplitude in negative contexts, a response unique to the HMA group. HMAs also displayed an elevated feedback-related negativity amplitude in both contexts. This study suggests a potential impairment in reward processing in negative contexts and under negative appraisal among those with high math anxiety.
{"title":"Math-anxious people suffer more in math-related events: The perspective of reward processing on motivated behavior","authors":"Fang Cui, Luwei Dai, Hao He, Jie Liu","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15284","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals with high math anxiety (HMA) demonstrate a tendency to avoid math-related tasks, a behavior that perpetuates a detrimental cycle of limited practice, poor performance, increased anxiety, and further avoidance. This study delves into the cognitive and neural bases of math avoidance behavior in HMA through the lens of reward processing. In Experiment 1, participants reported their satisfaction level in response to the reward provided after solving an arithmetic problem. In Experiment 2, participants weighed the economic benefits against the cognitive costs of solving a calculation problem. This decision-making process was framed in terms of either retaining or losing some monetary reward, creating positive or negative contexts, respectively. Experiment 1 showed that HMA participants were more punishment-sensitive and less satisfied with incorrect answers. Experiment 2 revealed that HMA individuals were less willing to tackle math challenges when their satisfaction dipped after errors. HMAs exhibited increased math avoidance and a notably reduced P3 amplitude in negative contexts, a response unique to the HMA group. HMAs also displayed an elevated feedback-related negativity amplitude in both contexts. This study suggests a potential impairment in reward processing in negative contexts and under negative appraisal among those with high math anxiety.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142975526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spiny mice (Acomys spp.) are warm‐blooded (homeothermic) vertebrates whose ability to restore missing tissue through regenerative healing has coincided with the evolution of unique cellular and physiological adaptations across different tissue types. This review seeks to explore how these bizarre rodents deploy unique or altered injury response mechanisms to either enhance tissue repair or fully regenerate excised tissue compared to closely related, scar‐forming mammals. First, we examine overall trends in healing Acomys tissues, including the cellular stress response, the ability to activate and maintain cell cycle progression, and the expression of certain features in reproductive adults that are normally associated with embryos. Second, we focus on specific cell types that exhibit precisely regulated proliferation to restore missing tissue. While Acomys utilize many of the same cell types involved in scar formation, these cells exhibit divergent activation profiles during regenerative healing. Considered together, current lines of evidence support sustained deployment of proregenerative pathways in conjunction with transient activation of fibrotic pathways to facilitate regeneration and improve tissue repair in Acomys.
{"title":"Spiny mice (Acomys) have evolved cellular features to support regenerative healing","authors":"Robyn S. Allen, Ashley W. Seifert","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15281","url":null,"abstract":"Spiny mice (<jats:italic>Acomys spp</jats:italic>.) are warm‐blooded (homeothermic) vertebrates whose ability to restore missing tissue through regenerative healing has coincided with the evolution of unique cellular and physiological adaptations across different tissue types. This review seeks to explore how these bizarre rodents deploy unique or altered injury response mechanisms to either enhance tissue repair or fully regenerate excised tissue compared to closely related, scar‐forming mammals. First, we examine overall trends in healing <jats:italic>Acomys</jats:italic> tissues, including the cellular stress response, the ability to activate and maintain cell cycle progression, and the expression of certain features in reproductive adults that are normally associated with embryos. Second, we focus on specific cell types that exhibit precisely regulated proliferation to restore missing tissue. While <jats:italic>Acomys</jats:italic> utilize many of the same cell types involved in scar formation, these cells exhibit divergent activation profiles during regenerative healing. Considered together, current lines of evidence support sustained deployment of proregenerative pathways in conjunction with transient activation of fibrotic pathways to facilitate regeneration and improve tissue repair in <jats:italic>Acomys</jats:italic>.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142975180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinliang Huang, Zhaolin Zhu, Zhihao Chen, Haotian Lu, Zijin Yang
In this paper, we introduce FUSION‐ANN, a novel artificial neural network (ANN) designed for acoustic emission (AE) signal classification. FUSION‐ANN comprises four distinct ANN branches, each housing an independent multilayer perceptron. We extract denoised features of speech recognition such as linear predictive coding, Mel‐frequency cepstral coefficient, and gammatone cepstral coefficient to represent AE signals. These features are concatenated to form a new feature called LMGC, which serves as input data for the four branches of FUSION‐ANN. The network performs AE signal recognition and classification through forward propagation in each branch, utilizing multi‐level feature fusion. We evaluate FUSION‐ANN's performance on the ORION‐AE benchmark dataset, which contains AE signals from various loading conditions simulating loosening phenomena in aeronautics, automotive, and civil engineering structures. Our results demonstrate an impressive average accuracy of 98% in AE signal classification. Additionally, FUSION‐ANN boasts high training efficiency, robustness, and accuracy, making it suitable for reliable AE signal analysis. However, given the current limitations, we aim to conduct more comprehensive investigations in the future. Our plan includes further testing of the network's performance across various categories of AE signals to assess its generality. Additionally, we will select richer and more efficient feature sets to characterize these signals.
{"title":"A multi‐level feature fusion artificial neural network for classification of acoustic emission signals","authors":"Jinliang Huang, Zhaolin Zhu, Zhihao Chen, Haotian Lu, Zijin Yang","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15265","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce FUSION‐ANN, a novel artificial neural network (ANN) designed for acoustic emission (AE) signal classification. FUSION‐ANN comprises four distinct ANN branches, each housing an independent multilayer perceptron. We extract denoised features of speech recognition such as linear predictive coding, Mel‐frequency cepstral coefficient, and gammatone cepstral coefficient to represent AE signals. These features are concatenated to form a new feature called LMGC, which serves as input data for the four branches of FUSION‐ANN. The network performs AE signal recognition and classification through forward propagation in each branch, utilizing multi‐level feature fusion. We evaluate FUSION‐ANN's performance on the ORION‐AE benchmark dataset, which contains AE signals from various loading conditions simulating loosening phenomena in aeronautics, automotive, and civil engineering structures. Our results demonstrate an impressive average accuracy of 98% in AE signal classification. Additionally, FUSION‐ANN boasts high training efficiency, robustness, and accuracy, making it suitable for reliable AE signal analysis. However, given the current limitations, we aim to conduct more comprehensive investigations in the future. Our plan includes further testing of the network's performance across various categories of AE signals to assess its generality. Additionally, we will select richer and more efficient feature sets to characterize these signals.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142975181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michel G. J. den Elzen, Ioannis Dafnomilis, Leonardo Nascimento, Arthur Beusen, Nicklas Forsell, Joost Gubbels, Mathijs Harmsen, Elena Hooijschuur, Zuelclady Araujo Gutiérrez, Takeshi Kuramochi
Globally, more than 100 countries have adopted net-zero targets. Most studies agree on how this increases the chance of keeping end-of-century global warming below 2°C. However, they typically make assumptions about net-zero targets that do not capture uncertainties related to gas coverage, sector coverage, sinks, and removals. This study aims to analyze the impact of many uncertainty factors on the projected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 for major emitting countries following their net-zero pathways, and their aggregate impact on global GHG emissions. Global emission projections range from 23 to 40 gigatons of CO2 equivalent (GtCO2eq), with a median of 31 GtCO2eq. Our full range corresponds to about 40–75% of 2015 emission levels, which is much wider than the range of 30–45% reported by various integrated assessment models. The main factors contributing to this divergence are the uncertainty in the gas coverage of net-zero targets and uncertainty in the socioeconomic baseline. Countries with net-zero GHG targets by 2050 have a small range of 2050 emissions, while countries with net-zero targets beyond 2050 and unclear coverage, such as China, India, and Indonesia, have a large range of emissions by 2050.
{"title":"Uncertainties around net-zero climate targets have major impact on greenhouse gas emissions projections","authors":"Michel G. J. den Elzen, Ioannis Dafnomilis, Leonardo Nascimento, Arthur Beusen, Nicklas Forsell, Joost Gubbels, Mathijs Harmsen, Elena Hooijschuur, Zuelclady Araujo Gutiérrez, Takeshi Kuramochi","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15285","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, more than 100 countries have adopted net-zero targets. Most studies agree on how this increases the chance of keeping end-of-century global warming below 2°C. However, they typically make assumptions about net-zero targets that do not capture uncertainties related to gas coverage, sector coverage, sinks, and removals. This study aims to analyze the impact of many uncertainty factors on the projected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 for major emitting countries following their net-zero pathways, and their aggregate impact on global GHG emissions. Global emission projections range from 23 to 40 gigatons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent (GtCO<sub>2</sub>eq), with a median of 31 GtCO<sub>2</sub>eq. Our full range corresponds to about 40–75% of 2015 emission levels, which is much wider than the range of 30–45% reported by various integrated assessment models. The main factors contributing to this divergence are the uncertainty in the gas coverage of net-zero targets and uncertainty in the socioeconomic baseline. Countries with net-zero GHG targets by 2050 have a small range of 2050 emissions, while countries with net-zero targets beyond 2050 and unclear coverage, such as China, India, and Indonesia, have a large range of emissions by 2050.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142962716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manuela Barreto, David Matthew Doyle, Marlies Maes
The majority of research on loneliness considers gender by comparing the loneliness reported by men and women. Drawing on current conceptualizations of gender and its effects, we propose alternative ways in which gender should be examined in relation to loneliness. To do so, we consider multiple gender-related factors and the role of the social environment, particularly societal ideologies about what gender is and how it should be expressed. We provide examples of how this expanded conceptualization can contribute to an improved understanding of loneliness by focusing on the impact of gender nonconformity, gendered life experiences, and couple relationships. We highlight the need for more research and evidence to fill existing gaps in understanding. We conclude that the field can move forward by considering the role of biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, gender roles, gender relational experiences, and sexual orientation, as well as the social norms against which these are experienced. To truly examine the role of gender in loneliness, we need to consider the normative context where some, but not others, are minoritized and marginalized, as well as move beyond binary notions of gender to include those with nonbinary, transgender, and intersex identities.
{"title":"Researching gender and loneliness differently","authors":"Manuela Barreto, David Matthew Doyle, Marlies Maes","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15283","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of research on loneliness considers gender by comparing the loneliness reported by men and women. Drawing on current conceptualizations of gender and its effects, we propose alternative ways in which gender should be examined in relation to loneliness. To do so, we consider multiple gender-related factors and the role of the social environment, particularly societal ideologies about what gender is and how it should be expressed. We provide examples of how this expanded conceptualization can contribute to an improved understanding of loneliness by focusing on the impact of gender nonconformity, gendered life experiences, and couple relationships. We highlight the need for more research and evidence to fill existing gaps in understanding. We conclude that the field can move forward by considering the role of biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, gender roles, gender relational experiences, and sexual orientation, as well as the social norms against which these are experienced. To truly examine the role of gender in loneliness, we need to consider the normative context where some, but not others, are minoritized and marginalized, as well as move beyond binary notions of gender to include those with nonbinary, transgender, and intersex identities.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Venkata A. Surapaneni, Benjamin Flaum, Mike Schindler, Khizar Hayat, Jan Wölfer, Daniel Baum, Ruien Hu, Ting Fai Kong, Michael Doube, Mason N. Dean
Among hornbill birds, the critically endangered helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) is notable for its casque (a bulbous beak protrusion) being filled with trabeculae and fronted by a very thick keratin layer. Casque function is debated but appears central to aerial jousting, where birds (typically males) collide casques at high speeds in a mid‐flight display that is audible for more than 100 m. We characterized the structural relationship between the skull and casque anatomy using X‐ray microtomography and quantitative trabecular network analysis to examine how the casque sustains extreme impact. The casque comprises a keratin veneer (rhamphotheca, ∼8× thicker than beak keratin), which slots over the internal bony casque like a tight‐fitting sheath. The bony casque's central cavity contains a network of trabeculae—heavily aligned and predominantly rod‐like, among the thickest described in vertebrates—forming a massive rostrocaudal strut spanning the casque's length, bridging rostral (impact), and caudal (braincase) surfaces. Quantitative network characterizations indicate no differences between male and female trabecular architectures. This suggests that females may also joust or that casques play other roles. Our results argue that the casque's impact loading demands and shapes a high‐safety‐factor construction that involves extreme trabecular morphologies among vertebrates, architectures that also have the potential for informing the design of collision‐resistant materials.
{"title":"The helmeted hornbill casque is reinforced by a bundle of exceptionally thick, rod‐like trabeculae","authors":"Venkata A. Surapaneni, Benjamin Flaum, Mike Schindler, Khizar Hayat, Jan Wölfer, Daniel Baum, Ruien Hu, Ting Fai Kong, Michael Doube, Mason N. Dean","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15254","url":null,"abstract":"Among hornbill birds, the critically endangered helmeted hornbill (<jats:italic>Rhinoplax vigil</jats:italic>) is notable for its casque (a bulbous beak protrusion) being filled with trabeculae and fronted by a very thick keratin layer. Casque function is debated but appears central to aerial jousting, where birds (typically males) collide casques at high speeds in a mid‐flight display that is audible for more than 100 m. We characterized the structural relationship between the skull and casque anatomy using X‐ray microtomography and quantitative trabecular network analysis to examine how the casque sustains extreme impact. The casque comprises a keratin veneer (rhamphotheca, ∼8× thicker than beak keratin), which slots over the internal bony casque like a tight‐fitting sheath. The bony casque's central cavity contains a network of trabeculae—heavily aligned and predominantly rod‐like, among the thickest described in vertebrates—forming a massive rostrocaudal strut spanning the casque's length, bridging rostral (impact), and caudal (braincase) surfaces. Quantitative network characterizations indicate no differences between male and female trabecular architectures. This suggests that females may also joust or that casques play other roles. Our results argue that the casque's impact loading demands and shapes a high‐safety‐factor construction that involves extreme trabecular morphologies among vertebrates, architectures that also have the potential for informing the design of collision‐resistant materials.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142935354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna M. Czepiel, Lauren K. Fink, Mathias Scharinger, Christoph Seibert, Melanie Wald-Fuhrmann, Sonja A. Kotz
People enjoy engaging with music. Live music concerts provide an excellent option to investigate real-world music experiences, and at the same time, use neurophysiological synchrony to assess dynamic engagement. In the current study, we assessed engagement in a live concert setting using synchrony of cardiorespiratory measures, comparing inter-subject, stimulus–response, correlation, and phase coherence. As engagement might be enhanced in a concert setting by seeing musicians perform, we presented audiences with audio-only (AO) and audio-visual (AV) piano performances. Only correlation synchrony measures were above chance level. In comparing time-averaged synchrony across conditions, AV performances evoked a higher inter-subject correlation of heart rate (ISC-HR). However, synchrony averaged across music pieces did not correspond to self-reported engagement. On the other hand, time-resolved analyses show that synchronized deceleration-acceleration heart rate (HR) patterns, typical of an “orienting response” (an index of directed attention), occurred within music pieces at salient events of section boundaries. That is, seeing musicians perform heightened audience engagement at structurally important moments in Western classical music. Overall, we could show that multisensory information shapes dynamic engagement. By comparing different synchrony measures, we further highlight the advantages of time series analysis, specifically ISC-HR, as a robust measure of holistic musical listening experiences in naturalistic concert settings.
{"title":"Audio-visual concert performances synchronize audience's heart rates","authors":"Anna M. Czepiel, Lauren K. Fink, Mathias Scharinger, Christoph Seibert, Melanie Wald-Fuhrmann, Sonja A. Kotz","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15279","url":null,"abstract":"People enjoy engaging with music. Live music concerts provide an excellent option to investigate real-world music experiences, and at the same time, use neurophysiological synchrony to assess dynamic engagement. In the current study, we assessed engagement in a live concert setting using synchrony of cardiorespiratory measures, comparing inter-subject, stimulus–response, correlation, and phase coherence. As engagement might be enhanced in a concert setting by seeing musicians perform, we presented audiences with audio-only (AO) and audio-visual (AV) piano performances. Only correlation synchrony measures were above chance level. In comparing time-averaged synchrony across conditions, AV performances evoked a higher inter-subject correlation of heart rate (ISC-HR). However, synchrony averaged across music pieces did not correspond to self-reported engagement. On the other hand, time-resolved analyses show that synchronized deceleration-acceleration heart rate (HR) patterns, typical of an “orienting response” (an index of directed attention), occurred within music pieces at salient events of section boundaries. That is, seeing musicians perform heightened audience engagement at structurally important moments in Western classical music. Overall, we could show that multisensory information shapes dynamic engagement. By comparing different synchrony measures, we further highlight the advantages of time series analysis, specifically ISC-HR, as a robust measure of holistic musical listening experiences in naturalistic concert settings.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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